O presente artigo analisa a dicotomia entre descentralização teórica e descentralização real em redes blockchain, com foco nas métricas de distribuição de nós validadores e de poder de voto. O objetivo é investigar em que medida os fundamentos técnicos e econômicos dos mecanismos de consenso refletem, de fato, uma distribuição ampla de controle, ou se concentram poder em poucos agentes, contrariando as promessas de infraestrutura verdadeiramente distribuída. A metodologia adotada baseia-se em revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos recentes sobre descentralização em consenso Prova de Participação (Proof-of-Stake – PoS) e Prova de Trabalho (Proof-of-Work – PoW), em estudos de caso empíricos que medem coeficiente de Nakamoto, índices de Gini e Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), além de relatórios sobre distribuição geográfica e por provedores de validadores em redes como a Solana. Os resultados obtidos indicam que métricas superficiais, a exemplo da simples contagem de nós, podem mascarar riscos sistêmicos: em diversas redes PoS, um conjunto relativamente pequeno de validadores, países e provedores de infraestrutura controla fração substancial do stake, de forma que poucas entidades seriam suficientes para censurar transações ou comprometer a liveness da rede. Estudos recentes sobre consenso PoS mostram ainda que modelos de ponderação de stake alternativos – como Square Root Stake Weight (SRSW) e Logarithmic Stake Weight (LSW) – podem melhorar, em média, 51% e 132% as métricas de descentralização (Nakamoto, Gini, HHI), sugerindo caminhos concretos para tornar a distribuição de poder mais equitativa. Conclui-se que a descentralização real exige métricas multidimensionais que incorporem stake, geografia, infraestrutura e diversidade de clientes, e que o desenho de protocolos e políticas de governança precisa considerar explicitamente esses indicadores para alinhar a prática ao ideal normativo de descentralização da Web3.
O presente artigo discute como blockchains e protocolos Web3 vêm estruturando mecanismos de upgrade sem recorrer a hard forks disruptivos, combinando governança on-chain, parametrização dinâmica e padrões de upgradabilidade de contratos inteligentes. Em vez de depender exclusivamente de coordenação social off-chain e de atualizações voluntárias de clientes, modelos mais recentes incorporam processos formais por meio dos quais detentores de tokens, validadores ou representantes eleitos votam em propostas de alteração de parâmetros de rede, regras de consenso ou lógica de contratos, permitindo que upgrades sejam aprovados, testados e implantados de maneira coordenada no próprio protocolo. Exemplos relevantes incluem a governança on-chain da Tezos, que possibilita modificar o próprio protocolo em ciclos estruturados de proposta, exploração, teste e adoção sem fragmentar a cadeia, e mecanismos de mudança de parâmetros por meio de governança no Cosmos Hub, em que módulos do Cosmos SDK podem ter configurações alteradas por propostas aprovadas, dispensando forks manuais em grande número de cenários. Paralelamente, organizações autônomas descentralizadas (DAOs) e aplicações em ambiente EVM vêm adotando padrões de contratos atualizáveis, a exemplo de proxies e do Diamond Pattern, que permitem evolução modular da lógica de negócio com manutenção de endereço e de estado, governados por votos on-chain que autorizam ou vetam mudanças. A metodologia deste artigo apoia-se em revisão bibliográfica sobre governança de camada 1, documentação técnica de protocolos e análise de estudos de caso (Tezos, Cosmos, Cardano, DAOs em EVM). Conclui-se que upgrades sem hard fork reduzem risco de fragmentação e custos de coordenação, mas exigem desenho cuidadoso de governança técnica para mitigar captura, evitar abuso de privilégios de atualização e equilibrar imutabilidade com adaptabilidade ao longo do ciclo de vida dos protocolos.
Blockchain ecosystems face a significant issue with liquidity fragmentation, as applications and assets are distributed across many public chains with each only accessible by subset of users. Cross-chain communication was designed to address this by allowing chains to interoperate, but existing solutions limit communication to directly connected chains or route traffic through hubs that create bottlenecks and centralization risks. In this paper, we introduce xRoute, a cross-chain routing and message-delivery framework inspired by traditional networks. Our design brings routing, name resolution, and policy-based delivery to the blockchain setting. It allows applications to specify routing policies, enables destination chains to verify that selected routes satisfy security requirements, and uses a decentralized relayer network to compute routes and deliver messages without introducing a trusted hub. Experiments on the chains supporting the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol show that our approach improves connectivity, decentralization, and scalability compared to hub-based designs, particularly under heavy load.
