Sergio Demian Lerner, Federico Jinich, Diego Masini, Shreemoy Mishra
Uncontrolled growth of blockchain state can adversely affect client performance, decentralization and security. Previous attempts to introduce duration-based state storage pricing or 'storage rent' in Ethereum have stalled, partly because of complexity. We present a new approach with finer granularity to "spread" rent payments across peers. Our proposal shifts the burden of state rent from accounts to transaction senders in a quasi-random manner. This proposal offers a simple path for initial adoption on Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible chains, and serve as a foundation to address remaining challenges.
The crypto ecosystem has evolved into a formidable channel for raising venture capital. Each new wave of capital inflows has been epitomized by a new type of investment vehicle, may it be ICOs, DAOs, or NFTs. Regrettably, none of these paradigms tried to address the issue of investor protection, a pillar of efficient capital markets. Moreover, very few projects tried to generate economic revenue, focusing instead on marketing alone to attract new investors. Without revenues, price discovery was impossible, while investors were left without any protection against rug pulls. This has forced regulators to take a hard-line approach to the ecosystem, and rule that certain tokens are securities when they are not intended to be. Regulators have left the door open to cryptocurrencies with truly decentralised activity like Ethereum, most notably the SEC in its interpretation of the Howey test for digital assets. We believe that a great number of decentralised projects could benefit from this regulatory exception. A system where project revenue is automatically directed to a treasury pool, and the price of tokens is computed following a predetermined bonding curve, would allow to efficiently raise capital, while investors would have automatic guarantees of fair participation in the success of the project. Such a framework would incentivise founders to design decentralised projects that create value instead of hype, while making the application of securities laws less stringent or even needed. NFT royalties in particular are an example of decentralised economic activity that generates cash flows, used to back the value of associated tokens. We propose a cryptographic system that ties the price of tokens to the success of a decentralised activity, guarantees the fair distribution of tokens, and rewards founders and participants in the system in line with the amount of risk they are taking.
Medical records management had always been a challenging in healthcare sector. Traditionally, medical records are handled either manually or electronically that are under the stewardship of hospitals/healthcare institutions. A patient centric approach is the new paradigm where patient is an inherent part of the healthcare ecosystem controlling the access and sharing of his/her personal medical care information. Medical care information requires robust security and privacy. Also there are other issues like confidentiality, interoperability, scalability, cost efficiency and timeliness that need to be addressed. To achieve these objectives, this paper proposes a novel-scalable patient centric yet privacy preserving framework for efficient and secure electronic medical records management. In addition, proposed system generates a unified trusted record and authentication role mapping for enforcing secure access control for medical records using complex encryption algorithms. This paper identifies 13 key performance factors for performance comparison of proposed framework with traditional models. Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain acted as a benchmark platform for performance evaluation of MRBSChain on the basis of three metrics (transaction cost, average block time and deployment cost).At last, a comparative analysis of MRBSChain with other state of art blockchain systems on the basis of execution time is presented in the paper.
There is a growing interest in understanding the energy and environmental footprint of digital currencies, specifically in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These cryptocurrencies are operated by a geographically distributed network of computing nodes, making it hard to accurately estimate their energy consumption. Existing studies, both in academia and industry, attempt to model the cryptocurrencies energy consumption often based on a number of assumptions for instance about the hardware in use or geographic distribution of the computing nodes. A number of these studies has already been widely criticized for their design choices and subsequent over or under-estimation of the energy use. In this study, we evaluate the reliability of prior models and estimates by leveraging existing scientific literature from fields cognizant of blockchain such as social energy sciences and information systems. We first design a quality assessment framework based on existing research, we then conduct a systematic literature review examining scientific and non-academic literature demonstrating common issues and potential avenues of addressing these issues. Our goal with this article is to to advance the field by promoting scientific rigor in studies focusing on Blockchain's energy footprint. To that end, we provide a novel set of codes of conduct for the five most widely used research methodologies: quantitative energy modeling, literature reviews, data analysis \& statistics, case studies, and experiments. We envision that these codes of conduct would assist in standardizing the design and assessment of studies focusing on blockchain-based systems' energy and environmental footprint.
