In recent decades land registration systems operating in Europe and worldwide have been subject to modernisation processes consisting in implementation of information and communication technologies. Such reforms have gradually led to facilitating access to land information, improving effectiveness of land registration proceedings and even introducing possibilities to dispose of the ownership of land electronically by developing electronic conveyancing mechanisms. Another innovative concept much discussed nowadays is the application of blockchain technology in the land registration sector. This solution is currently being tested in a number of countries.Distributed ledger technology underlying blockchain is expected to revolutionise land registration by offering a secure architecture to store land transactions with the use of cryptographic protocol. This shall bring advantages of increased trust and processing efficiency as well as reduction of costs. However, the above idea raises concerns given that, under the assumptions of the “original” blockchain model, transactions are irreversible and are carried out without intermediaries, which means the lack of any external control and independent verification of the transactions to be recorded.The article examines potential benefits and risks of automatisation of land transactions as well as practical experiences of selected countries in implementing blockchain in the area of land registration. On this basis, an assessment will be made as to whether blockchain-based registration could indeed replace the existing methodology of registering rights to land.
A protocol for enabling smart, social currency for publishers and content businesses across the internet 1 Delegated Proof of Stake Position Paper.Grigg, 2017.https://steemit
Introduction. The financial and economic mechanism rational use and protection of land forestry should be based on realization national land relations policy, which envisages comprehensive state support for efficient use of nature through financing of appropriate organizational measures and introduction of economic instruments, incentives for rational use of forest resources. The main levers of such a mechanism are fiscal, monetary, budgetary and other elements of influence on economic entities. Aims and tasks. To realization the delivered goal it is necessary to solve a number of tasks, namely: to determine the actual area of forest land within the respective united territorial communities in Ukraine, to determine the possible economic income from the use of these forested areas, to calculate the volumes of fiscal receipts to the budgets of united territorial communities from forestry enterprises. Results. With the help of geoinformation approach was installed, it was established that the forest area in the united territorial communities were concentrated in Zhytomyrskа (788.5 thousand ha), Chernihivska (583.6 thousand ha), Volynska (432.9 ha), Rivnenska (282, 8 thousand hectares), Sumska (216,0 thousand hectares) regions. Whereas the smallest forest area within the boundaries of the united territorial communities is concentrated in Kirovohradska, Zakarpatska, Mykolaivska, Zaporizka, Vinnytska, Donetska, Luhanska, Odeska, Khersonska regions. Conclusions. Besides, in the case of use of forest areas within united territorial communities utility companies, they pay 18% income tax, which comes fully to the budget of the united territorial communities. We have made calculation of such fiscal receipts by areas where forestry production it is profitable. Therefore, our proposed scientific approach to the development of a financial and economic mechanism for regulating the rational use of forest land use should be based on the totality of fiscal budgetary relationships between forest resources and subjects entrepreneurial activity, which are based on the application of the geospatial approach of accounting of forest areas as an integral part of information support for the effective functioning of the economic system as a whole. On the whole, due to the proposed financial and economic mechanism, the total amount of tax revenues to united territorial communities in Ukraine can be increased by 10.2% of the actual receipts from their own resources of the united territorial communities in Ukraine for 2015 – 2016, or 6.01% of total volume taxes on individuals' income the united territorial communities in 2018. At the same time, the forest area within the united territorial communities at the national level is only 18.95% as of 2019.
Among substantial advancements challenging contemporary contract law special attention is given to autonomous, cryptographic solutions based on decentralised infrastructure provided by blockchain technology, intended to execute transactions automatically, designated as smart contracts. The need for comprehensive research on legal implications of practical implementation of this technological innovation is triggered particularly by the prognostications declaring it a valid alternative to hitherto contract law framework that is expected to be ultimately replaced by algorithmic mechanisms underpinning smart contracts.A relevant assessment of the impact smart contracts are presumed to have on the contract law domain requires a thorough analysis of their juridical status. The specificity of the category of smart contracts raises doubts whether they comply with the definition criteria inherent to contract law terminology. Additionally, it is of material importance to determine the function smart contracts can perform in the sphere of contractual practice and to confront it with the role and axiology of contract law.The article aims at analysing the peculiarities of smart contracts from the perspective of the Polish private law system with account being also taken of current development tendencies concerning the concept of contract.