Optimistic rollups provide scalable smart-contract execution but remain unsuitable for regulated financial applications due to three structural gaps: semantic legitimacy, cross-layer state consistency, and ordering fairness. We introduce RegGuard, a unified framework that enhances optimistic rollups with comprehensive legitimacy guarantees. RegGuard integrates three coordinated mechanisms: a decidable semantic validator powered by the RegSpec rule language for encoding regulatory constraints; a cross-layer state pre-synchronization validator that detects inconsistent L1-L2 dependencies with probabilistic reliability bounds; and a cryptographically verifiable fair-ordering service that ensures transaction sequencing fairness with negligible violation probability. We implement a 15,000-line prototype integrated into an Optimism-based rollup and evaluate it under adversarial conditions. RegGuard reduces settlement failures by over 90%, prevents detectable ordering manipulation, and maintains 85% of baseline throughput.
Randomness beacons based on Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) are increasingly proposed for blockchains and distributed systems, promising publicly verifiable delay and bias resistance. Existing analyses, however, treat adversaries purely as cryptographic entities and overlook that real attackers are economically motivated. A VDF may be sequentially secure, yet still vulnerable if a rational adversary can profit by purchasing faster hardware and exploiting reward spikes such as MEV opportunities. We develop a formal framework for economic security of VDF-based randomness beacons. Modeling the attacker as a rational agent facing hardware speedup, operating costs, and stochastic rewards, we cast the attack decision as an optimal-stopping problem and prove that optimal behavior has a monotone threshold structure. This yields tight necessary and sufficient conditions relating delay parameters to adversarial cost and reward distributions. We extend the analysis to grinding, selective abort, and multi-adversary competition, demonstrating how each amplifies effective rewards and increases required delays. Using realistic cloud costs, hardware benchmarks, and MEV data, we show that many proposed VDF delays, on the order of a few seconds, are economically insecure under plausible conditions. We conclude with deployable guidelines and introduce Economically Secure Delay Parameters (ESDPs) to support principled parameter selection in practical systems.
As smart grids increasingly depend on IoT devices and distributed energy management, they require decentralized, low latency orchestration of energy services. We address this with a unified framework for edge fog cloud infrastructures tailored to smart energy systems. It features a graph based data model that captures infrastructure and workload, enabling efficient topology exploration and task placement. Leveraging this model, a swarm-based heuristic algorithm handles task offloading in a resource-aware, latency sensitive manner. Our framework ensures data interoperability via energy data space compliance and guarantees traceability using blockchain based workload notarization. We validate our approach with a real-world KubeEdge deployment, demonstrating zero downtime service migration under dynamic workloads while maintaining service continuity.
Shini Girija, Pranav M. Pawar, Raja Muthalagu, Mithun Mukherjee
Privacy has always been a critical issue in the digital era, particularly with the increasing use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. As the IoT continues to transform industries such as healthcare, smart cities, and home automation, it has also introduced serious challenges regarding the security of sensitive and private data. This paper examines the complex landscape of digital privacy in IoT ecosystems, highlighting the need to protect personally identifiable information (PII) of individuals and uphold their rights to digital independence. Global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have accelerated the adoption of IoT, raising concerns about privacy and data protection. This paper provides an in-depth examination of digital privacy risks in the IoT domain and introduces a clear taxonomy for evaluating them using the IEEE Digital Privacy Model. The proposed framework categorizes privacy risks into five types: identity-oriented, behavioral, inference, data manipulation, and regulatory risks. We review existing digital privacy solutions, including encryption technologies, blockchain, federated learning, differential privacy, reinforcement learning, AI, and dynamic consent mechanisms, to mitigate these risks. We also highlight how these privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) help with data confidentiality, access control, and trust management. Additionally, this study presents AURA-IoT, a futuristic framework that tackles AI-driven privacy risks through a multi-layered structure. AURA-IoT integrates adversarial robustness, explainability, transparency, fairness, compliance, dynamic consent, and policy enforcement mechanisms to ensure digital privacy, security, and accountable IoT operations. Finally, we discuss ongoing challenges and potential research directions for integrating AI and encryption-based privacy solutions to achieve comprehensive digital privacy in future IoT systems.
