Ігри завжди були важливою частиною людської культури. Вони дають нам можливість розважатися, вчитися та спілкуватися з іншими. Останнім часом в галузі геймінгу набуває популярності новий тренд: веб-ігри з використанням технології Web3 [1, 2]. Основною метою цієї роботи було проаналізувати засоби розробки та створити модель Web3.0 гри на блокчейні Solana.
The Russian penitentiary system is a large diversified industry with a total annual output of goods, works and services worth more than 30 billion rubles. The process of integrating such a manufacturer into the national digital economic system requires a special set of tools, one of which, in the author’s opinion, is a smart contract. The object of the study is the sphere of labor adaptation of convicts, subject is digital tools to improve efficiency of production processes and relations in the penitentiary system. The article studies the use of smart contracts as one of the promising directions for improving economic activity of correctional institutions and optimizing the contracting system. As a result of the study, the author concluded that it is advisable to develop smart contracts as a tool to strengthen and develop economic potential of the penitentiary system, and also suggested possible directions of its practical application.
The scientific article is devoted to the administrative and legal principles of ensuring the right to professional preliminary education for persons with disabilities: foreign experience and directions for improvement. The experience of the USA and European countries in ensuring the right to vocational higher education for persons with disabilities is revealed
 Attention is drawn to the fact that higher education in the USA and Great Britain traditionally belongs to the so-called liberal or market model, which is characterized by a high degree of decentralization of management and diversification of higher education systems. In Italy, the state has exclusive legislative powers regarding general matters in the field of education, the minimum standards to be guaranteed throughout the country, and the basic principles. Regions define school networks within their territories, adjust the school calendar, and have exclusive powers in the field of vocational education and training. Schools are autonomous in terms of didactic, organizational and research work. The Italian state is responsible for funding schools for both educational and administrative purposes.
 It was concluded that the high-quality formation and implementation of vocational pre-university education for persons with disabilities is possible through the borrowing of positive foreign experience: a) openness of the formation and implementation of state policy in the given field for persons with disabilities; b) active development, encouragement, stimulation of the implementation of innovative activities by institutions of higher education, including vocational higher education for persons with disabilities; a) a qualitatively new paradigm of the content of education - considering it not as a collection of the given volume of knowledge, abilities and skills selected according to a certain specialty, but the formation of a comprehensively developed personality according to a comprehensive approach. There is a shift in emphasis not so much on how much the acquirer knows, in particular, persons with disabilities, special knowledge in the chosen field of study, but on how such professional qualities as the ability to adapt, practicality and initiative, the ability to apply acquired special knowledge, in necessary cases creatively rethink it for persons with disabilities.
 Therefore, when implementing electronic governance in Ukraine, we need to take into account the experience of foreign countries in order to avoid typical mistakes and acquire the most successful practices for ourselves. The priority for the countries that we studied is the introduction of high-quality professional pre-higher education to vulnerable sections of the population.
Мы не можем не заметить как темп жизни нашего современного общества неизбежно ускоряется. Некогда привычные нам традиционные вещи со стремительной скоростью заменяются инновационными, которые впоследствии также становятся традиционными. Так, технология смарт-контракт стала вполне обыденной для нашего общества. Но несмотря на это, она все еще имеет ряд уязвимостей, которые тормозят ее внедрение в российское гражданское право
В статті розглянута проблема повернення втрачених коштів користувачів мережі Ethereum із-за шахрайських оборудок. Показані вразливості протоколів Ethereum, які дають можливість проводити незаконні транзакції. Проаналізована ідея скасування підозрілих транзакції для зменшення втрат користувачів. Проаналізовано механізм арбітражу повернення транзакцій. Запропоновано удосконалення алгоритму зворотних транзакцій.
This article is devoted to the analysis of the legal framework for the digitization of public procurement, doctrinal approaches to the use of smart contracts in procurement. It studies the process and technologies of formation and development of smart contracts, blockchain, contracting in ethereum, the mechanisms of using smart contracts in public procurement. It also explores aspects that need to be addressed in improving the procurement system through smart contracts and develops recommendations.