Sep 30, 2019·Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry)
The aim of the study is to evaluate innovative technologies for social development financing. Research methods. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific work of domestic and foreign authors on financing of social development with the help of innovative technologies, Internet resources. The study uses a set of general and special scientific methods and approaches, including: monographic - for the literary review of the problem under study; systemic and structural analysis – for interpretation of the essence of fundraising, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding as complex economic categories, logical generalization, systematic method, method of comparisons, graphical methods, which allowed to ensure the conceptual unity of the research. Results of work. Innovative technologies of financing of social development are analyzed, among them: fundraising, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding. The activities of the Na-Starte Kraudfanding Platform, including the involvement of interested parties in this Crowdfunding Platform, are described. It has been established that financing of social projects by providing grants is a significant step forward from the point of view of development of social responsibility of business. It is traced that today in Ukraine there are a number of active grant programs in the field of education, science, medicine, and social security. Conclusions. The listed innovative approaches become relevant in the context of decentralization and community development, in particular, participatory budgeting is the ability of male and female residents of the city to participate in deciding how to distribute a certain part of the budget.
Block chain being a foundational technology impacting and attracting a wide range of applications has become predominant in solving the problem of privacy preserving and security in multitude sectors that is under the control of the government and the private. The paper also presents the security and the privacy mechanism using the block chain to prevent the misuse and the corruption in the sharing of huge set of data generated from the judiciary, security, legislature, commercial code registries etc. The proposed system enables reliability and the trust in the data sharing in the communication channels utilizing the block chain with the RSA digital signature. The proposed system is simulated as a java programming version to evince the enhancement in the latency in the sharing of the information's along with the privacy and the security
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The existence of cryptocurrency has attracted controvercies world wide. Many people, including Indonesian, had benefit from cryptocurrency, meanwhile there were also more people suffered lost from “investment” in cryptocurrency. The aim of this research was to make clear the legal status of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. This research was a normative legal research. It conducted literature review to obtain the required data. Data obtained and used in this research were secondary data, which consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary legal documents. Data obtained from literature review were analysed using normative comparative method with qualitative approach. The result proved that as currency, the existence of cryptocurrency for payment was legally prohibited. The involvement of Indonesian citizen in the “investment” in form of crytocurrency can be treated as against public policy even though the issuance of such cryptocurrency was subject to foreign applicable laws.
Mykola Kucheryavenko, Olga Dmytryk, Oleksandr Golovashevych
The advent of cryptocurrencies and rapid growth of crypto-networks heralded a new era in evolution of financial relations. The main goals achieved by introduction of cryptocurrencies included: a) removal of the third party (the government, banking and financial institutions) from transactions between the parties to a transfer; b) anonymity of the parties; c) transaction security. The governments of various countries of the world have a different stance as regards the use of cryptocurrencies, and in some cases, they consider this medium of exchange illegal. The transnational nature of transactions involving cryptocurrencies and the absence of physical borders for these transactions complicate legislative regulation of the circulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine.The use of cryptocurrencies has significant effect on the economies of Ukraine and other countries of the world due to easy dissemination and popularity of this technology and the growing capitalization of cryptocurrencies. The exchange of cryptocurrencies into fiduciary money and the possibility of gaining substantial profits on a cryptocurrency exchange due to high volatility of cryptocurrencies necessitate development, as soon as possible, of approaches to legislative regulation of both terminological apparatus related to circulation of cryptocurrencies and the exchange transaction procedures, profit taxation, etc. Considering the multisided nature of crypto-networks and the diversity of cryptocurrencies currently existing in the world (over 2000 variants as of today), classification of existing cryptocurrencies and definition of their features represents a contemporary task.This article characterizes development of blockchain technology that serves as the basis for the functioning of cryptocurrencies, defines their characteristic features, positive and innovative concepts implemented with their advent. Cryptocurrencies were classified based on various criteria (issue type, network decentralization, limitation on issue, controllability of cryptocurrency issue, etc.), and two groups of features typical either for all cryptocurrencies or for their certain variants were proposed. It was proposed to define a cryptocurrency as a variety of e-money used as an alternative additional currency and circulated within global computer networks on the basis of blockchain technology that envisages asymmetrical encryption and the use of various cryptographic protection methods.
The fake certificate is a special global problem in today's digital age. Thousands of universities and educational institutions around the world do not exist but can release hundreds of millions of fake degrees. Verifying the integrity of qualifications is a real challenge for today's employers. Applying the anti-data modifying properties of blockchain technology, this study proposes a solution issuing and verifying digital certificates called EUniCert to solve this problem. By changing the design and integrating new consensus algorithm used in Ethereum platform into the Unicoin network that was used to verify and store the information related to the issued digital certificate, the EUniCert improves the latency to validate transactions as well as the number of verified blocks in the blockchain network compared to the previous solution that we have proposed. We implement a simple blockchain system to illustrate the management operation of the digital certificates on the ethereum platform. Besides, we conduct a simulation to evaluate the performance of our proposal compared with the previous system. The result is that the average latency decreases by 3.27 times as well as the number of verified blocks increases by 11% compared with the previous system.
