This research work aims to study the intrinsic characteristics of the most \nrepresentative virtual currency among all the existing cryptocurrencies in the market, \nBitcoin, considering it under two points of view: as a means of payment in the \nexchange of goods and services and as a financial or investment asset for \nspeculative purposes in the short and medium term. \nLikewise, reference will be made to the different regulatory flows in terms of their \nlegal nature and, in particular, to the tax treatment in the European Union, the United \nStates and other selected jurisdictions. \nThe ultimate goal of this research is to analyze the current deficiencies of the global \nlegal status of Bitcoin in order to carry out the corresponding recommendations that \nallow an approximation to the global control of taxation and consumer protection.
The Law 5/2010 of Local Autonomy of Andalusia deepens in the capacities of the municipalities to decide on themselves: the procedures of segregation of municipal terms need express conformity of the absolute majority of the plenary session of the local government of the municipality that suffers the segregation. On the other hand, the municipalities have the possibility of spatially organizing their municipal area, or part of it, in territorial districts as a manifestation of their full political autonomy, and may be of a deconcentrated nature (hamlets, parishes, villages, neighborhoods, churches, councils, districts, adjoining and other analogous places) or decentralized (Autonomous Local Entities or Neighborhood Entities). As for the Autonomous Local Entities conformed in Andalusia, they are usually a previous step to the creation of a new municipality, for which the Law 27/2013, of Rationalization and Sustainability of the Local Administration has established a population limit that, in the practice, suppresses segregationist aspirations.
El crecimiento exponencial de los bitcoins ha llevado a la necesidad de la AEAT de potenciar sus herramientas de seguimiento de las transacciones relacionadas con monedas virtuales, y a la Dirección General de Tributos a pronunciarse (aunque de manera escasa) sobre su tributación. En materia de imposición directa, las rentas derivadas de la compraventa y de minado de bitcoins tributarán como rendimientos de actividades económicas en el Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (o, en su caso, como ganancias/pérdidas patrimoniales) o como ingresos en el Impuesto sobre Sociedades. Desde el punto de vista del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido, la compraventa de bitcoins se considera una actividad sujeta y exenta, mientras que el minado de bitcoins no tendría la consideración de prestación de servicios onerosa en el sentido de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. En el Impuesto de Actividades Económicas, tales actividades deberán incluirse, como regla general, en el epígrafe 831.9 de la sección primera, «Otros servicios financieros n.c.o.p.» y en materia del Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio, los bitcoins deberán ser declarados por su valor de mercado a 31 de diciembre de cada año. Finalmente, y respecto del modelo 720, el Anteproyecto de Ley de Medidas de Prevención y Lucha contra el Fraude Fiscal contempla expresamente la obligación de informar sobre la tenencia de monedas virtuales situadas en el extranjero.
Hilda Victoria Monroy-Olmos, Diana Marcela Bernal-Monroy
This article presents the result of an analysis on the measurement of compliance with the medium-term fiscal framework (MFMP) in the department of Boyaca, and has as its starting point, a review of the literature on the history and evolution of the concept of decentralization established by some authors from the seventeenth century until the epoch of neo - institutionalism and the approach both political, economic and political - administrative approach.Next, a brief review of the fiscal decentralization process in Colombia will be made, with reference to fiscal federalism - understood as the degree to which local tax decisions are decentralized; and finally, the effects of the structural reforms implemented in Colombia concerning fiscal decentralization and implications for fiscal responsibility and transparency in territorial entities; Finally, the methodology to be applied is presented, by means of which a descriptive analytical study is made to arrive at an explanatory study, in order to know how this form of organization has evolved in Colombia and its incidence in the department of Boyaca , focusing the study on compliance with the MFMP as the main tool of public finance planning.
