Vasiliy Elagin, Anastasia Spirkina, Andrei Levakov, I. A. Belozertsev
The present article describes the behavioral model of blockchain services; their reliability is confirmed on the basis of experimental data. The authors identify the main technical characteristics and features associated with data transmission through the network. The authors determine the network scheme, working with blockchain transactions and the dependence of network characteristics on application parameters. They analyze the application of this model for the detection of the blockchain service and the possibility of the existing security mechanisms of this technology being evaded. Furthermore, the article offers recommendations for hiding the blockchain traffic profile to significantly complicate its identification in the data network.
Crypto currency, bitcoins and virtual currencies are topics the scientific community has been discussing for years. The Bank of the Russia has repeatedly warned about high risks of investments in crypto currencies and risks in its turnover. Populations of many countries continue to lose their investments in virtual currencies, which are positioned by their developers as tamper-proof. However, there is still a vacuum in the legal regulation of crypto currencies and the legitimacy of their use as legal payment. The article presents the author’s view on a number of issues arisen in the process of crypto currency, bitcoin, digital and virtual currency use and presents ways to solve them in the context of Russian and world experience.
The article covers the possibilities of comprehensive use of identification technologies and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for increasing the efficiency of electronic services provided through multi-purpose student cards. The main advantages and disadvantages of the existing intellectual document emission systems in the Belarusian education system are assessed, including: centralized (the “Student Card” project) and decentralized (the electronic student card) ones. The proposal to use the DLT-model for issuing multi-purpose electronic student cards combined with bank payment cards has been grounded. Such model makes it possible to implement new functional capabilities when providing electronic services and has a number of advantages over the existing systems of electronic student documents issuance. The article describes how Public Blockchain and Private Blockchain can be used to issue and control intellectual documents, to accelerate the development of the electronic services provided through Smart Contract, and how the Smart Contract technology can be used to promote fair competition among electronic services providers. The methodology of evaluating the electronic services provider rating basing on the weighting factor of “usefulness” or “being in demand” is proposed. The article provides information on the expected effects of the proposed DLT-model implementation, obtained through the comprehensive use of identification technologies and distributed ledger technology.
Open access
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digital Transformation in Law
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Blockchain technology has become a paradigm shift to digital transactions. It has brought massive potentials in many fields, such as financial services, energy, healthcare and Internet of Things. As often occurs with innovative technologies, it has suffered from several critical Cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities.
Along with the socio-economic sphere, interest in Internet technologies in public-private partnerships, companies and institutions, organizations allows you to integrate blockchains into large infrastructure. This result can be achieved by giving the user access and changing internal database storage algorithms. The main feature of blockchain technology is that it is based on decentralization. In the case of using any means of protection, if it is possible to crack the database located on the server, then such a malfunction is not allowed in the blockchain. The article discusses the concepts of cryptocurrency, blockchain, and bitcoin, as well as the principles of their operation. Prospects for their development and large-scale impact on financial activities carried out via the Internet are presented. It also describes cryptocurrencies and the technologies and algorithms used in them.