To overcome the high cost, high risk and poor efficiency of traditional centralized electric energy trading method, this paper proposes an efficient trading mechanism for energy power supply and demand network (EPSDN) based on blockchain smart contract, considering the opening of the sales side market in China. Specifically, the encourage-real-quotation (ERQ) rule was adopted to determine the clearing queue and price, thus smoothing the supply and demand interaction between the EPSDN node. Meanwhile, the blockchain smart contract was introduced into the transaction to form a sealed quotation function, which eliminates the centralization and high cost and solves the poor transparency and trust in traditional transaction. In addition, the transaction efficiency was improved through the construction of an efficient power trading system and a secure trading environment. A case study is given in the end of the paper. Case study shows that the blockchain-based smart contract trading system for the EPSDN can achieve desirable security and effectiveness, and effectively solve the problems of the traditional centralized trading method. The research findings lay solid theoretical and decision-making bases for small-scale transactions in the electric energy market.
The article focuses on whether it is possible to use new technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) in shareholder ledger maintenance systems. The article uses Estonia as an example to describe the shortcomings of shareholder ledger maintenance regulation and possible suggestions for reform and applies the principle of technology-neutrality to the subject matter to assess whether the regulation allows the adoption of new technologies, such as DLT, in ledger maintenance. The aim of the principle of technology-neutrality is to secure that the regulator does not create regulation that prefers any particular technology and discriminates against other technologies. Any regulation that is built around a pre-existing technology could suffer from preferring the use of that particular technology and consequently hinder innovation. In the article it is examined whether the ledger maintenance models used in Estonia are benefitting or suffering from the non-existence of technology-neutral technical standards for ledger maintenance and whether the differentiation of treatment of shareholder ledger administrators is justified on the basis of the principle of technology-neutrality.
André Henrique Mayer, Cristiano André da Costa, Rodrigo da Rosa Righi
Blockchain could reinvent the way patient's electronic health records are shared and stored by providing safer mechanisms for health information exchange of medical data in the healthcare industry, by securing it over a decentralized peer-to-peer network. Intending to support and ease the understanding of this distributed ledger technology, a solid Systematic Literature Review was conducted, aiming to explore the recent literature on Blockchain and healthcare domain and identify existing challenges and open questions, guided by the raise of research questions regarding EHR in a Blockchain. More than 300 scientific studies published in the last ten years were surveyed, resulting in an up-to-date taxonomy creation, challenges and open questions identified, and the most significant approaches, data types, standards and architectures regarding the use of Blockchain for EHR were assessed and discussed.
From the friends we make to the foods we like, via our shopping and sleeping habits, most aspects of our quotidian lives can now be turned into machine-readable data points. For those able to turn these data points into models predicting what we will do next, this data can be a source of wealth. For those keen to replace biased, fickle human decisions, this data—sometimes misleadingly—offers the promise of automated, increased accuracy. For those intent on modifying our behaviour, this data can help build a puppeteer’s strings. As we move from one way of framing data governance challenges to another, salient answers change accordingly. Just like the wealth redistribution way of framing those challenges tends to be met with a property-based, ‘it’s our data’ answer, when one frames the problem in terms of manipulation potential, dignity-based, human rights answers rightly prevail (via fairness and transparency-based answers to contestability concerns). Positive data-sharing aspirations tend to be raised within altogether different conversations from those aimed at addressing the above concerns. Our data Trusts proposal challenges these boundaries. The current lack of legal mechanisms that may plausibly empower us, data subjects to ‘take the reins’ of our personal data leaves us vulnerable. Recent regulatory endeavours to curb contractual freedom acknowledge this vulnerability but cannot, by themselves, remedy it—nor can data ownership. The latter is both unlikely and inadequate as an answer to the problems at stake. We argue that the power that stems from aggregated data should be returned to individuals through the legal mechanism of Trusts. Bound by a fiduciary obligation of undivided loyalty, the data trustees would exercise the data rights conferred by the GDPR (or other top-down regulation) on behalf of the Trust’s beneficiaries. The data trustees would hence be placed in a position where they can negotiate data use in conformity with the Trust’s terms, thus introducing an independent intermediary between data subjects and data collectors. Unlike the current ‘one size fits all’ approach to data governance, there should be a plurality of Trusts, allowing data subjects to choose a Trust that reflects their aspirations, and to switch Trusts when needed. Data Trusts may arise out of publicly or privately funded initiatives. By potentially facilitating access to ‘pre-authorized’, aggregated data (consent would be negotiated on a collective basis), our data Trust proposal may remove key obstacles to the realization of the potential underlying large datasets. This article proceeds from an analysis of the very particular type of vulnerability concomitant with our ‘leaking’ data on a daily basis, to show that data ownership is both unlikely and inadequate as an answer to the problems at stake. 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Challenges presented as a result of emerging technologies and the developments revolving around the financial environment, as well as the need to design tools and techniques which can accommodate and realize potential and intended benefits of Distributed Ledger Technologies, are considered in this section of the volume.
