Nosipho Mthembu, Kazeem Abimbola Sanusi, Joel Hinaunye Eita
The study investigates the effects of stock market volatility and cybercrime on cryptocurrency returns in the South African economy. Daily time series data on four different types of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, and BMB) were employed. The data covers the period from 1 January 2019–31 December 2021. The study employed the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC GARCH) and Bayesian liner regression model to investigate time-varying correlations among the variables. Empirical findings suggest that stock market volatility has a positive impact on the returns of BNB, Bitcoin, and Ethereum. However, it has a negative impact on Tether. Expectedly, cybercrime poses negative impacts on the returns of BNB, Bitcoin, and Ethereum but could be said to have no impact on the returns of Tether. The study concludes that ongoing efforts to reduce cybercrime activities need to be strengthened to further the use of digital currencies.
Erhan Ustaoğlu, Selçuk KIRAN, Mahmut Bağcı, İlkim Ecem Emre
Çalışma, NFT (Non-FungibleToken) kavramı ile bu kavramın üzerine kurulu olduğu teknoloji ve kullanım alanlarını araştırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada ilk olarak NFT’nin dayandığı blokzincir teknolojisi incelenmekte ve çalışma biçimi açıklanmaktadır. Ardından bu teknolojinin özellikleri ve popüler kripto paralar dışındaki kullanım alanları irdelenmiştir. Daha sonra NFT’yi bir standart olarak tanımlayan Ethereum platformu araştırılmış ve yine bu platform üzerinde tanımlanan akıllı sözleşmeler açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca NFT kategorileri incelenmiş, dijital sanat alanı ve diğer kategorilerde önerilen uygulamalar için bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ek olarak, oluşturulan sözlük yardımıyla bu alanda kullanılan kavramların Türkçe karşılıklarına dair önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Başta sanat, koleksiyon ve oyun kategorisinde olmak üzere birçok alanda NFT uygulamaları mevcuttur. NFT’lerin özellikle tedarik zincirleri ve nesnelerin interneti alanlarında yaygın olarak kullanım alanı bulacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışma, NFT kavramını, teknolojisini ve kullanım alanlarını bir bütün olarak ele almakta ve açıklamaktadır.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Internet Banking offers clients the availability of dealing with one's assets whenever, anyplace. In any case, any web-based exchanges will be inclined to security dangers. Existing framework utilizes two way validation factors(OTP) that are handily broken by digital assailants prompting clients having their record subtleties compromised while not having the arrangement of aggressor's recognizable proof. Thus in this paper we propose a versatile SIM sequential based check framework to protect portable exchanges on cell phones with Blockchain based waiter side secure framework. The supporter character module(sim) chronic number is enlisted with the client's record and in the event that a gatecrasher attempts to start an exchange from some other sim, there emerges a befuddle of the login certifications then framework sends area data of the interloper to the bank. The bank then cautions the enrolled client via mailing them the interloper's subtleties. Since the versatile sim chronic number is remarkable to the sim and isn't physically rather separated, there is no chance of gatecrasher starting the exchange from another gadget, subsequently defeating the worries connected with OTP. The Ethereum Blockchain innovation gives server side information base security by checking the advanced marks during the exchange and agreement calculation for exchange affirmation. Blockchain based security is numerically demonstrated for secure financial exchange.
Muhammad Tahir, Najma Ismat, Huma Hasan Rizvi, Asma Zaffar · 6 authors
The looming energy crisis is affecting every sector of the world. The dire need to conserve energy has compelled researchers to bring automation to the power sector. The conservation of energy is one of the biggest challenges Third-World countries are facing in general and in Europe due to the Russian–Ukrainian war. There is a need to introduce such systems that can prevent energy loss and let users buy and sell excessive electricity they have. In the field of power and electricity, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays an active role in the conservation of energy. The new concept of smart grids is widely used for efficient transmission. The technique of blockchain can further reduce the wastage of energy and efficient consumption if it is used with smart grids. This article proposes a smart energy meter based on smart grids and blockchain. The proposed implementation is a demonstration containing a few microgrids, each with its very own blockchain. The users will use energy by making transactions, following the smart contracts. The focus is on the peer-to-peer transactions in a microgrid controlled by blockchain. The architectural design outcomes are a smart energy meter, a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain, and an android application to monitor and control transactions and energy trade via smart contracts with other consumers.