The creation of platforms for the administration of justice in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating and requires urgent solutions to emerging problems.The process of legalization of e-Justice is launched in Russia and is now on the way of expanding to ensure a wider use of various means of communication in trials and introduce digital platforms that use distributed ledger technology and artificial intelligence.The article analyzes the characteristics of online hearings as an element of e-justice, identifies advantages and problematic aspects of their use.The authors study the differences between the new format of online litigation and the ordinary way of participating in remote litigation: videoconferencing that is quite established in legal practice.The study examines issues of legal policy on the new way of trial participation, considers the restrictive measures relating to the spread of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation.The article analyzes the risks associated with the administration of justice online regarding the necessity of respecting the principles of the judicial process, such as the accessibility of justice, adversary principle, the secrecy of the judges' hearing, the guarantee of confidentiality of personal information.The authors propose a series of organizational, technical and procedural measures purposed to ensure effective use of online participation.A conclusion that it is necessary to develop special approaches and long-term targeted preventive measures is drawn on the basis of foreign experience of the functioning of judicial authorities during a pandemic.
في عالم يتسارع يوما بعد يوم في إطار العولمة التقنية، بدت هذا السرعة واضحة في قضية تداول العملات الالكترونية والتي ترتبط بالبنوك في أنحاء العالم، ثم ما لبث أن ظهرت عملة ميدانها الوحيد هو شبكة الإنترنيت، معماة عن إطلاع غير المتعاقدين، وغير مرتبطة بمركز أو مصرف، سميت بالعملات الافتراضية (الرقمية)، وأولها وأشهرها عملة (بيتكوين)، التي انتشرت على نطاق واسع، ووصل التعامل بها من قبل كبريات الشركات مستوى الظاهرة، لكنها لم تحظَ بعد -من الجانب التشريعي على الأقل-بما يليق بها من تنظيم، كما أنَّ الفقه القانوني، يتناولها –حين يتناولها بالبحث-على استحياء، إذ لا تزال الدراسات حول هذه العملة، بحاجة إلى مزيد من البحث الدقيق والتقصي الواسع، ويحاول هذا البحث إبراز التحديات التي تواجه هذه العملة الناشئة، بعد بيان مفهومها، فضلاً عن تحديد طبيعتها القانونية، علاوة على مناقشة التصنيف القانوني المحتمل للبيتكوين، والنتائج والآثار القانونية التي يحتمل أنْ تترتب عليه، ونظراً للمميزات الفريدة للبيتكوين، والاعتبارات المتعلقة به، تبدو الحاجة ملحة لوضع قواعد خاصة بحماية مستهلكي التكنولوجيا المعاصرة المتعلقة بمثل هذه العملات، وإضفاء الشرعية عليها.
The concept of the emission and circulation of the digital ruble published by the Bank of Russia, suggests the active implementation of the intermediary functions between the end users and the digital ruble platform by credit institutions. In this regard, the risks of an outflow of deposits from the banking sector, strengthening of the regulator’s role in the payment and financial sector, as well as a wide range of technological risks due to the need to build a new ramified payment system based on distributed ledger technology remain relevant. The concept of digital ruble consolidates the significant advantages of its circulation: reducing the costs of making payments and increasing the availability of financial services for individuals and businesses through the use of the offline transactions and smart contracts. To assess the balance of risks and benefits from using the digital ruble, the Bank of Russia plans a phased launch of a pilot project for its digital currency.
П А Команов, Х Ю Ревазов, Д А Тавасиев, Пальмов, С.В.
В настоящее время технологии блокчейн находят высокий спрос в разных сферах. Широкое применение находят и смарт-контракты, которые записываются в блокчейн. Наибольшую популярность на данный момент имеют приложения, написанные с помощью смарт-контрактов на платформе Ethereum. Смарт-контракты, как и обычные программы, подвержены различным уязвимостям. В статье будут рассмотрены серьезные уязвимости, методы и инструменты, которые были менее освещены в сферах информационной безопасности и IT, но имеющие огромный потенциал в области обеспечения безопасности смарт-контрактов. Основная цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы дать представление об актуальных и серьезных уязвимостях в смарт-контрактах Ethereum и на основе актуальных угроз подобрать актуальные методы по обеспечению безопасности смарт-контрактов на платформе Ethereum.