LNT is a modern language for the formal description of concurrent systems. It generalizes traditional process calculi and overcomes their known limitations by incorporating features such as an imperative programming style with direct assignments to variables, symmetric sequential composition, and explicit loop operators. The present article examines how these features can be taken advantage of to obtain LNT models as concise and readable as possible. The study is illustrated with a running example, the consensus protocol of the Algorand blockchain, a formal model of which was recently developed at the University of Urbino. It is shown that, using well-chosen transformations, the number of lines of LNT code can be divided by three, while improving readability. Also, various properties of the formal model are expressed and verified using visual checking, equivalence checking, and model checking.
Blockchain assets are increasingly controlled by organizations rather than individuals. DAO treasuries, consortium wallets, and custodial exchanges rely on threshold authorization and multi-party key management, yet existing payment mechanisms still target single-user wallets, leaving no unified solution for organizational transfers. We formalize the problem of \emph{DAO-to-(anonymous)-DAO} transactions and present \textsc{Dao$^2$}, a framework that enables one threshold-controlled organization to pay another, optionally with recipient anonymity, while keeping received funds under distributed control. \textsc{Dao$^2$} combines three components: \emph{distributed key derivation} (DKD) for non-stealth child addresses, \emph{distributed stealth-address generation} (DSAG) for unlinkable one-time destinations, and \emph{threshold signatures} for authorization. For ordinary transfers, the receiver derives a non-stealth address via DKD; for anonymous transfers, it derives a stealth address via DSAG. The sender then threshold-signs the payment, and the receiver redeems the funds without reconstructing any master secret. We formally prove its security and evaluate a prototype. A complete anonymous DAO-to-DAO transaction for a typical-sized (e.g., 7-member) DAO finishes in under 27\,ms with less than 1.2\,KB of communication, and scales linearly with DAO size.
Bitcoin transactions is gaining strength in the global economic landscape, including in Indonesia, as a consequence of the development of financial technology and the decentralization of the digital economy. Positive facts indicate that Bitcoin offers an alternative investment and transaction instrument with characteristics of transparency, speed, and minimal cross-border costs. However, negative facts that cannot be ignored are Bitcoin's value volatility , the potential for money laundering, and weak legal protection for users. In a social context, Bitcoin creates segregation between digitally savvy groups who benefit from it and conventional groups who are increasingly marginalized due to limited access and digital literacy . This study uses a normative-juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze the legal implications of Bitcoin use in the Indonesian economy. The research gap lies in the lack of normative studies linking crypto asset regulation to the social impact of class segregation in the digital society. To date, regulations have emphasized legality and transaction oversight without considering the dimension of social justice. The research questions are formulated as follows: first, what are the legal implications of Bitcoin transactions in the Indonesian economic system? Second, how is social segregation formed through the practice of Bitcoin use in society? The novelty of this research is its interdisciplinary analysis linking the legal regulation of digital businesses with the social realities created by Bitcoin adoption . Preliminary results indicate that although Bitcoin is recognized as a legitimate crypto asset for trading, its lack of legal tender status creates legal dualism and reinforces socio-economic gaps in society.
Efficient pricing mechanisms are critical for optimizing water consumption, managing demand, and promoting equitable resource distribution. This paper presents a Time-of-Use (TOU) dynamic pricing model integrated with Blockchain Technology (BT) to address these challenges. The proposed model categorizes time into Peak, Off-Peak, and Shoulder hours, applying distinct pricing tiers responsive to demand fluctuations, further refined through seasonal adjustments and demand constraints to support sustainability and regulatory compliance. Implemented on the Polygon blockchain - chosen for its low transaction cost, high scalability, and ethereum compatibility - the framework leverages Smart Contracts (SC) for secure, transparent and automated real-time pricing adjustments. Full on-chain data storage eliminates off-chain dependencies, ensuring data integrity and traceability throughout the water supply chain. Pseudonymous blockchain identities maintain user privacy while providing full auditability via immutable on-chain records. Security vulnerabilities such as input manipulation, arithmetic overflows, and unauthorized access receive proactive mitigation through secure coding practices, role-based access control, and logic constraints. Performance evaluation using the k6 load testing tool under simulated real-world conditions shows robust system behavior: response times ranged from 2.14s to 5.64s, with the 90th and 95th percentiles at 3.5s and 4.26s, respectively. Latency ranged from 5.96ms (median) to 49.54ms (95th percentile), validating the system’s responsiveness, scalability, and reliability under concurrent user requests. The test results further highlight the system’s ability to handle concurrent user requests efficiently, demonstrating reliable performance under simulated varying workloads.