Amid the current climate emergency and global energy crisis, regulators have started to consider their options to limit the power demand of cryptocurrency networks. One specific way crypto-asset communities can limit their environmental impact is by avoiding or replacing the energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) mining mechanism. Ethereum, the second largest crypto-asset by market capitalization, had its PoW replaced with an alternative known as proof-of-stake during an event called The Merge on September 15, 2022. In this perspective, the likely range of electricity saved due to this change is estimated, while the limitations in assessing these figures are highlighted. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities in replicating The Merge on other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are discussed.
Abdul Razzaq, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan Ghayyur, Nouf Al-Kahtani · 6 authors
COVID-19 has become a very transmissible disease that has had a worldwide impact, resulting in a huge number of infections and fatalities. Testing is critical to the pandemic's successful response because it helps detect illnesses and so attenuate (isolate/cure) them and now vaccination is a life-safer innovation against the pandemic which helps to make the immunity system stronger and fight against this infection. Patient-sensitive information, on the other hand, is now held in a centralized or third-party storage paradigm, according to COVID-19. One of the most difficult aspects of using a centralized storage strategy is maintaining patient privacy and system transparency. The application of blockchain technology to support health initiatives that can minimize the spread of COVID-19 infections in the context of accessibility of the system and for verification of digital passports. Only by combining blockchain technology with advanced cryptographic algorithms can a secure and privacy-preserving solution to COVID-19 be provided. In this article, we investigate the issue and propose a blockchain-based solution incorporating conscience identity, encryption, and decentralized storage via interplanetary file systems (IPFS). For COVID-19 test takers and vaccination takers, our solution includes digital health passports (DHP) as a certification of test or vaccination. We explain smart contracts constructed and tested with Ethereum to preserve a DHP for test and vaccine takers, allowing for a prompt and trustworthy response from the necessary medical authorities. We use an immutable trustworthy blockchain to minimize medical facility response times, relieve the transmission of incorrect information, and stop the illness from spreading via DHP. We give a detailed explanation of the proposed solution's system model, development, and assessment in terms of cost and security. Finally, we put the suggested framework to the test by deploying a smart contract prototype on the Ethereum TESTNET network in a Windows environment. The study's findings revealed that the suggested method is effective and feasible.
Diese Maturaarbeit untersucht die technologischen Grundlagen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Kryptowährungen. Sie bietet eine tiefgehende Analyse der Technologie hinter Bitcoin und Ethereum, einschliesslich Kryptografie (Elliptic Curve Cryptography, SHA-256), Smart Contracts und Konsensmechanismen (Proof of Work vs. Proof of Stake). Ein zentraler praktischer Teil der Arbeit ist die Programmierung einer eigenen Kryptowährung (YNL) als ERC-20 Token mittels Solidity. Dieser Token wurde erfolgreich auf der Polygon Sidechain veröffentlicht und auf der dezentralen Handelsplattform Uniswap in einem Liquiditätspool bereitgestellt. Abschliessend wird die zukünftige Rolle von Kryptowährungen in der Gesellschaft kritisch beleuchtet.
Omar Ali, Mujtaba Momin, Anup Shrestha, Ronnie Das · 6 authors
The nonfungible token (NFT) marketplace spiked in the recent past. The concept originated initially as a token standard of Ethereum, an open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality, where each token is characterized by distinguishable signs. These types of tokens have unique digital properties that allow their distinct identification. NFTs, with their distinct qualities, can be fluidly traded with customized values according to their ages, rarity, and liquidity. The trading of NFTs has heavily influenced the growth of the decentralized application (dApp) marketplace, as exponential returns (thousand folds from their original value) on its ever-expanding market are being observed, leading to worldwide attention. However, the NFT ecosystem is in its nascence, and the associated technologies are still in their infancy. New researchers might be fascinated with the exponential, yet nebulous evolution of NFTs; however, this novelty has contributed to the paucity of systematic and conclusive published research work on this topic. This review portrays the NFT ecosystem multidimensionally, wherein the paper commences with an overview of state-of-the-art NFT technology and furnishes summary standards and desired properties. Finally, the study concludes with an elaborate discussion of the future outlook for and prime challenges faced by NFTs.