espanolEl presente trabajo busca analizar los posibles problemas que plantea el uso y aceptacion de criptodivisas como bitcoin en las distintas modalidades de crowdfunding practicadas en la actualidad. Para ello se explican las formas de crowdfunding mas utilizadas en funcion de la relacion contractual promotor- inversor y la normativa juridica a la que estan sometidas. EnglishThe present work seeks to analyze the possible legal difficulties that may arise from the use and acceptance of cryptocurrencies as bitcoin in crowfunding context. To do this, the different forms of crowdfunding are summarized in terms of the contractual promoter-investorrelationship and the legal regulations to which they are subject
The Spain state, unitary state is for years a reference for decentralization for several countries including Morocco wich now leads a project of reform and territorial organization. We want to return to the subject of decentralization and its relation to the democratic process in Spain.Obviously in the light evolution of this country and its constitution a remarkable evolution crowned by the accession to the European union with strong productive and autonomous regions.
After over thirty years of decentralization in Spain and having to face the acute economic crisis, it may be time to raise new proposals that could increase the economic efficiency by means of increasing the responsible performance of regional demand and supply of public goods and services. This is the context of this article, which is a critical analysis of expenditure and revenue responsibilities in Spain from a comparative law perspective. Regarding the expenditure responsibility, this article highlights the imprecision of the Spanish system and its underdeveloped legal theory and judicial cases on the subject compared to federal states. After a comparative analysis on the revenue responsibility, this article highlights some of the major drawbacksof Spanish system of regional financing, and finally it makes severalproposals addressed to improve the fiscal responsibility of the autonomous communities.
Otto Alonso Acosta Bermedo, Adriana del Pilar Tapia Quintanilla, Christian Fernando Wong Vargas
Public finance is of much importance for the sustainability of a State. For that purpose,there are diverse tax mechanisms that are key to achieve that purpose, such as the case of Property Taxes. However, can we affirm that this tax achieves that goal in Peru? Is the rate properly fixed? Is there an adequate administration and recollection of taxes? In this investigation, THĒMIS studies the diverse challenges that come up in fiscal decentralization in this country, showing off a legal perspective as well. It also brings a dynamic study of Property Taxes, concluding that it has a very decisive impact on public finance, and for that reason, the rate must be progressively modified and increased. It will be fundamental that the recollection may be done with good governance that allows both the decentralization and maximization of the funds use, in order to benefit all sectors.
Jesús Ruiz-Huerta Carbonell, Miguel Ángel García Díaz
In Spain, as a consequence of the persistence of the economic crisis, the deficit and debt of the public administrations have become a main issue on the current economic and political debates In the case of a highly decentralized scenario, such it is the Spanish one, even if we recognize the principal role of Central Government´s debt, a large part of the increased Autonomous Communities’ deficit and indebtedness is explained by the difficulties they have to face in financing services they have to cover. The paper describes the main characteristics of public accounts’ disequilibria in Spain and the regulatory limits established to make use of public debt. Also, the article offers different explanations of those disequilibria, putting the emphasis on those linked to the crisis: i.e. the increasing weight of basic welfare services covered by the Autonomous Communities (such as public health and as education); as the expansive policies implemented to fight the initial effects of the crisis; as the existence of previous and large “extraordinary” resources coming from the housing sector and its consequent collapse; as growth of the debt of the autonomous-community quangos and as the lack of effective accountability mechanisms addressed to control the expenditures of the autonomous communities.
Three years ago, a process of reform to the Statutes of Autonomy of some of the 17 Autonomous Communities that make up the model of politically decentralized State, designed by the Constitution of 1978, begun in Spain. Doubtless, the one that has sparked off more controversy in the legal and also the political grounds has been the Statute of Catalonia, approved since 2006. The subjects of greatest relevance have been those related to the incorporation of a Letter of Rights; the material and functional determination of the competences for the exercise of the self-government, as well as the relationships with the State, the European Union, and the financing system.