The technology of distributed registry, which revolutionary approach to recording and exchanging data between multiple data warehouses, is considered. The key features of distributed registry technology are highlighted and described. Particular attention is paid to blockchain technology and a directed acyclic graph. The principle of the operation of blockchain technology is described. All stages that go through transactions before they are added to the blockchain are graphically presented and described. All the main advantages of blockchain technology are described, and key network disadvantages are also presented. In describing the limitations of blockchain technology, real information was presented that confirms the existing flaws of this technology. Thanks to the optimized consensus mechanism, high scalability and the ability to carry out microtransactions, the technology of a directed acyclic graph is rapidly developing. The principle of operation of a directed acyclic graph is described and how the digraph differs from blockchain technology. The main advantages of a directed acyclic graph are described, which the digraph inherited from the blockchain and improved due to its structure. When comparing registers based on a directed acyclic graph and blockchain, interesting aspects of platforms can be identified. Despite the obvious similarities between paradigms, differences also persist. Based on the results, it becomes apparent that the future of distributed ledger technology is huge. Since a directed acyclic graph, due to its structure and advantages, has already overshadowed the blockchain architecture. The appearance of a directed acyclic graph will allow distributed registry technology to be introduced into all areas of activity on a global scale.
Обсуждается краткая история, суть, отношение к друг другу и перспективы развития таких модных технологически трендов как блокчейн, распределенный реестр, криптовалюты, децентрализация вычислений и распределённые вычисления по схеме “равный-к-равному”, а также искусственный интеллект. A brief history, essence, attitude to each other, and prospects for the development of fashionable technological trends such as blockchain, distributed ledger, cryptocurrencies, decentralization of computing, and distributed peer-to-peer computing, as well as artificial intelligence, are discussed.
E. L. Pankratov, Vladimir Grigoryev, Oleg E. Pankratov
Abstract Based on the study of existing practice and specific examples of the use of innovative blockchain technology in real estate transactions and its management, the article gives the basic concepts of this technology, analyzes foreign and domestic experience of its application, examines its sphere of use in the real estate market, substantiates main advantages and shortcomings, as well as the process of various mechanisms for financing real estate transactions. It was revealed that when using the blockchain system, all real estate transactions proceed faster, safer and cheaper. Thus, the objectives of the article include studying and summarizing the Russian and foreign practices of using blockchain technology, as well as determining the main ways and options for its further development and improvement, as a highly effective and promising financial and economic mechanism for participants in real estate transactions.
Introduction: the paper deals with the phenomenon denoted by the term "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of modern civil circulation, its relationship with other statutory concepts which characterize the digital economy. It is necessary to introduce the term "electronic fiducion" into the legal lexicon to denote the phenomenon that is known as "cryptocurrency" at the everyday level. The authors' definition of the category "electronic fiducion" is proposed. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive legal analysis of the phenomenon referred to at a simple level as "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of the object of civil relations. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparative law. Results: the authors' well-founded position is based on the legislation and the opinions of the competent scientists on the issues of determining the legal essence of the category, which is now referred to as "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of civil law. Conclusions: as a result of the study the authors proposed to introduce in the legal lexicon, instead of the term "cryptocurrency", the term "electronic fiducion" which denotes the universal contractual payment (settlement) means with the decentralized record of the transactions based on free will and good faith, free from the external administration used by the contractors on the telecommunication network "Internet".
最早技術/情報系の枠を超えてその重要性と可能性が一般にも浸透を始めたブロックチェーン・分散型台帳技術であるが,その始まりともいえるProof of Work(PoW)型暗号資産認証方式は理論的に攻撃の可能性として指摘されていながら現実的ではないとされてきたBlock Withholding Attackを含む攻撃等により,モナコイン(MONA),ヴァージ(XVG),ビットコインゴールド(BTG),イーサリアムクラシック(ETC)などそこそこ有名なPoW型暗号資産を中心に2018年5月頃から攻撃が続き,巻き戻しも大掛かりに起きている.しかし,その代替策として有力視されているProof of Stake(PoS)型暗号資産認証方式を初めとして,他の暗号資産の認証方式にもそれぞれ問題は存在する.そこで,本稿ではPoW長寿命化に向けた提言を行う.