Even though it might be expected that internal controls and corporate governance related matters would influence and dominate main concerns relating to implementation of emerging technologies, it appears from recent surveys and statistics that employing staff and employees with adequate skills and expertise, as well as concerns relating to those risks emanating from cyber risks constitute and generate the greatest levels of concerns for industry experts and professionals.
Designing tool and techniques which can accommodate and adapt to – as well as ensure that enterprise programs and systems are able to align with the demands presented by emerging technologies, back up plans, namely internal control measures should constitute or rather, also embody part of the fore of concerns in a changing business and financial environment.
The Future of Forensic Accounting – particularly Computer Forensics, in becoming more engaged in Distributed Ledger Technology Designs – particularly in matters relating to internal control systems and designs – as a means of more effectively addressing associated risks attributed to crypto currencies and other emerging technologies is also considered in this section of the volume.
Junfei Qiu, David Grace, Guoru Ding, Junnan Yao · 5 authors
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are envisioned to be widely deployed as an integral component in the next generation cellular networks, where spectrum sharing between the aerial and terrestrial communication systems will play an important role. However, there exist significant security and privacy challenges due to the untrusted broadcast features and wireless transmission of the UAV networks. This article endeavors to resolve the security issues through proposing a novel privacy-preserving secure spectrum trading and sharing scheme based on blockchain technology. Specifically, from the operator's perspective, a pricing-based incentive mechanism is first introduced, in which a primary mobile network operator (MNO) leases its owned spectrum to a secondary UAV network in exchange for some revenue from the UAV operators. To address the potential security issues, a spectrum blockchain framework is then proposed to illustrate detailed operations of how the blockchain helps to improve the spectrum trading environment. Under this framework, a Stackelberg game is formulated to jointly maximize the profits of the MNO and the UAV operators considering uniform and nonuniform pricing schemes. Security assessment and numerical results confirm the security and efficiency of our schemes for spectrum sharing in UAV-assisted cellular networks.
Suboh Alkhushayni, Du’a Al-Zaleq, Nadine L Gadjou Kengne
Blockchain technology is on the cusp of revolutionizing the way we handle healthcare data, in term of storage and utilization. The main goal is to empower patients to be the center of their own health record so that, the patient doesn't have to rely on different institutions or hospitals they might visit. Blockchain technology and smart contracts provide an interesting and innovative way to keep track of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This technology could help the patients to have better control of their own data. Health professionals and institutions, such as hospitals, could have access to patient’s data owned by other institutions. In the present article, we discuss how blockchain technologies can be used to handle EHR while improving the efficiency of operations through streamlining processes and transparency. We propose an architecture to manage and share healthcare data among different organizations. The proposed work could significantly reduce the time needed to share patient data among different health organizations and reduce the overall cost.
Rongen Zhang, Amrita George, Jongwoo Kim, Veneetia Johnson · 5 authors
BACKGROUND: The potential of blockchain technology to achieve strategic goals, such as value-based care, is increasingly being recognized by both researchers and practitioners. However, current research and practices lack comprehensive approaches for evaluating the benefits of blockchain applications. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to develop a framework for holistically assessing the performance of blockchain initiatives in providing value-based care by extending the existing balanced scorecard (BSC) evaluation framework. METHODS: Based on a review of the literature on value-based health care, blockchain technology, and methods for evaluating initiatives in disruptive technologies, we propose an extended BSC method for holistically evaluating blockchain applications in the provision of value-based health care. The proposed method extends the BSC framework, which has been extensively used to measure both financial and nonfinancial performance of organizations. The usefulness of our proposed framework is further demonstrated via a case study. RESULTS: We describe the extended BSC framework, which includes five perspectives (both financial and nonfinancial) from which to assess the appropriateness and performance of blockchain initiatives in the health care domain. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed framework moves us toward a holistic evaluation of both the financial and nonfinancial benefits of blockchain initiatives in the context of value-based care and its provision.
