Task: to develop a concept for implementing distributed Ledger technologies (blockchain) in passenger railway transport and to justify the approach to evaluating the effectiveness of these technologies. Methods: content analysis of special industry research, analysis of specialized statistical reporting on the use of digital systems and technologies, survey, mathematical modeling, and others. Result. The author analyzes the trends of the multimodal passenger transport market, in particular the European segment. It is established that due to the significant development of multimodality in passenger transport, transport organizations will be able to meet modern customer requests mainly when switching to network technologies, mainly to digital systems of distributed transaction data registry. The concept of passenger blockchain in transport is proposed: its functionality, platform composition, digital modules, additional services for passengers. The effects resulting from the introduction of blockchain in passenger transportation are systematized, the sources of their occurrence, and their quantitative assessment for the passenger railway complex of Russia is given. Practical significance: the results of the study deepen methodological developments in the field of economic evaluation of investment projects for the introduction of digitalization technologies. They are in demand by managers of transport companies, development specialists, and analysts who evaluate digital technologies.
G. V. Zubakov, Олег Дмитриевич Проценко, I.O. Protsenko
The presented study addresses the current problems in the implementation of the distributed ledger (blockchain) technology in supply chain management mechanisms in the context of the digital economy. Aim. The study aims to analyze the application of the blockchain technology in modern economic processes from the perspective of logistics. Tasks. The authors consider the possibility of using the blockchain technology in the supply chain management system and explore ways to use the findings of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) in the fieldof digital economy to organize information standardization processes within the supply chains of foreign and mutual trade. Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine approaches to the implementation of the blockchain technology in transport and logistics processes and to find opportunities for the implementation of smart contracts to ensure the traceability of the entire chain of commodity and information fl ws. Results. Implementation of the distributed ledger (blockchain) technology in the logistics processes of foreign and mutual trade increases the transparency of information fl ws and the speed of decisionmaking. This technology would allow the parties to negotiate directly, minimizing potential risks and the time required to approve a supply deal. Conclusions. The authors consider the possibility of using a systematic approach to the digitalization of transport and logistics processes and the subsequent standardization of information interaction at the B2B, B2G, and G2G levels, segmented by separate fields of transport and foreign trade and individual economic sectors. As a conclusion, the study assesses the prospects of the practical implementation of blockchain mechanisms in the creation of industrial platforms — digital platforms that provide integrated services for businesses and the government using a single window system.
Mikhail Gorodnichev, E. G. Kukharenko, T. U. Salutina, Marina Moseva · 5 authors
Abstract This article is devoted to the development of an information system for conducting financial transactions on a cryptocurrency exchange based on blockchain technology. The paper provides a brief overview of the underlying technology, the advantages and disadvantages are identified, the design of the information system and user interface is carried out.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Advanced Computational Techniques in Science and Engineering
Subject of Research. The paper considers the process of generating reports in electronic learning systems. The aim is to optimize learning process management in generating reports using blockchain technologies. The paper analyzes existing learning management systems and their tools for generating and analyzing reports. Blockchain technology is reviewed in terms of educational opportunities. Method. The process of generating reports in the learning management system is presented as a mathematical model. It has been proven that the use of blockchain technology simplifies this process, since blockchain tools automatically register network events. A model for generating reports in the learning system using blockchain transactions has been developed. The model is implemented in a test version of the Ethereum blockchain using the smart contract mechanism. A smart contract records heterogeneous data of learning events to the blockchain without using special data structures. The blockchain stores data in a unified registry and registers event timestamp and event author’s address by itself. Event data is available through the geth console oriented for the Ethereum blockchain. Main Results. A method of learning process documenting using blockchain technology has been developed. The method does not require any special data model for storing learning events data, as well as special mechanism for recording event timestamp and event author’s address. Practical Relevance. Research results show that blockchain application provides for optimization of the learning process management.