A. A. Baev, V. S. Levina, Adriana Reut, Александр Александрович Свидлер · 6 authors
Over the past few years the popularity of blockchain technology has grown significantly. It is able to make change as the economic environment, as also identifying new approaches to business management. The paper is devoted to innovative aspects that appear and have a tendency to develop in the field of accounting and audit due to the blockchain technologies development. This technology can affect entire industries, and especially the financial sector. The decision to use blockchain in combination with appropriate data analytics can help in accounting processes, as well as in conducting daily transactions involved in the audit. The transition to a financial system with a significant element of the blockchain opens up many opportunities for the profession of an accountant and the skills of the auditor will be focused more on concerning issues of a higher level. The methodological base of the study includes the theory of accounting and auditing, as well as the principles of operation of blockchain technologies in the aspect of their application in finance. The study overviews the main trends in the development of blockchain technology in accounting and auditing based on foreign scientific studies, as well as reviews of blockchain practices in articles by various scientists. The result of this research is an analysis of blockchain technologies in the finance field. The study depicts conclusions about the degree of applicability of this technology in the Russian Federation, reflects the main problems, risks and benefits from the introduction of this technology. This paper may promote an interest to the current professionals in the accounting and auditing field, as well as to professionals working in the range of building data exchange systems between employees involved in working with finances.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020)
Albina Anvarovna Bilyalova, Irina Vaslavskaya, R. Gaifutdinova
Transport development trends and the digitalization of the economy pose new requirements for the level of service and the quality of freight transport, which are difficult to maintain without optimizing transport and logistics costs. To optimize the management of freight transport in modern conditions, it is necessary to use modern intelligent information technologies, methods of information and conceptual computer modeling of supply chains that will virtualize transport resources to further build an optimal development for managing this activity. The article analyzes the use of intelligent information technology Blockchain technology in the management of transport processes, which can improve the quality of transport and forwarding services. The authors describe examples of the use of Blockchain technology in the transport industry in such well-known companies as Ryder, BiTA, the Plato system, MTI (Marine Transport International (UK) Limited), Toyota. Based on the experience of using Blockchain technology, the authors identify the advantages and disadvantages of Blockchain technology in the transport industry. As a result, it was concluded that Blockchain technology will become one of the key tools of the digital society, which will not only optimize various processes, but will bring simplicity, transparency and efficiency to the transport and logistics industry.
The article is devoted to the review of Blockchain technology capabilities. The article presents the main advantages and disadvantages of this technology that arise in the implementation of this decentralized system. The main threats of this technology, which slow down its implementation in modern society, are also considered. In addition, the problems of network scaling and 51% attack are considered.
The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and applied bases of using blockchain technology in the national accounting system. The article proves that digitalization, as one of the main trends in the development of the national economy, causes a change in business models, approaches to organizing, carrying out and managing a business and also modifies the communication channels between enterprises and partners, regulators and consumers. These changes lead to the need for modernization of accounting as a system for collecting, processing and storing information on enterprises' activities. The author identifies blockchain technology as a prospect instrument for the modernization of an accounting system; blockchain technology is defined as a distributed database of all transactions carried out by enterprises. The article outlines the priority areas of using this technology in accounting (international settlements; accounting of the asset flow within an enterprise; real-time transaction accounting, etc.). The advantages of using blockchain technology in accounting are transparency, security, reliability, speed, saving time and resources, decentralization, increased trust between system participants, improved workflow, advanced training of accountants and auditors. The author concludes that, despite the high requirements for technical support and modernization of enterprises in the context of the digitalization of the national economy, blockchain technology should become one of the priority areas for the development of the accounting system.
The paper presents the results of comparative studies of the transport management application blockchain technology. The accuracy of the use Quick Road System (QRS) in intelligent transport systems (ITS) may be the service of getting free passage is shown. This service is aimed at creation of decentralized network of road lane sharing in real time. Based on model studies it was found that, depending If a driver is in a hurry or wants to get priority in using the speed lane, then, having established a special status, he shares his place in the lane with other vehicles moving along the same route by exchanging incentives through the blockchain with other private car owners. The paper estimates the probability of with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the number of connected devices in ITS is growing extremely fast. Therefore, the optimal use of large arrays of collected data is the main focus of research and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the most targeted branches of integration of the existing IoT technologies with the growing transport needs in order to solve the problem of intellectual traffic.
The article describes the current topic of cryptocurrencies, in particular Bitcoin Cash. We will discuss the history of the emergence of this cryptocurrency, its advantages, the specifics of mining, its differences from ordinary bitcoin. We will also touch upon the options for storing currency.