V Srinadh, Chetan Sai Pyla, Desaraju Sri Rama Ganesh, Borra Kiran Kumar · 5 authors
<strong>Abstract:</strong> Modern digital technology has enhanced the lives of several people. Unlike to the election system, it makes heavy use of printed paper. Elections using the traditional method risk the security aspects and openness. The institution that oversees general elections continues to adopt a centralized approach. With an organization having complete control over the database and system, it is feasible to tamper with the database of significant opportunities. This is one of the issues that might arise in traditional election systems. Because it adopts a decentralized structure and the full database is held by multiple people, blockchain technology has been one of the solutions. The methodology outlined in this work examines the usefulness of hashing algorithms, the construction and sealing of blocks, the accumulation of data, and the declaration of results using an adaptable blockchain approach. Electronic voting or e-voting has fundamental benefits over paper-based systems such as increased efficiency and reduced errors. The electronic voting system tends to maximize user participation, by allowing them to vote from anywhere and from any device that has an internet connection. The blockchain is an emerging, decentralized, and distributed technology with strong cryptographic foundations that promises to improve different aspects of many industries. Expanding e-voting into blockchain technology could be the solution to alleviate the present concerns in e-voting. Here we propose a blockchain-based voting system that will limit the voting fraud and make the voting process simple, secure and efficient. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Blockchain, Online voting, Decentralization, Privacy, Security, Ethereum. <strong>Title:</strong> Online Voting System using Ethereum in Blockchain Technology <strong>Author:</strong> V Srinadh, Chetan Sai Pyla, Desaraju Sri Rama Ganesh, Borra Kiran Kumar, Bheemerasetty Divya Sai <strong>International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology</strong> <strong>ISSN 2350-1022</strong> <strong>Vol. 9, Issue 2, October 2022 - March 2023</strong> <strong>Page No: 1-10</strong> <strong>Paper Publications</strong> <strong>Website: www.paperpublications.org</strong> <strong>Published Date: 21-October-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7233830</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/Online%20Voting%20System%20using%20Ethereum-21102022-2.pdf</strong>
This article seeks to discuss the opportunity for security enhancement in the Ethereum blockchain by introducing AI into the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem. Integrating AI with blockchain includes revolutionary approaches to protecting transactions by using techniques like anomaly detection, fraud, and predictive analysis. Hopwood et al. provide a background to blockchain technology with much focus on security in decentralized networks, especially Ethereum. It explores the basics of blockchain security based on cryptographic techniques, consensus algorithms, and the weaknesses of smart contracts. The discussion then turns to opportunities for AI technologies in blockchain security and the example of how the technologies can identify and prevent various activities. The most elaborate part of the paper is the Sequencer Level Security (SLS) protocol, a relatively new one that offers an improved model of transaction security that isolates the undesirable ones. The rollups and Layer 2 solutions involve the presented case of the Zircuit prototype and the implementation of SLS. The paper also discusses how AI may enhance personal data protection in blockchain environments via methods such as decentralized identity and zero-knowledge proofs. Legal and ethical issues are discussed with reference to data protection laws, including GDPR and CPRA, and their effects on the incorporation of AI and blockchain systems. Finally, it envisions the future trends, issues, and opportunities of AI and blockchain security based on a suggested research agenda. Based on this all-around assessment, AI plays a pivotal part in enhancing the security and privacy of Ethereum blocks.
Abstract This chapter discusses blockchain technology. Here, the use of open source software in blockchain requires an understanding of blockchain technology and the broader category of âDistributed Ledger Technologyâ (âDLTâ). Furthermore, blockchain is divided into three layers: protocol layer, network layer, and data layer. This chapter focuses on the protocol layer software such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, EOS, and Cordera. However, the software stack for blockchain systems which build on top of these protocol layers is very complex and varies based on the blockchain system. The protocol layers, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are sometimes referred to as âLayer 1â or the âbase layerâ. Some blockchain systems also have âLayer 2â software such as the âLightening Networkâ for Bitcoin. Blockchain systems also host application software, with smart contacts, tokens, and âDAppsâ, all of which are software.
In Tunisia, one of the major problems of the olive oil industry is marketing. Several factors have an impact, such as quality, originality, lobbying, subsidies and the certification of extra virgin olive oil. The major problem remains the traceability of the production process to guarantee the origin of the food at all times. This fine-grained traceability can be achieved by applying Blockchain technologies. Blockchain can be used as a solution that could bring visibility to the oil supply chain. It is proposed in order to guarantee the veracity of the product information at different stages. In this paper, a multi-Blockchain, multi-sensor traceability system using IoT will be presented. Two Blockchains that can be programmed via Smart Contract will be used. The first one is Quorum, which is a private Blockchain used by the actors of our system, and the second one is Ethereum, which is public and connects the different actors who have access to our system. This smart contract allows us to conta our system to track the olive oil manufacturing process from the farmer, through the oil mill, the transporter and the quality controller to the customer. A general approach for managing the olive oil supply chain is presented. This approach offers the possibility for the system to be configurable. It is based on smart contracts and applications that interact with the same smart contracts. The IoT is used to configure sensors. These sensors are the source of data for the supply chain process. These sensors are connected to the embedded platforms that host Quorum.