Problem setting. Range of efficiency problems is crucial for public management in general, and local self-government in particular. The problem of decentralization, local self-government do not stop coming out of agenda on state policy, so we consider it necessary to instill some flagship approaches concerning possibilities in principle to provide from the sidelines of public authorities (both state and local levels) advocacy efficiency, which we interpret as system. The thing is that modern national reality is inherent in process of the population activation, the level of its involvement of its engagement into local self-government management and interaction with local self-government authorities thickens. One of powerful, but insufficiently used forms of influence of the general public on solution of local significance problems is advocacy phenomenon, and that is why making the vision of its efficiency turns out to be a scientific problem utterly urgent for solution.Recent research and publications analysis. The main best practices in public management efficiency range of problems are stated in public management encyclopedia (in 8 volumes) dated 2011. Also the organization systems various classes functioning efficiency evaluation were substantially considered, in particular, in the research of K.Fisun and M.Naumenko. It should be noted that in all the published works of the modern scientists in the appropriate branch of science, the problems of efficiency in addition to the objects they are researching, are being considered. In this context special attention is needed for such focuses as political and economical dimensions of public management, researched in the works of T.Latkovska, Lyubov Bila-Tiunova and modern approaches to anticorruption principles in government authorities activity, described by O.Safonchyk and A.Ripenko. The range of advocacy problems is researched by both national and foreign scientists. The works which are currently central are those in which some specific problems of protection cultural rights and freedoms protection for the citizens are described by M.Inshyn, Y.Міroshnychenko and Y.Paida, and the problems of main functions, tools and methods generation to protect the rights of the citizens for entrepreneurship were considered by S.Penkov and Mykola Chabanenko. There are also some problems which are of significant interest for our research, namely the problems of the corporate vehicles social activity in Germany, researched by T.Galetska, N.Topishko and I.Topishko. At the same time now there are no multi-method researches of problems on advocacy efficiency on local level, and this is the reason which necessitated conduct of this research.The paper objective is to explain the approaches to defining the factors of advocacy system efficiency on local level. The paper main body. The advocacy system efficiency is researched through generation of its subjects, certain institutions, which come up as its elements. The main factor of the networks generation is filling of information space. Upon that such types of the networks as free informal and arranged informal one and the formal one as well are singled out. The participants of any network structure have communication, management and information connections and also connections responsible for communication with the general public.The advocacy efficiency depends on a range of internal and external environment factors. When the author lays emphasis on such external factors, which have an effect on advocacy, namely political climate, adequacy, legitimacy, feasibility, admissibility, in this situation question of economic efficiency of advocacy remains to be pretty relative due to necessity to engage discretionary funding to implement advocacy function, on one hand, and necessity to achieve goals, which may not include economic component. In its turn if there is no discretionary funding, this threatens independence, loyalty of the campaign, obligation on provision of justice and extension of rights and opportunities. It was found that central funding can solve the problem of advocacy economic dependence and promote its efficiency. Although advocacy is used to promote the unprotected interests and states, implementation of equal rights in real life on official, local or state level, in other words, to obtain legitimization of protection procedure must be the result of it.The proofs of advocacy efficiency remain to be limited and only a small scope of information, which concerns progress of advocacy process, is available. However the author defined some important advantages of advocacy process, associated with extension of opportunities, self-efficiency and confidence of its participants.Conclusions of the research. The result of the conducted research allowed to find out that the necessary factors to provide efficiency for the advocacy system on exogenous level are as follows: regulatory legal provision of the mere opportunity of advocacy implementation; adjustment of principles for financing the advocacy processes from state/local budgets; broad public awareness campaign among all the subjects of territorial development; development and promotion of implementation for all the advocacy efficient algorithms. On endogenous level the guiding principle to provide efficiency for advocacy is formation and functioning of multifaceted network of the institutions which perform functions of its subjects.