The paper is devoted to the problem of using distributed ledgers as a tool to ensure trust among business process participants. The purpose of the paper is to offer a systematic review of the applied aspects of modern distributed ledger technologies, based on the experience of studying the technical and algorithmic concepts of the most famous and popular blockchain platforms. We analyze the main ideas underlying distributed ledgers, discuss in general the architecture of distributed ledger platforms, and classify existing systems. The principles of operation and features of permissionless and permissioned blockchain platforms are considered. An overview of the scope and capabilities of distributed ledgers from the perspective of a potential consumer of this technology is given. The actual problems of distributed ledgers are analyzed. Predictions are made about promising and unpromising applications of distributed registry systems. It is concluded that distributed ledger technologies, as an attempt to create a universal tool to solve the problem of trust in the remote implementation of business relations, have great potential for growth. However, they are characterized by a number of unresolved problems related to improving throughput and ensuring the business partners’ privacy.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect that halving has on the fair market value of bitcoins. The main hypothesis of the study is that the decline in the cost of miners’ remuneration for mining is a significant factor that affects the price of cryptocurrencies. The article examines the factors that regulate the issuing process. The significance of a limited supply of bitcoin is detailed in the article, as well as the mechanism for the implementation of the issue of new bitcoins. The study compares the historical inflation data of the US dollar and the projected data on the inflation of bitcoin. The article analyzes the main technical element of cryptocurrency – halving – when the miner’s reward is halved. This analysis includes the mathematical methods of statistical data processing. Research results show that reducing remuneration by half every four years leads to an increased market value of the cryptocurrency. This relationship is clearly illustrated by the Kendall rank correlation method. The results of the study can have a significant impact on the fundamental assessment of bitcoin and can also enable investors to assess any of the existing and operating cryptocurrencies according to this method.
The article deals with the investigation of acquisition cryptocurrency in time retrospective and aspects of its usage taking point to the change of the value and number of transactions by the most popular cryptocurrency Bitcoin, its usage, comparing with the most popular payment platforms and resources consumed per transaction. The methods of analysis of scientific resources and statistical data, systematisation and critical evaluation were used during the research process. Evaluation of the acquisition and usage of cryptocurrency, according to analysed aspects reveals various sides of the processes.
Abstract The article presents the results of the study of the blockchain technology. The main barriers of technology implementation were identified and ways for their elimination were suggested. Advantages and disadvantages of the technology were identified. It allowed for studies of feasibility of technology implementation for performing social and economic infrastructure tasks. The issue of effective application of this technology was studied. In Russia, the blockchain technology has been discussed by the Government of the Russian Federation and the State Duma. Despite some advantages, only in some countries, the blockchain technology is used in business processes. The blockchain technology can be used to solve logistics problems, data security tasks, political, economic and medical problems.
This paper introduces a new method of Blockchain formation for reliable storage of personal data of ID-card holders. In particular, the model of the information system is presented, the new structure of smart ID-cards and information on these cards are proposed. The new structure of Blockchain, "Blockchain Tree", allows not only to store information from ID-cards but also to increase the level of security and access control to this information. The proposed Subchains system allows us to integrate Blockchain of the lower level to Blockchain of the higher level, allowing us to create a multilevel protected system.
Open access
3 source records
cs.CR
Cybersecurity and Information Systems
Advanced Research in Systems and Signal Processing
Blockchains were initially introduced in 2009, and since then, they have evolved into a revolutionary technology that has affected, not only the digital world but also our everyday lives and activities. Blockchain systems and architectures continue to grow at a fast rate, constantly introducing innovative solutions across multiple research topics. However, despite their wide adoption by the research community, the technology is still not mature enough to address the problems of business use cases. Issues like scalability, complexity, cryptocurrencies' market fluctuations etc. prevent the proposed solutions from being widely accepted. Based on this observation this paper introduces an innovative solution to enable Big Data analysis of private information using blockchains. This solution is based on the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain and is able support the strict privacy and security requirements of operational and business environments.