Currently there exist many blockchains with weak trust guarantees, limiting applications and participation. Existing solutions to boost the trust using a stronger blockchain, e.g., via checkpointing, requires the weaker blockchain to give up sovereignty. In this paper, we propose a family of protocols in which multiple blockchains interact to create a combined ledger with boosted trust. We show that even if several of the interacting blockchains cease to provide security guarantees, the combined ledger continues to be secure - our Trustboost protocols achieve the optimal threshold of tolerating the insecure blockchains. This optimality, along with the necessity of blockchain interactions, is formally shown within the classic shared memory model, tackling the long standing open challenge of solving consensus in the presence of both Byzantine objects and processes. Furthermore, our proposed construction of Trustboost simply operates via smart contracts and require no change to the underlying consensus protocols of the participating blockchains, a form of "consensus on top of consensus''. The protocols are lightweight and can be used on specific (e.g., high value) transactions; we demonstrate the practicality by implementing and deploying Trustboost as cross-chain smart contracts in the Cosmos ecosystem using approximately 3,000 lines of Rust code, made available as open source [52]. Our evaluation shows that using 10 Cosmos chains in a local testnet, Trustboost has a gas cost of roughly $2 with a latency of 2 minutes per request, which is in line with the cost on a high security chain such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.
There are billions of houses, businesses, and lands in the world, and we can prove the ownership of these assets with title deeds prepared by government offices. In the purchase and sale transactions of these titled assets, it is necessary to go through long and complex possess, and the actions that need to be taken do not end here. The asset must also be insured and paid regularly for insurance, tax, and some subscriptions like electricity, water, natural gas, etc. This study aims to create a blockchain-based asset management system that uses NFTs (non-fungible tokens), smart contracts, and the Ethereum network.
Existing NFTs confront restrictions of one-time incentive and product isolation. Creators cannot obtain benefits once having sold their NFT products due to the lack of relationships across different NFTs, which results in controversial profit sharing. This paper proposes a referable NFT solution to extend the incentive sustainability of NFTs. We construct the referable NFT (rNFT) network to increase exposure and enhance the referring relationship of inclusive items. We introduce the DAG topology to generate directed edges between each pair of NFTs with corresponding weights and labels for advanced usage. We accordingly implement and propose the scheme under Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) standards, indexed in EIP-5521. Further, we provide the mathematical formation to analyze the utility for each rNFT participant. The discussion gives general guidance among multi-dimensional parameters. The solution, as a result, shape the recognition of potential values hidden in isolated NFTs and raise the interest of communities toward the discovery of NFT derivatives. To our knowledge, this is the first study to build a referable NFT network, explicitly showing the virtual connections among NFTs.
Summary In the Covidâ19 pandemic, information about the medical equipment such as personal protective equipment, ventilators, testing kits, oxygen cylinders, ICU beds, and patient diagnostic status is a black box for the patients. This article proposes a blockchainâassisted Covidâ19 big data chain (CovidBChain) framework to handle the Covidâ19 data, which is of colossal size (volume), coming from different sources (variety) and generated at every time instance (velocity). CovidBChain is proposed to protect electronic health records and Covidâ19 equipment's information from illegal modification. CovidBChain provides transparency, access control, and integrity to Covidâ19 data. The status of critical equipment like ventilator, Covidâ19 beds, oxygen cylinder, and ICU status each such operation is integrated into the CovidBChain as a transaction. A prototype has been simulated using Ganache, Metamask, InterPlanetary File System, and Reactjs. The comparative assessment using proofâofâwork (PoW) and proofâofâauthority (PoA) deduces that the upload and retrieval time in PoA is less than PoW, while the transaction cost is more in PoW. The overhead of message exchange communication is reduced by a factor of in PoA as compared to the PoW approach. CovidBChain has been tested on the Ethereum official test network Ropsten for PoW and Goerli for PoA.