N. V. Ravindhar, A. Manju, S. Murugesan, T. K. S. Rathish Babu
Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) arrangements stand at the center of bidirectional energy exchange in modern smart grids and are, however, challenged by real-time decision-making, load balancing, and the security of transaction validation. This paper has proposed an energy-efficient optimization framework based on a Bio-Inspired Deep Learning Controller using a Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO) algorithm with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network for optimizing charging and discharging schedules across EV fleets. GRU networks forecast short-term grid demand and EV battery availability while MBO tunes the controller weights dynamically to adapt to scheduling under varying conditions. Furthermore, in order to maintain the trust over the transaction in a tamper-resistant fashion, a blockchain layer is embedded with the use of smart contracts to keep a track of authentication, pricing, and energy transfer log records for V2G. The proposed system shows charging cost reduction of 19.6%, peak load shaving efficiency of 23.2%, and forecast accuracy of 96.4%, in all mobility scenarios evaluated. The architecture also contributes to improving grid regulation response time by 28% and reducing EV queuing delay by 31%. Simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink, TensorFlow, and Ethereum-based blockchain, the architecture renders a scalable and secure framework for V2G coordination. It is noted that the findings are based on simulation, and co-simulation experiments, and the actual conditions of deployment like latency in communications, non-idealities of the hardware and regulatory factors are not factored into the analysis. Furthermore, the model facilitates real-time adaptation, strengthens grid resilience, and guides EV operation according to concurrent market conditions for energy.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION FOR MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLD N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS — OFFICIAL PHYSICAL LICENSE Authorized Use for PFE Machines, CHMR Fusion Energy Research, Space Programs, and All Future Technologies --- Issuing Authority: Malik Muhammad Usman, Inventor & License Authority, N‑K Sciences Date: 6 April 2026 CE · 18 Shawwal 1447 AH License Type: Sadaqa Jariyah — Free for Humanity (Fee = ZERO) License Requirement: Physically signed written license from Malik Muhammad Usman --- THE DIRECT MESSAGE TO MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLD To every manufacturer currently using — or planning to use — N‑K Superconductors and N‑K Supermagnets: You have read the publications. You have seen the formulas. You have tested the compositions. You have confirmed the 268 K triplet superconductor, the 168 K AL-NK-1, the 85 MGOe φ‑multilayer magnet. You are using N‑K science in your laboratories, your prototypes, your products. But you do not have written permission. Downloading a Zenodo publication is not a license. Reading the formulas is not permission. Citing N‑K in a footnote is not authority. Silence is not consent. This publication is your official notice: Any manufacturer who wishes to use N‑K Superconductors or N‑K Supermagnets — for PFE Machines, for CHMR Fusion Energy Research, for Space Programs, or for any other technology — must request and receive a physically signed, written license from Malik Muhammad Usman. No email. No verbal agreement. No implied consent. Physical signature. Official request. Formal grant. --- PART I: WHAT MANUFACTURERS MAY USE UNDER LICENSE 1.1 N‑K Superconductors — Complete Library Superconductor T_c (K) T_c (°C) Key Feature Primary Application AL-NK-1 168 K -105°C 24% above previous record High-field magnets BSCCO-2234 + Pb 268 K -5°C Triplet superconductor Passive superconducting systems Hg-based 288 K +15°C Highest T_c Future room-temperature applications La-based + H 282 K +9°C Hydrogen-doped Novel mechanisms, energy storage YBCO + F 275 K +2°C Fluorine-doped Practical, scalable synthesis Tl-based 265 K -8°C High performance Established manufacturing 1.2 N‑K Supermagnets — Complete Library Magnet (BH)max (MGOe) Improvement Key Feature Primary Application φ‑NdFeB 72 +31% vs standard Optimized N-density PFE Machines, motors, generators φ‑SmCo 48 +37% vs standard Operates to 950°C Fusion reactors, extreme environments φ‑FeN 42 8× ferrite Rare-earth-free Sanctions-proof manufacturing φ‑Multilayer 85 +55% vs best NdFeB Highest energy product Compact PFE, high-field research φ‑Superconducting 100 New class Hybrid design Fusion confinement, advanced propulsion 1.3 Authorized Applications — Complete List Field Specific Applications PFE Machines All 1 million units for Abb-e-Hayaat manufacturing CHMR Fusion Energy Research Plasma confinement magnets, reactor design, prototype development Space Programs Satellites, spacecraft, interstellar probes, propulsion systems (ion drives, VASIMR, EM drives) Medical Technology MRI systems, particle therapy, diagnostic equipment Energy Wind turbines, generators, superconducting