The article has been devoted to the system analysis of supply chains digital integration. The main goal is to study the practical significance of the blockchain in terms of digital integration of supply chains, to identify areas for further development. World experience of implementing blockchain projects in supply chains has been analyzed, trends in the use of digitalization technologies in logistics have been identified, components of digital supply chain integration have been considered. The general scheme of work with information is the collection of relevant data from news messages, evaluation of requests on the Internet by statistics analysis tools “Yandex. Choice of words” and “Google Trends”, analysis of legal and law enforcement documents using the search and analytics capabilities reference-legal systems, study of intellectual property through the service “Yandex. Patents». Systematization of the data was carried out by expert methods by the specialists of the Logistics Department from the State University of Management. The phenomenon of the popularity of the term “blockchain” has been examined, a plenty of papers, news articles, legal acts, devoted to the blockchain (distributed registry) and related with it technologies has been studied. The shortcomings of the blockchain, complicating the practical commercial application of technology in logistics and the economy as a whole, has been systematized; domestic legal support, regulating the issues of blockchain, cryptocurrency and related concepts has been analyzed; innovations (technologies, inventions, platforms and systems), related to the digitalization of the economy have been classified, and the components of digital integration of supply chains and logistics business processes have been formulated. The results of this study can be used to consolidate information about the opportunities and problems of blockchain in connection with related technologies, as well as in making decisions about the application of blockchain in logistics in order to integrate modern supply chains.
The article presents the results of research aimed at assessing the Bitcoin (BTC) capability to act as a widely accepted means of payment. The analysis includes technological and economic conditions of the BTC operation system. The research used data on market capitalization, the number of participants and the level of volatility of the BTC exchange rate in 2010-2018 from the portal coinmarketcap.com. The results of the research showed that BTC possesses certain characteristics typical of money, and has the potential to increase its share in the payment system in the future. BTC's ability to act as an electronic equivalent of cash depends on such factors as the stability of its exchange rate and the level of acceptance among users and payment acceptors. The statistical analysis of the correlation showed that along with the increase in the capitalization value of the BTC market the volatility of the exchange rate of this currency is lowered and the level of acceptance among e-commerce participants is increased. Such dependence will allow for further technological development of BTC and other cryptocurrencies and a wider use in trade.
Qilei Ren, Ka Lok Man, Muqing Li, Bingjie Gao · 5 authors
With the continuous development of Internet of things, all kinds of smart systems are quickly evolving to make our day-to-day life smoother and safer. Like many other sectors, transportation has entered a period of rapid change. Intelligent Traffic System is one of the fastest-growing fields within the smart systems, which is expected to increase road safety, mitigate traffic congestion, and enable fuel efficiency. The main functionalities of Intelligent Traffic System are as follows: (1) monitoring real-time traffic conditions in specific areas, (2) locating traffic emergencies (i.e. traffic accidents) in specific areas, and (3) dynamic monitoring and managing the continuous use in public transit services (i.e. change in car lanes) that may lead to changes in macro traffic conditions. This article will use the above-mentioned functionalities of the Intelligent Traffic System as underlying simulative scenarios, to design and to implement a smart transportation system based on Internet of things and blockchain—both share inherent distributed technology characteristics—combining both Internet of things sensor nodes and distributed ledger technology, to (1) record the changes in intelligent transportation systems and (2) set up a credit-token mechanism for paying the use and misuses in public transit services accordingly. The Intelligent Traffic System described in this article is intended to be used as experimental project only, given the terms and conditions as depicted in the simulated scenario. In real-life traffic scenarios, it may generate more complex system and data security issues, which will be elaborated and analyzed at the end of this article. Intelligent Traffic System is a comprehensive smart system; it can significantly change and reinvent the wheel for traffic conditions. Based on the system development as discussed in this article, there are still a lot of demands and challenges that need to be addressed in the future. Such topic scope will be explored in depth in our subsequent research.