Abstract Health care interoperability unfolds the way for personalized health care services at a reduced cost. Furthermore, a decentralized system holds the promise to prevent compromises such as cyberâattacks due to data breaches. Hence, there is a need for a framework that seamlessly integrates and shares data across the system stakeholders. We propose SEquestered aNd SynergIstic BLockchain Ecosystem (SENSIBLE), a blockchainâpowered, knowledgeâdriven dataâsharing framework that gives patients complete control of their medical history and can extract rich information hidden in it using knowledge graphs (KGs). By incorporating both blockchain and KGs, we can provide a platform for secure data sharing among stakeholders by maintaining data privacy and integrity through data authentication and robust data integration. We present a ProofâofâConcept of the SENSIBLE network with Ethereum to share dynamic knowledge across stakeholders. Dynamic knowledge generation on the blockchain provides a twoâfold advantage of cooperation and communication amongst the stakeholders in the health care ecosystem. This leads to operational ease through sharing relevant portions of complex information while also ensuring the isolation of sensitive medical data.
Marco Marcozzi, Leonardo Mostarda, Diletta Cacciagrano
As micro grids and blockchain gained the interest and attention of both academia and the industry, the interaction between the two technologies seems inevitable. However, there are challenges to overcome in order to actually realize the integration between micro grids and blockchains. In this article, we review the solutions proposed to enhance micro grids with blockchains. We discuss the scalability challenges and the opportunities derived from the off-chaining computing techniques. In this context, we draft a design to implement a micro grid-based peer-to-peer local energy market, powered by an off-chain computing protocol called DIVERSITY. DIVERSITY aims to shift the computational burden from a main blockchain to an intermediate layer of nodes, aggregating data and executing smart contracts off-chain. We simulate different data logging approaches, and it is found that DIVERSITY allows an actual saving on fees and power consumption derived from using a public blockchain platform, such as Ethereum, in order to assure a truly decentralized renewable energy distribution at a lower cost.
Abstract Cryptocurrencies are distributed digital currencies that have emerged as a consequence of financial technology advancement. In 2017, cryptocurrencies have shown a huge rise in their market capitalization and popularity. They are now employed in todayâs financial systems as individual investors, corporate firms, and big institutions are heavily investing in them. However, this industry is less stable than traditional currency markets. It can be affected by several legal, sentimental, and technical factors, so it is highly volatile, dynamic, uncertain, and unpredictable, hence, accurate forecasting is essential. Recently, cryptocurrency price prediction becomes a trending research topic globally. Various machine and deep learning algorithms, e.g., Neural Networks (NN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) were utilized to analyze the factors influencing the prices of the cryptocurrencies and accordingly predict them. This paper suggests a five-phase framework for cryptocurrency price prediction based on two state-of-the-art deep learning architectures (i.e., BiLSTM and GRU). The current study uses three public real-time cryptocurrency datasets from âYahoo Financeâ. Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory and Gated Recurrent Unit deep learning-based algorithms are used to forecast the prices of three popular cryptocurrencies (i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Cardano). The Grid Search approach is used for the hyperparameters optimization processes. Results indicate that GRU outperformed the BiLSTM algorithm for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Cardano, respectively. The lowest RMSE for the GRU model was found to be 0.01711, 0.02662, and 0.00852 for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Cardano, respectively. Experimental results proved the significant performance of the proposed framework that achieves the minimum MSE and RMSE values.
The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with traditional healthcare systems has improved quality of healthcare services. However, the wearable devices and sensors used in Healthcare System (HS) continuously monitor and transmit data to the nearby devices or servers using an unsecured open channel. This connectivity between IoT devices and servers improves operational efficiency, but it also gives a lot of room for attackers to launch various cyber-attacks that can put patients under critical surveillance in jeopardy. In this article, a Blockchain-orchestrated Deep learning approach for Secure Data Transmission in IoT-enabled healthcare system hereafter referred to as âBDSDTâ is designed. Specifically, first a novel scalable blockchain architecture is proposed to ensure data integrity and secure data transmission by leveraging Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) mechanism. Then, BDSDT integrates with the off-chain storage InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to address difficulties with data storage costs and with an Ethereum smart contract to address data security issues. The authenticated data is further used to design a deep learning architecture to detect intrusion in HS network. The latter combines Deep Sparse AutoEncoder (DSAE) with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) to design an effective intrusion detection system. Experiments on two public data sources (CICIDS-2017 and ToN-IoT) reveal that the proposed BDSDT outperformed state-of-the-arts in both non-blockchain and blockchain settings and have obtained accuracy close to 99% using both datasets.