Beyond that, we likewise considered the payment time and also handling charges. Most Ethereum casino sites in this write-up will certainly have your crypto withdrawal processed within a couple of mins, with others taking a maximum of 1 day. It may sound like an attractive basic VIP program, however the cashback is really one of the very best among all online Ethereum casino sites.
Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) can create an agreement that enables stakeholders in the telco world to interact and share services while maintaining trust. As a result, the multiple 6G network stakeholders can perform a role in a marketplace as service providers or consumers. Blockchain and DLT have immutability, transparency, and decentralized ledgers, making them critical in a future-generation network where various administrative domains are controlled by separate operators and resource providers to share resources (virtual network functions, services, or slices). Similarly, an auction-based approach based on the blockchain can eliminate intermediaries while ensuring transparency to increase competitiveness in such an environment. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a solution based on blockchain, considering both approaches (i.e., marketplace and auction). Furthermore, we use IOTA Tangle and IPFS to reduce the transaction and gas costs, which is one of the challenges for Ethereum-based use cases. We also provide experimental evaluations of our use case to analyze the results. It is observed that both options expand the consumer's possibilities to choose, and creating smart contracts adds trust. Moreover, the potential advantages of the proposed solutions are demonstrated through emulation results as a comparison to the traditional ways of doing such agreements between inter-provider domains. We measure transaction latency and the maximum latency observed in our proposed approach is ≈ 25ms. Similarly, the average response time for the Ethereum-based approach is double our proposed approach's average response time. Consequently, the services are completed relatively fast with less latency and faster response time. Moreover, it is observed that in ≈ 2000s, up to 30 services can be completed in a marketplace approach and up to 20 ~ 25 services in the auction. Lastly, the results also explain that by using IOTA-EVM, we can have feeless transactions, and IPFS helps reduce the storage cost up to ≈ 80%.
The global economy receives a catastrophic blow due to the COVID-19 epidemic, with long-term pessimism shown towards the global market and exponential increasing expectation for looking for a reliable safe-haven asset. Now, it seems the possible alternatives to traditional currencies issued and backed by governments have primarily emerged - in the form of Bitcoin and Ethereum, as well as several other cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies have been on the market for a long time and have been controversial in the international financial markets for their unique properties. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the price of cryptocurrencies has seen an unprecedented increase. Whether the price increase of cryptocurrencies is linked to the COVID-19 outbreak is a mystery. This paper will focus on exploring this question through a linear regression machine learning model. The data in the U.S.A are used here. Our results show that the price of bitcoin is significantly related to the price of Ethereum. There is some correlation between covid-19 new cases incensement and the price of Bitcoin and Ethereum, indicating the legitimacy of predicting cryptocurrencies’ price using covid-19 new cases incensement as a factor.
Ethereum Trader is likewise widely recognized in conventional belongings buying and selling, having controlled numerous Wall Street hedge budget in over ten years.Ethereum Trader retired from Wall Street in 2013 to run the Palm Beach Letter, a ebook that analyzes conventional belongings along cryptocurrencies. The mag is a web sensation withinside the US, the United Kingdom and Australia, with an energetic person base of round five million.\n\nhttps://www.theethereumtrader.com
This paper examines the dynamic linkages of green bond with the energy and crypto market. The S&P green bond index (RSPGB) is used as a proxy for the green bond market; S&P global clean energy index and ISE global wind energy (RIGW) are used as proxies for the renewable energy market, and; Bitcoin and Ethereum (RETHER) are used as the proxies of the crypto market. The daily prices of these constituent series are collected using Bloomberg from October 3, 2016 to February 23, 2021. We undertake an empirical analysis through the application of three key tests, namely: dynamic conditional correlation (DCC), Diebold and Yilmaz (Int J Forecast 28(1):57-66, 2012. 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2011.02.006), Baruník and Křehlík (J Financ Econom 16(2):271-296, 2018. 10.1093/jjfinec/nby001) model. The DCC reveals no dynamic linkages of volatility from the green bond to the energy and crypto market in the short run. Referring to Diebold and Yilmaz (2012), it dictates that the green bond (RSPGB) is a net receiver while the energy market (RIGW) and cryptocurrency (RETHER) are the largest and least contributors to the transmission of the volatility. Additionally, the Baruník and Křehlík (2018) model confirmed that the magnitude of the total spillover is high in more prolonged than shorter periods, suggesting reduced diversification opportunities. Overall, the present study exemplifies the significance of the green bond market as protection against risk.