One of the new technologies that will determine our future is Blockchain. The article describes the technology of the Blockchain, analyzes the world experience of using the technology, gives examples of the use of the Blockchain in public administration. Special attention is paid to mathematical methods of evaluating the effectiveness of technology implementation in the public sector.
In the paper, modern blockchain technologies are called a revolutionary phenomenon, equal in importance to the ingenious invention of the 20th century — the Internet. Originally developed for Bitcoin digital currency and launching the network of the same name, the blockchain technology created a platform for the new type of the Internet, influenced the decentralization of the Network according to the distributed registry principle, and began to be used in various types and combinations for various purposes, including cybersecurity. The paper argues that the use of blockchain technology to ensure cybersecurity is infinite due to such unique properties as reliability, accessibility, high adaptability, economic efficiency, profitability. The use of blockchain technologies to combat cybercrime, including cyberterrorism, may extend to control over financial services, transportation or any other industry. However, the growth of criminal activity using the blockchain technology will also be enhanced if the law enforcement agencies are not technologically competent, can detect these developing centers, determine their actions and destroy plans at a faster pace.
The subject of the research is the NEO and Ethereum cryptocurrencies. The relevance of the research is due to the following. First, these cryptocurrencies are expected to play the key role in establishing the future digital economy. Second, cryptocurrency developers are competing to gain leading positions in the development of financial technologies of the digital revolution. Third, the above cryptocurrencies are designed to perform almost identical functions, therefore, to determine the advantages of either of them, a comparative analysis is needed and appropriate conclusions for the Russian economy should be made. The purpose of the paper was to perform a comparative analysis of the Ethereum and NEO cryptocurrencies to identify trends in the digital economy of the future and determine the main targets to enable Russia’s entry into the top five largest world economies. The information sources include articles, books, regulations, departmental documents and conference materials on FinTech, crypto-markets and the digital economy. The research made it possible to reveal specific features of the cryptocurrencies and the corresponding digital platforms that are important for the development of the digital economy of the future. The goal of Ethereum developers is to create a platform for decentralized applications, based on which it will be possible to form a global, easy-to-access, free and reliable Internet of the future. The paper concludes that at present, the NEO has advantages over the Ethereum in terms of both the transaction speed and operational fitness for the development of prospective technologies of the digital economy. However, it may happen that in the near future, the Ethereum developers will be able to improve their blockchain technology so as to ensure the priority of their project in the competition for leadership in the development of the digital economy of the future. Given the contradictions revealed and taking into account the raw materials orientation of the Russian economy, a number of targets are proposed to bring Russia into the five largest world economies.
Innessa Efremenko, Victoria BONDARENKO, A.Ya. Palant, G.V. Nazarenko
The article investigates specific features of state regulation of operations with cryptocurrencies in the conditions of the world economy digitalization. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to form the state regulation of operations with cryptocurrencies, which create additional risks for the national currencies functioning in international financial and credit relations, it is necessary to consider this phenomenon first, from the position of a complete ban on the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, second, in combination of a ban on the use of cryptocurrencies as means of payment, third, from the possibility of expanding the range of cryptocurrency users by including legal entities into it and fourth, the full legalization of the cryptocurrency.