The present work tries to evaluate the present Law of Municipal Co-participation of the Province of Buenos Aires from the point of view of the capacity of financing of the cost of the municipal health sector in the Province of Buenos Aires. The "health component" explains the 37% of the distribution of the co-participable mass. The implicit "prices" of the selected variables, influence the "what" and "how" to produce goods in health. This is why the controversies between the fiscal objectives shaped in the normative variant of the method and the assigning eficiency of the sector, as well as the fairness in health, central objectives of the sanitary policy, are put in evidence. As a conclusion and after analysing the results of the distribution, I attempt to demonstrate that in a system of distribution of funds, where variables that try to partially measure the activity of a government function are included, where the criterion to repay the cost of the decentralized public services reigns, in the specific case of health it transforms into a signal that confirms and deepens the assigning inefficiency and the inequality in the distribution.
This article discusses the importance of the Colombian decentralization process in recent decades as a central axis bearing the tax side: revenues and expenditures of central government and the local authorities. The author makes it clear that despite the advantages of this system in Colombia are multiple problems due to gaps in the regulation of various aspects of reality and especially in the field of finance, taxation and spending. In recent decades, decentralization has brought the phenomenon of overflow discharges from local authorities based on an unlimited autonomy, so the National Government, together with the Congress, has issued various rules to clean up finances at the central, regional and local levels.
espanolEn ausencia de un margen significativo para la descentralizacion plena de los principales tributos en Venezuela, la consecucion de los beneficios esperados de la descentralizacion amerita discutir que tipo de diseno institucional deben tener sus mecanismos de financiamiento. En mi entender, el reto fundamental para los responsables de ese diseno consiste en incorporar en esos mecanismos los incentivos apropiados para que los distintos actores coordinen sus acciones y promuevan la participacion de la sociedad civil en la toma de decisiones colectivas. Esto exige desarrollar una cultura intergubernamental cooperativa. La viabilidad de una cultura intergubernamental cooperativa solo sera sostenible cuando se internalice la nocion de que los recursos generados por los tributos de administracion centralizada no pertenecen exclusivamente al gobierno nacional, sino que deben ser derramados en toda la extension del territorio venezolano, de acuerdo con una mezcla de criterios redistributivos, de eficiencia asignativa y respetando el desarrollo socioeconomico balanceado. Esto es mas probable si prevalece la perspectiva de que figuras como el situado, las asignaciones economicas especiales y el Fides representan mecanismos de coparticipacion en los ingresos fiscales del pais y no simples transferencias desde el gobieno central. Asi, al interpretar los mecanismos intergubernamentales de financiamiento como modalidades de coparticipacion sobre unos recursos fiscales generados en todo el territorio, las relaciones intergubernamentales se hacen mas horizontales, aun cuando se siga reconociendo al gobierno central como un primu inter pares. EnglishGiven the fact that there is not a significant margin for full decentralization of the main taxes in Venezuela, achieving the expected benefits of decentralization requires to discuss what kind of institutional design should have its financing mechanisms. In my view, the fundamental challenge for the policy-makers is to built-in these mechanisms with the appropriate incentives for different levels of government coordination and civil society participation in the process of collective decisions making. This requirement implies to develop an intergovernmental cooperative culture. The viability of an intergovernmental cooperative culture will be sustainable to the extent the venezuelan society internalize the notion that central administered taxes do not belong exclusively to the national government. On the contrary, these resources must be spread through the whole national territory, according to a blend of redistributive, assignative and economic equilibrium criteria. This is more likely if there is a prevalent perspective that policy instruments such as the situado, the special economic assignments and Fides represent revenue-sharing mechanisms, and not just transfers from the central government. In such a way, interpreting the ingovernmental financial mechanisms as co-sharing devises over the fiscal resources produced in the whole territory, the intergovernmental relations become more horizontal, although we recognize the central government as a primu inter pares.
This paper is intended to analyze, in a comparative perspective, the financing mechanisms of urban local governments in two groups of countries. The first group refers to a sample of OECD countries. They are rather decentralized, and have institutional features which date back many years from now. The scope of responsibilities faced by these countries. The second group is constituted by a number of Latin American countries. They are, in general, less decentralized and have the characteristic of not having a well established institutional structure. This has experienced various changes over the recent years, one of them being a process of transferring responsibilities to local tiers of governments, a tendency which in general, has not been accompanied by an increasing capacity to get resources neither from the central government nor from the local financial market.