The smart contracts of Ethereum have brought an essential contribution to the development of blockchain. Nowadays, an increasing number of smart contracts are being deployed on Ethereum, which brings prosperity to Ethereum while also bringing many security risks. According to reports, several attacks due to the smart contract vulnerability have caused huge losses to Ethereum. Therefore, detecting smart contract security vulnerabilities is of great importance. However, the existing work is not sufficient to fully perform this task. For this reason, we propose a variant of the LSTM model to detect smart contract vulnerabilities at the bytecode level. In our variant LSTM model, we interact hidden state of the model with the input sequence multiple times. In this way, the variant model is able to capture more potential features in the bytecode for learning. We used a dataset of 34822 unique smart contracts for training and testing. The results show that the variant LSTM model outperforms the general LSTM model and improves in most metrics.
Massimo La Morgia, Alessandro Mei, Alberto Maria Mongardini, Eugenio Nerio Nemmi
The Non-Fungible Token (NFT) market in the Ethereum blockchain experienced explosive growth in 2021, with a monthly trade volume reaching \$6 billion in January 2022. However, concerns have emerged about possible wash trading, a form of market manipulation in which one party repeatedly trades an NFT to inflate its volume artificially. Our research examines the effects of wash trading on the NFT market in Ethereum from the beginning until January 2022, using multiple approaches. We find that wash trading affects 5.66% of all NFT collections, with a total artificial volume of \$3,406,110,774. We look at two ways to profit from wash trading: Artificially increasing the price of the NFT and taking advantage of the token reward systems provided by some marketplaces. Our findings show that exploiting the token reward systems of NFTMs is much more profitable (mean gain of successful operations is \$1.055M on LooksRare), more likely to succeed (more than 80% of operations), and less risky than reselling an NFT at a higher price using wash trading (50% of activities result in a loss). Our research highlights that wash trading is frequent in Ethereum and that NFTMs should implement protective mechanisms to stop such illicit behavior.
Developments in recent years in the technologies that underpin money transfers and financial investments have challenged banking in general and central banking in particular. On the one hand, with the onset and manifestation of the 2008 crisis, the banking system is being called into question as to whether it can be trusted, and on the other hand, also in the same historical context, blockchain technology is emerging and is seen as a threat by banks. Lately, there has been interest in Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) which are a digital replacement for banknotes and coins in physical form. In this paper we will highlight the features of CBDCs and the proposed Ethereum-based central bank money technology.
Abstract The survival of permissionless blockchains is typically cast as a cryptoeconomic security problem for mechanism designers to resolve. This essay argues that, long-term, these networks may require something that looks more like a UNESCO protection convention for machine culture than an equation. Ethereum’s machine culture is observable through the formation of a “’we’-group” (Hartley & Potts, 2014, p. 76), which is necessary for the establishment of common knowledge. While entry to the group is permissionless, maintaining membership boundaries demands active contributions from validator nodes. The paper discusses concerns that Ethereum’s consensus may be used for purposes beyond itself, making Ethereum vulnerable to external, non-machine political forces. As this begins to manifest, the need to safeguard Ethereum’s intrinsic machine culture becomes apparent—not merely for the sake of the blockchain but to maintain a stable foundation for emerging digital economies and governance structures.
This study investigates mean and volatility spillover effects among eight major cryptocurrencies; Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Stellar, Bitcoin Cash, Cardano and EOS utilizing VAR-BEKK-GARCH model. The results point out that there are bidirectional and unidirectional spillover effects among these major cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the findings indicate that some cryptocurrencies are the transmitter, while others act as a receiver and among all, Litecoin is the highest transmitter, and Stellar is the only one that acts as a receiver. The interdependence among cryptocurrencies supports that they are becoming more integrated and thereby, provides important investment strategies for investors and policy implications for regulators.