The paper proposes the link between cryptocurrency implementation in the financial sector and energy consumption worldwide. The underlying mechanism of this blockchain infrastructure is described, practical cases of its adoption in various segments of the financial sector are provided. This paper tries to explain the power consumption of the cryptocurrency mining at the case of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, Litecoin. Since mining is not regulated by the state, and even banned in some countries, it is difficult to find accurate data on how much electricity is spent on it. Method of Herfindahl–Hirschman is used for efficiency estimate of crypto market.Keywords: energy consumption, mining pools, bitcoin, blockchain, cryptocurrency, cloud mining.JEL Classifications: G32, G34, O33.DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7685
Purpose of the study. The first goal of the study is a comparative analysis of the models of the accounting system of the stock market operating on the territory of the Russia, in particular, the model of the distributed accounting system and the model of the centralized accounting with the use of the central depository are considered. The second goal is to apply the distributed ledger technology in the development of a new model for the stock market accounting system. The goals are conditioned by the growing interest to the technology and similarity of its internal processes with the system of accounting of digital assets. The needs in optimization of the existing accounting system, bringing the system to the logical centralization are revealed. The application of distributed ledger technology for the purpose of unification of depository accounting systems is proposed. The analysis of efficiency of the given models is carried out and the criteria of efficiency estimation of each model are revealed. Materials and methods. For carrying out the research the works of description of register system genesis of stock market in Russia were applied. Works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of influence of technology of distributed registers on accounting system and business processes of organizations are studied. The methodology for comparing models was the approach to the development of highly specialized evaluation criteria that meet the needs of the largest number of stock market participants. Results. Evaluation criteria were developed, on the basis of which the comparison of the existing models of the accounting system of stock market and the projected model on the distributed ledger technology was carried out. The needs for optimization of the existing accounting system of Russia, bring the system to the logical centralization of interaction of elements are revealed. Suggestions for the use of distributed ledger technology in order to unite the register systems of obligations have been developed The variety of elements of the accounting system of the Russian stock market was determined a large number of indicators used in comparisons of models, as well as a variety of approaches, both to the construction of the indicators themselves and to the collection of data to ensure their calculation and comparison. Conclusion. According to the results of the research it was determined that the decentralized model of the stock market accounting system on the distributed ledger technology in comparison with the classic model reduces the transaction cost of obligation right accounting operations, optimizes the complexity of the processes of interaction between the elements of the system, such as depositories and registrars, increases the transparency of the stock market, the processes of the transition of assets rights, due to which the liquidity of such assets and the increases investors interest. Decentralized model standardizes the of communication data, which has a positive effect on the indicators of information systems of participants. In comparison with the centralized model, the decentralized model eliminates the central depository transaction commission, eliminates monopolization to choose the direction of stock market depository accounting system development. Finally, the positive influence of the decentralized model on the stock market as a whole was revealed. The resulting form of relations will reduce the main cost indicators of the accounting system elements, such as transaction costs, the cost of support and development of information systems, the number of necessary formats for the application of interaction with counterparties.
В обзорной статье представлен анализ развития использования технологий распределенного реестра (блокчейн) в различных сферах социально-экономической жизни общества. This article presents a distributed ledger technology (blockchain) development analysis in throughout different socioeconomic spheres of the society.
The digitization of economic activity creates new opportunities for increasing the goods production level in conditions of severe resources limitation. Significant optimization can be achieved due to, firstly, reduction the costs of transactions, and, secondly, engagement in the economic turnover of poorly low nondistributable assets (for example, real estate). The paper studies the problems regarding applicability of smart contract in economic activities at the regional and federal levels. An attempt is being made to form a decentralized system of smart contracts. Based on the component-based analysis, the key trends of this system effect on the gross output at the federal and regional levels are determined. The authors propose a quantitative assessment of the impact of each of these factors. The macroeconomic model IS-LM is used, which takes into account the impact of digitalization processes in terms of implementing the smart contracts system, on the aggregated output indicators of the economic system.
Open access
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
The main principles of blockchain operation and its main advantages of efficiency increase of investment and construction activity (ICA) participants' interaction are described in this article. Blockchain process operation principles in a technical sense are stated. Practical examples of efficiency increase of ICA participants' interaction with the use of blockchain process in Russia and abroad are given. The main trends and results of blockchain use in construction domain are systematised. Potential of blockchain process use in development of the system of ICA participants' interaction is described. Specific features and advantages of blockchain use in construction domain are highlighted. The main problems requiring improvement of normative and methodical base while developing blockchain within ICA participants' interaction are analysed. The article gives a review of blockchain influence on improvement of the process of ICA participants' interaction.