With the rise of digitalization, myriad new technologies are currently revolutionizing most, if not all, markets. One such technology that is receiving particular attention from businesses, private market participants, the financial sector, and governments alike is the blockchain. Despite its increasing popularity, most jurisdictions currently fail to adequately regulate it, meaning that businesses cannot exploit the full potential of blockchain technology and its various applications. This article explains how blockchains function and delineates their associated compliance risks. Here, particular attention will be paid to both decentralized cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. How decentralized cryptocurrencies could potentially be abused for money laundering, terrorism financing, and corruption purposes will be illustrated, and different legislation and international approaches to dealing with blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies will be highlighted. Lastly, the impact of blockchain technology and its implications for actors in the digitalized economy will be discussed.
Nick Große, David Leisen, Tan Gürpinar, Robert Schulze Forsthövel · 6 authors
In the course of the digital transformation, organizations are not only facing increasing volatility of the markets, but also increasing customer requirements and thus an increasing complexity in production and logistics systems. Therefore, production plants need to become more flexible by transforming conventional production systems to Cyber-physical Production Systems (CPPS). CPPS allow organizations to dynamically react to fluctuations in demand and markets and to introduce new product lines quickly and effectively. The challenge in implementing CPPS is to handle and store relevant data streams between Cyber-physical objects in a secure but transparent way. As CPPS involve a high level of decentralization, the data storage can either be combined with centralized IT-solutions like a Cloud or utilize decentralized IT-technologies like Edge Computing or Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) like Blockchains. The paper addresses the suitability of centralized and decentralized technologies in terms of dealing with data streams in the fields of CPPS. For this purpose, based on a paper exploration, appropriate evaluation criteria are derived, followed by a comparison of exemplary centralized and decentralized technologies. The outcome is a qualitative evaluation of the supplement of each technology regarding its suitability of dealing with data streams.
Open access
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digital Transformation in Industry
Advanced Research in Systems and Signal Processing
The construction industry has not advanced as quickly as other industries in the aspects of time, cost, and quality; but Blockchain could be the solution. While there have been improvements in the construction sector such as BIM or Prefabrication, nothing compares to those in other industries. This brings the search for a new technology that would boost construction to a new level of productivity. One technology that could potentially do this is Blockchain. Blockchain, defined in a big picture, is like a shared google sheet where anybody could add information but nobody could delete it. This technology could change the way construction is done and add value to the industry with increased productivity and transparency. This paper analyzed whether Blockchain Technology would be useful to the construction industry, and to gain knowledge of Blockchain’s uses in the field. The methodology used to find this information were semi-structured interviews with information presented in a summarized form. The researcher spoke to experts in the field of blockchain as well as individuals with no experience in Blockchain. Findings revealed that this technology could be beneficial for speeding up the contractual processes, payment processes, and tracking quality.
Modern energy grids are rapidly evolving into complex cyber-physical systems. Decentralisation of energy resources, shift away from the current traditional centralised model of power supply, the widespread introduction of new information technologies requires the creation of a safe, efficient and reliable cyber infrastructure that can ensure the proper level of confidentiality and automation of the processes of buying and selling electricity. The growing popularity of Blockchain distributed ledger technology can solve these challenges. The technology provides for distributed computing, a secure environment for interaction between network members and reliable storage of information. Blockchain ensures that each network member isa supplier of energy, rather than only a consumer, and organises a “digital” environment for this. At the same time, energy will be sold directly between the members, with no middleman, using smart meters and adaptive algorithms for reciprocal payment that interact in real time. In 2017, Blockchain was rated by top executives as a key breakthrough digital technology for the next five years. According to the Deloitte 2019 poll, 53 % companies called Blockchain a “strategical priority” technology, a 10 % rise y.o.y. At the same time, projects that have entered the market and received financing over the past two years are more complex and industrially spesific. Among the leading countries are USA, Germany and the UK. Half of the Blockchain projects in the electric power industry are registered in five states: USA (50 projects), Germany (22 projects), Great Britain (15 projects), Australia (13 projects) and Japan (13 projects). At the same time, Russia accounted for only 4 projects.