This study aims to know the cryptocurrency is a digital currency that is used as a medium for transactions or payments between people online (peer to peer). Cryptocurrencyis a virtual currency that is protected with a secret code that is complex enough to protect and maintain the security of the value of the currency. Several types of cryptocurrencies include ethereum, ripple, litecoin, dogecoin, mrai, dashcoin, and so on. Currently, cryptocurrency is an investment instrument that is quite attractive to the public, the popularity of crypto investment itself can be seen from the increasing number of cryptocurrency investors. Therefore,The Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency (CoFTRA) of the Ministry of Trade as a regulator that oversees cryptocurrencies in Indonesia has begun to tighten supervision of crypto asset trading. The research used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The research stages were carried out by analyzing the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 7 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the List of Crypto Assets that can be Traded in the Crypto Asset Physical Market (PerCoFTRA Number 7 of 2020), and Act No. 7 of 2011 concerning Currencies, to find out cryptocurrency legality in Indonesia. The protection carried out on crypto assets is by first registering the type of cryptocurrency with CoFTRA to be analyzed and determined to be tradable or not. The determination of tradable crypto assets is carried out through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) valuation method which has several assessment criteria that must be met, where the conditions for crypto assets that can be traded on the physical asset market must be guided by CoFTRA No. 7 of 2020.
Ulysse Pavloff, Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou, Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni
Ethereum has undergone a recent change called the Merge, which made Ethereum a Proof-of-Stake blockchain shifting closer to BFT consensus. Ethereum, which wished to keep the best of the two protocols designs (BFT and Nakomoto-style), now has an involved consensus protocol as its core. The result is a blockchain being possibly produced in a tree-like form while participants try to finalize blocks. Several attacks jeopardizing liveness have been found in this new setting. The Ethereum community has responded by creating a patch. We discovered a new attack on the patched protocol. To support our analysis, we propose a new formalization of the properties of liveness and availability of the Ethereum blockchain, and we provide a pseudo-code. We believe this formalization to be helpful for other analyses as well. Our results yield that the Ethereum Proof-of-Stake has probabilistic liveness, influenced by the parameter describing the time frame allowed for validators to change their mind about the current main chain.
Ulysse Pavloff, Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou, Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni
Ethereum has undergone a recent change called \textit{the Merge}, which made Ethereum a Proof-of-Stake blockchain, shifting closer to BFT consensus. Ethereum, which wished to keep the best of the two protocol designs (BFT and Nakomoto-style), now has a convoluted consensus protocol as its core. The result is a blockchain being possibly produced in a tree-like form while participants try to finalize blocks. We categorize different attacks jeopardizing the liveness of the protocol. The Ethereum community has responded by creating patches against some of them. We discovered a new attack on the patched protocol. To support our analysis, we propose a new high-level formalization of the properties of liveness and availability of the Ethereum blockchain, and we provide a pseudo-code. We believe this formalization to be helpful for other analyses as well. Our results yield that the Ethereum Proof-of-Stake has safety but only probabilistic liveness. The probability of the liveness is influenced by the parameter describing the time frame allowed for validators to change their mind about the current main chain.
Permission delegation has become a new way for data sharing by delegating the authorized permission to other users. A flexible authorization model with strict access control policies is promising for electronic health record (EHR) sharing with security. In this paper, a blockchain-based multi-hop permission delegation scheme with controllable delegation depth for EHR sharing has been presented. We use the interplanetary file system (IPFS) for storing the original EHRs. Smart contracts and proxy re-encryption technology are implemented for permission delegation. In order to ensure data security, we use attribute-based encryption to provide fine-grained access control. Additionally, blockchain is used to achieve traceability and immutability. We deploy smart contracts so that the delegation depth can be set by delegators. Security analysis of the proposed protocol shows that our solution meets the designed goals. Finally, we evaluate the proposed algorithm and implement the scheme on the Ethereum test chain. Our scheme outperforms the competition in terms of performance, according to the results of our experiments.
To tackle the problems of questioning the authenticity of products faced in e-commerce live streaming and the low data integrity in the process of product transactions, the concept of traceability and a product authentication scheme that integrates blockchain technology and traceability are proposed. The proposed scheme deploys the product authentication strategy on the Ethereum blockchain in the form of a smart contract and calls the product authentication method on the traceability body by executing the smart contract to realize the authentication of product quality. A combination of on-chain and off-chain is used to store private information to guarantee information integrity. Security analysis results show that the proposed scheme can make the risk of information leakage lower and data security higher under the premise of achieving product certification. A system simulation experiment shows that the solution can meet product certification requirements and have a favorable impact on the live commerce industry.
As a powerful tool for building framework and autonomous system across various domains, smart contracts are used to maintain security analysis in a better way. However, owing to the decentralised structure of the blockchain on which they are built, a number of concerns have surfaced about weaknesses in their programming, that according to their unique characteristics, might have (and have already had) a very large economic effect. This essay surveys the whole scope of smart contract security issues and the cutting edge of freely accessible security software.