The blockchain is a key technology that has been adopted in many application areas to increase security and reliability and to avoid the need for a central trusted authority. One of its essential underlying foundations are smart contracts, which are executable programs for managing data or assets on the blockchain. It is crucial that smart contracts are tested thoroughly due to their immutable nature and since even small bugs can lead to huge monetary losses. However, it is not enough to just test smart contracts, it is also important to ensure the quality and completeness of the tests. Hence, we introduce new smart contract specific mutation operators as well as a novel killing condition that is able to detect a deviation in the gas consumptions, i.e., in the monetary value that is required to perform transactions. Moreover, we establish a baseline for mutation testing of smart contracts by applying our method to a replay test suite and by testing about a thousand contracts.
Scott Ruoti, Benjamin Kaiser, Arkady Yerukhimovich, Jeremy Clark · 5 authors
Bitcoin's success has led to significant interest in its underlying components, particularly Blockchain technology. Over 10 years after Bitcoin's initial release, the community still suffers from a lack of clarity regarding what properties defines Blockchain technology, its relationship to similar technologies, and which of its proposed use-cases are tenable and which are little more than hype. In this paper we answer four common questions regarding Blockchain technology: (1) what exactly is Blockchain technology, (2) what capabilities does it provide, and (3) what are good applications for Blockchain technology, and (4) how does it relate to other approache distributed technologies (e.g., distributed databases). We accomplish this goal by using grounded theory (a structured approach to gathering and analyzing qualitative data) to thoroughly analyze a large corpus of literature on Blockchain technology. This method enables us to answer the above questions while limiting researcher bias, separating thought leadership from peddled hype and identifying open research questions related to Blockchain technology. The audience for this paper is broad as it aims to help researchers in a variety of areas come to a better understanding of Blockchain technology and identify whether it may be of use in their own research.
<em>In the second decade of the new millennium, with the development of Blockchain technology, the interest of many applications in the world has come to the attention of exciting applications. One of the challenging applications of Blockchain technology is in the area of electronic voting. The issue of preventing fraud and establishing democracy has always been a major challenge in all countries. Since 2015, various implementations of electronic voting with Blockchain have been introduced. Among these, some of the proposed methods have been implemented in small and medium scales in some countries. With respect to this fact that almost all of the above-mentioned methods use proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism, the most significant shortcoming of such implementations is energy consumption. In the near future it is expected that this problem will be resolved through replacing PoW mechanism by new ones such as proof-of-stake (PoS) and its other variants. In this paper, we present security policy model parameters for e-voting, based on Blockchain technologies. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, this paper is the first to classify the requirements of e-voting according to confidentiality-integrity-availability, well-known as CIA principles in security terminology. Second, it provides a statistical analysis to extract hidden inter-dependencies among the requirements.</em>
With the advancement of digitization, digital ecosystems are playing an increasingly important role in value creation. The mechanism by which digital ecosystems create value, however, has been generally deemed to be a mixed effect due to various factors. On the basis of signaling theory, this paper explores the effect of information transmission on the value creation capability of a digital ecosystem from two dimensions: the scale and sustainability of value creation. Taking a sample of weekly transaction data from Ethereum during August 2015–August 2018, our research proposes an integrated framework of information transmission in value creating, and discusses the diffusion process of the network effect within the digital ecosystem. As a generally accepted exchange medium, digital currency traffic acts as an observable proxy of information flow in a crypto-digital ecosystem, where the effects of heterogeneity in transaction attributes are filtered. Empirical results show that information transmission positively influences the scale and sustainability of value creation activities in a digital ecosystem by affecting user number and transaction frequency. Further research reveals that user number is the initial driving force of the network effect and a critical factor for the overall ecosystem market capitalization. This research provides a new insight into the design of sustainable value creation mechanisms under digital circumstances.
It is crucial that smart contracts are tested thoroughly due to their immutable nature. Even small bugs in smart contracts can lead to huge monetary losses. However, testing is not enough; it is also important to ensure the quality and completeness of the tests. There are already several approaches that tackle this challenge with mutation testing, but their effectiveness is questionable since they only considered small contract samples. Hence, we evaluate the quality of smart contract mutation testing at scale. We choose the most promising of the existing (smart contract specific) mutation operators, analyse their effectiveness in terms of killability and highlight severe vulnerabilities that can be injected with the mutations. Moreover, we improve the existing mutation methods by introducing a novel killing condition that is able to detect a deviation in the gas consumption, i.e., in the monetary value that is required to perform transactions. This paper has a replication package at https://github.com/pieterhartel/Mutation-at-scale