Delay in progress payment is a widespread problem in the construction industry which adversely affects the entire processes of the projects. Difficulties in the cashflow of the contracts, and consequently the subcontractors are the main consequences of delayed payments. Despite its significance, few research focused on development of methods guaranteeing timely payments of the participants throughout the project. Recent developments in blockchain and smart contract technologies presents a potential for development of a secure platform for the construction projects. Smart contract based payment systems not only provides an opportunity for minimizing the payment problems, but also enables building trust among the project parties for successful completion of construction projects. By taking advantage of the blockchain and smart contract technologies, this thesis aims to design and develop smart contract-based payment systems for guaranteed and timely payment of construction projects. A Smart Contract System for Security of Payment of Construction Contracts (SMTSEC)is presented to ensure security of payment of construction progress payments. , BIM-smart-contract-based progress payment system (BIMSMRTPAY) is developed to expedite the conventional progress payment process and to minimize potential payment disputes. The smart contract based retention payment system (RETPAY) is designed to expedite and automate the retention payments. The contributions and limitations of the SMTSEC, BIMSMRTPAY, and RETPAY are illustrated and discussed through case projects.
Die Blockchain Technologie hat das Potential die Wirtschaft im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung zu revolutionieren. In zentralisierten Organisationen werden die Entscheidungen von einem Verantwortlichen oder einer Gruppe getroffen. In der Blockchain gibt es keinen bestimmten Entscheidungsträger. Um eine Entscheidung zu treffen, muss ein Konsens erreicht werden. Um diesen Konsens zu erreichen, wird von jeder Blockchain Plattform ein so genannter Konsens-Mechanismus eingesetzt. Damit Blockchains ihr volles ökonomisches Potential ausschöpfen können, muss eine gute Skalierbarkeit gegeben sein. Doch dazu müssen Kompromisse in anderen Bereichen eingegangen werden. Das Blockchain-Trilemma besagt, dass man die drei Haupteigenschaften Skalierbarkeit, Sicherheit und Dezentralität immer zulasten der anderen erreicht, bzw. dass alle drei Eigenschaften nicht gleichzeitig maximiert werden können. Die implementierten Konsens-Mechanismen versuchen dieses Dilemma mit unterschiedlichen Ansätzen zu lösen. Daher sind sie einer der wichtigsten Aspekte sowie Unterscheidungsmerkmale der Blockchain Plattformen. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick sowie eine technische Analyse über die zur Zeit existierenden Konsens-Mechanismen. Darüber hinaus werden Smart Contract Plattformen analysiert und die dort eingesetzten Konsens-Mechanismen detailliert beleuchtet. Außerdem wird die Umstellung des Konsens-Mechanismus von Proof of Work zu Proof of Stake in der Ethereum-Plattform anhand Ihres Einflusses auf zukünftige Smart Contracts analysiert. Die Analyse liefert einen Überblick über 62 Konsens-Mechanismen und 21 Smart Contract-Plattformen die im Moment eingesetzt werden. Weiter werden Kriterienkataloge vorgestellt, welche für den Vergleich von Smart Contract-Plattformen sowie deren Konsens-Mechanismen eingesetzt werden können.
СМАРТ-КОНТРАКТ В УСЛОВИЯХ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НОРМАТИВНОЙ ПЛАТФОРМЫ ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИИсследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке
The fragmented market of freight transportation imposes several inefficiency costs as a result of delay, double-spending, disputes, and cancellations. While in such competitive market, every player seeks its own profit, optimisation at individual level also becomes harder due to invisibility and disconnectivity. Although tackling some of these issues are doable by synchronization, encryption and integration, it seems that blockchain not only incorporates all these solutions in one package, but also may provide other economic benefits. This paper discusses blockchain’ s potential in improving the inefficiencies in maritime supply chain and logistics, as well as limitations and challenges.