Abstract An important feature of every financial system throughout history is its capability to facilitate transfer of money in a secure and cost efficient manner. Cryptocurrencies as sources of innovative solutions – especially Bitcoin as their most prominent representative – have offered a completely new transmission system for a piece of information that can contain and carry value. There are many approaches to evaluate (un)successfulness of Bitcoin as money, and arguably one of the most important is to assess the fulfilment of its inventor’s original proposition: can it be used to send money directly and securely abroad, to international destinations, without fear of double-spending? Moreover, by removing institutions and their fees from the system hierarchy, can it be done for a lower price? The objective of creating Bitcoin network (among others) was to promote democratization of finance by enabling monetary transactions over the internet without unnecessary intermediaries inserting and charging multiple layers of fees. In decentralized, distributed blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum subjects are incentivized to collectively maintain the public ledger (blockchain) by collecting block rewards (“coinbase”) and transaction fees. Block-chain maintenance is known as mining, and miners are compensated for their effort in the form of fees (and coinbase rewards) for verifying transactions. The objective of this paper is to examine and compare fees for transferring money internationally by means of Bit-coin network, in contrast to using traditional pathways, mostly banks, and in this manner to scrutinize the proof of concept and one of the cryptocurrency solutions to the issue of money transfer. By doing so we are attempting to provide answers to the questions of functionality and cost-effectiveness of an alternative financial system based on the blockchain technology. Transaction fees for international payments made by Bitcoin are compared by analysing a novel dataset obtained from World Bank and Croatian National Bank (CNB). CNB’s data is not publicly available, and was attained for this paper specifically. It contains 1.400 types of fees charged by the 23 banks operating in Croatia for the period of October 2018 to February 2022. Bank fees for international transactions were matched with Bitcoin fees in the same period, with the data taken from Blockchain.com online service. On average, to send 1,000 USD abroad by using Bitcoin network required approx. three times less in fees than by using banks in Croatia. The calculation structure of bank fees, also presented in the paper, required higher costs for sending lower amounts (in terms of percentage); when transferring 200 USD banks worldwide charged on average approx. 30 times more in fees than Bitcoin miners. Additionally, transaction fees for international remittances were analysed with quarterly data from World Bank. Comparative analysis of these and Bitcoin fees was made, and it is clear that (on average) sending money abroad via Bitcoin network bears significantly lower costs for the end user, especially when transferring lower amounts. Due to the non-normality of the distributions of the underlying variables, non-parametric tests were applied and the null hypothesis that transaction costs have identical medians was rejected. In conclusion, when needing to transfer money internationally users can obtain significantly lower costs by using decentralized technologies such as Bitcoin’s blockchain. This finding validates one of the key propositions of the distributed ledgers. Rather than focusing on wild daily Bitcoin price swings and its volatility, Bitcoin network functions as a cost-effective international payment system and proves itself as an alternative to traditional money transfer schemes.
Su‐Juan Qin, Zhao Liu, Feixiang Ren, Chong Hui Tan
Ethereum is currently one of the most popular blockchain platforms. Smart contracts are an important part of blockchain. Because developers lack understanding of contract security and the huge value of contracts themselves, contracts are often attacked. Therefore, how to effectively detect smart contract vulnerabilities has become a crucial issue. This paper uses deep learning to detect vulnerabilities, which can get rid of dependence on expert experience. In order to solve the problem of poor detection effect caused by excessive noise, this paper proposes a vulnerability detection technology based on critical combination path and deep learning. The critical combination path only contains code related to vulnerabilities, eliminating many invalid codes, thus greatly reducing the impact of noise. At the same time, by analyzing the characteristics of assembly code, a normalization method is proposed to remove many homogeneous codes. The normalized critical combination paths are then vectorized using SimHash, and then converted to grayscale images for classification using a neural network. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is effective.
This study aims to describe how smart contracts are made and the legal certainty of using them on business contracts. For this, the study concepted the smart contract, as well its characteristics and the difference between smart contract and e-contract. Itdescribed the legal certainty of smart contracts and how they can be used on business transactions. Besides, the research explained the importance of blockchain, ethereum and cryptocurrency inthe smart contract. At last, it describeshow smart contracts are applied in the legal universe and demonstrated their advantages as self-execution and clauses’ immutability. For this work, bibliographicresearch and deductive method were used. The study concluded that the inexistence of law causes legal insecurity which represents an obstacle to spread the use of smart contracts.
Blanka Łęt, Konrad Sobański, Wojciech Świder, Katarzyna Włosik
Abstract This article sheds new light on the informational efficiency of the cryptocurrency market by analyzing investment strategies based on structural factors related to on-chain data. The study aims to verify whether investors in the cryptocurrency market can outperform passive investment strategies by applying active strategies based on selected fundamental factors. The research uses daily data from 2015 to 2022 for the two major cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH). The study applies statistical tests for differences. The findings indicate informational inefficiency of the BTC and ETH markets. They seem consistent over time and are confirmed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research shows that the net unrealized profit/loss and percent of addresses in profit indicators are useful in designing active investment strategies in the cryptocurrency market. The factor-based strategies perform consistently better in terms of mean/median returns and Sharpe ratio than the passive “buy-and-hold” strategy. Moreover, the rate of success is close to 100%.
P. Mohan, Vivek Balachandran, Ong Ze Quan, Jas Pang Ze Xin · 5 authors
Blockchain is one of the most promising technology trends that has the potential to be extensively adopted in the education sector. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of utilizing an Ethereum blockchain for developing a trusted frame-work using ERC-721 non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for a Module credit management system – NFT-Merit. In this framework, the NFTs minted by a university represents the module credits issued by its faculty and owned by its students upon satisfying module requirements in the credit management system. Once a student has collected all the NFTs required for graduating the degree, a smart contract automatically generates a degree certificate which can be integrated with the well-known OpenCert formats. With cases of degree fraud on the rise, the current methods of degree issuance and verification are inadequate in this digital age. This research involves the design and development of a web-based decentralized application (dApp) on the Ethereum blockchain test network. The NFT-merit dApp is hosted on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) as a decentralized network of nodes instead of a single centralized node to enable redundancy, improve scalability and minimize network bandwidth usage for data access. We perform an extensive analysis of the costs involved in deploying NFT-merit and the duration of minting NFTs. Our experimental results show that minting NFTs in batches would require almost the same time as minting a single NFT in a transaction, whereas the cost savings in the former scenario is more than 22% as compared to the latter.
Essais sur la dynamique du prix des crypto-monnaies Cet essai, qui comprend trois recherches empiriques originales, met en lumière les caractéristiques du comportement du marché des crypto-monnaies en fonction des effets macroéconomiques exogènes, du réseau interne et de leurs “matières premières" - les marchés de l'énergie. Le premier chapitre étudie les réponses des rendements et de la volatilité des crypto-monnaies aux annonces de nouvelles macroéconomiques américaines. En utilisant les données \textit{intraday} de 5 minutes sur les prix des crypto-monnaies, nous trouvons des preuves de la réaction des rendements et de la volatilité des crypto-monnaies aux nouvelles macroéconomiques et les possibilités d'utiliser les crypto-monnaies comme un outil de refuge en raison de la différence de réponse aux nouvelles macroéconomiques américaines entre les crypto-monnaies et les autres actifs financiers conventionnels. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions la causalité dynamique sur le marché des crypto-monnaies du point de vue du rendement et de la liquidité en utilisant une méthode de réseau de causalité stable. Les résultats mettent en évidence la spéculation du marché en montrant que les principales crypto-monnaies ne sont pas les acteurs les plus influents du réseau. Le chapitre 3 traite du sujet controversé de la relation entre les crypto-monnaies et les marchés de l'énergie. En outre, la consommation d'énergie des crypto-monnaies augmente considérablement suite à la difficulté croissante du minage et à une gamme plus complète d'application de la technologie blockchain telle que NFT et DeFi. En utilisant le modèle VAR à paramètres variables dans le temps, ce chapitre complète la littérature existante sur la liaison entre les crypto-monnaies et les marchés de l'énergie. Contrairement à la plupart des chercheurs existants, notre étude aborde non seulement les principales crypto-monnaies consommatrices d'énergie, le Bitcoin et l'Ethereum, mais aussi d'autres actifs basés sur la blockchain.