The use of blockchain technology is one of the most promising areas in the development of the digital economy. The high potential of its applicability, obvious benefits from reducing the number of transactions and cutting costs mean that the implementation of blockchain technology is inevitable in social and labor relations (SLR). The impediment to this process is the absence of an established institutional environment that would determine uniform characteristics of the technology, language, ontology, and principles of using distributed ledgers. The purpose of this study is to develop recommendations for establishing framework standards for the application of blockchain technology in SLR. The ecosystem approach, practical analysis and institutional synthesis are used as research methods. As a result, the study proposes a set of areas for standardization of the application of distributed ledger technology in SLR. The pool of basic standardization areas includes institutional, technological, relational (stakeholder) conditions as well as conditions for ensuring security. Analysis of the national project (program) “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” identified areas for developing standards for the use of blockchain technology in SLR. In addition, the study described serious risks and obstacles to the implementation of digital technologies in this sphere of economic relations.
The article describes the main trends in the field of intellectualization of transport systems and mobility. The possibility of using the Blockchain technology in transport systems is considered. The article proposes to use Blockchain technology for increasing cybersecurity through the creation of a safe and reliable system for sending parameters of the current state of each vehicle using the signals of neighboring vehicles. The authors have developed a tracking system for car actions using the Blockchain system based on the Exonum platform. Mathematical foundations of this system are presented in the article. Data input and confirmation of their acceptance of the transaction is carried out using an Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). ECDSA security is related to the complexity of the private key search task described in the article. This largely relates to the management of large-scale systems, such as transport system. Failure to follow simple rules and recommendations can lead to serious consequences, such as road accidents and congestion. Therefore, the proposed system can assist in making decisions with autonomous cars and in investigating crimes as well as traffic offences.
Michael Henke, Christoph Besenfelder, Sandra Kaczmarek, Michael Fiolka
Digitalization requires a new form of management to master the transformation process of corporations and companies. The Dortmund Management Model structures the focus areas of the digital transformation along the management tasks goal, planning, decision, realization and monitoring as well as the common socio-technical subsystems technological, organizational and personnel - enriched by a fourth dimension: information. Additionally, the acceleration factors transformation, migration and change management are taken into account. This paper embraces a vision for a persistent management of production and supply chain networks in order to achieve a holistic Management 4.0. The emerging developments of technology, methods, tools and models in production and supply chain research are connected and merged into a big picture of digital supply chain management and logistics. The interfaces between management tasks show specific characteristics of digital business processes in particular, which are hereinafter exemplarily outlined: New business models and value-creation networks are based on adaption intelligent production systems, which are interconnected with digital models for continuous planning and reconfiguration. At the shop floor and between sites orders are completed by autonomous guided vehicles (AGV) with intelligent load carriers. Decentralized negotiations and decisions across company boundaries concluded with smart contracts are enabling reasonable and sustainable distribution of the value creation processes. Humans are still in the center of action – abilities are developed by integrated competence management, new learning approaches and human-centered assistance systems coupled with AI-based decision-making support. New types of organizations allow a synergetic collaboration of humans and machines. The benefit of integrating new production and transport technologies becomes assessable and accelerates the ongoing renewal of existing networks. This paper provides an overview of possible potential and connecting factors by linking different technological developments towards supply chain, logistics, production and management research and shows further research demands.
The coding and deployment of smart contracts in the construction industry are challenging because of the gap between the generality of existing modeling approaches for such contracts and the pertinence of business logic to construction management. This research proposes a formal model for smart contracts in the context of quality acceptance in the construction industry to reduce the threshold for applying smart contract technology. First, a conceptual scenario of smart contract-based quality acceptance in construction is analyzed. Second, a finite state machine-based model is proposed to formalize smart contracts for quality acceptance. Lastly, a Hyperledger-based case study is performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed formal model. This study contributes to the industrial application of formal modeling approaches for smart contracts in the field of construction.