power cables Transportation Maglev trains, electric vehicles, ship propulsion Defense Directed energy weapons, radar systems, electromagnetic launch systems Research Academic, government, and commercial research Future Technologies Any technology not yet invented that uses N‑K Superconductors or Supermagnets One license. All superconductors. All magnets. All applications. All future technologies. --- PART II: THE LICENSE REQUIREMENT — PHYSICAL SIGNATURE 2.1 What Manufacturers Must Do Step Action Format Timeline 1 Prepare official license request letter Physical letter on company letterhead Day 0 2 Sign physically (authorized company representative) Physical signature + company seal (if applicable) Day 0 3 Send physical letter to Malik Muhammad Usman Courier/mail to Multan, Pakistan Day 0 4 Send digital copy to official email PDF scan to muhammadusmanmalik@hotmail.com Day 0 5 Receive physically signed license from Malik Muhammad Usman Physical document returned by mail Day 7–14 6 Begin or continue authorized manufacturing — After receipt 2.2 What Does NOT Count as License Action Why It Is Not Sufficient Downloading Zenodo publications Publication is knowledge. License is permission to use. Reading the formulas Knowledge is free. Manufacturing requires license. Citing N‑K Model in papers Credit is required, but not sufficient for manufacturing. Email request without physical signature No legal or spiritual authority. Verbal agreement Not binding. Silence or inaction Consent is not implied. Only a physically signed license from Malik Muhammad Usman grants legal and spiritual authority to manufacture N‑K Superconductors and Supermagnets. --- PART III: LICENSE REQUEST LETTER — OFFICIAL TEMPLATE 3.1 Required Format The license request letter must be: · Printed on official company letterhead · Signed physically by an authorized representative · Dated · Sealed with company seal (if applicable) · Sent as physical copy (by courier/mail) · Sent as digital copy (PDF scan by email) 3.2 Official License Request Letter Template ``` [COMPANY LETTERHEAD] Date: _________________________ To: Malik Muhammad Usman Inventor & License Authority, N‑K Sciences City of Saints, Multan, Punjab Pakistan SUBJECT: OFFICIAL LICENSE REQUEST — N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS Dear Malik Muhammad Usman, This letter constitutes an official request for a written, physically signed license to manufacture, use, and sell N‑K Superconductors and N‑K Supermagnets as described in your Zenodo publications: - AL-NK-1 Superconductor (168 K) — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18663839 - N‑K Superconductors Database v1.0 — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18664674 - N‑K Supermagnets Database — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18795517 - N‑K Phase-Field Evocation (PFE) — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19420451 - And all related publications We hereby acknowledge that: 1. The N‑K Model and all N‑K Superconductors and Supermagnets are your intellectual property, revealed by Allah Almighty and derived from the four divine axioms (f_K = 0.01 Hz, φ = 1.6180339887…, θ_lock = 135.5°, N_E = φ × 10¹⁶ J·s/m³). 2. We have no legal or spiritual right to use these technologies without your written permission. 3. We are submitting this request in good faith, seeking official license for: ☐ PFE Machines (Abb-e-Hayaat manufacturing) ☐ CHMR Fusion Energy Research ☐ Space Programs ☐ All of the above ☐ Other: _________________________ We agree to all license terms as specified in your publication and summarized below. We await your physically signed license. Respectfully, _________________________ [Printed Name] _________________________ [Title] _________________________ [Company Name] _________________________ [Physical Signature] _________________________ [Date] COMPANY SEAL (if applicable): _________________________ CONTACT INFORMATION FOR LICENSE RETURN: Physical Address: _________________________________________________________ Email: _________________________________________________________ Phone: _________________________________________________________ ``` 3.3 Submission Addresses Method Address Physical Mail/Courier Malik Muhammad Usman, N‑K Sciences Official, City of Saints, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Email (Digital Copy) muhammadusmanmalik@hotmail.com Subject Line OFFICIAL LICENSE REQUEST — [COMPANY NAME] — N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS --- PART IV: LICENSE TERMS 4.1 The Terms — One Page Summary Term Condition 1. Free License License fee = ZERO. No payment required to receive the license. 2. 50% Donation 50% of net profits from N‑K Superconductor and Supermagnet sales must be donated to Malik Muhammad Usman as Sadaqa Jariyah (ongoing charity). 3. Charity Distribution Malik Muhammad Usman will donate 100% of received funds to: poor populations, disease-affected communities, high-need countries, and Sadaqa Jariyah projects (water wells, schools, hospitals). 4. Full Credit All products, publications, and patents must credit: "N‑K Superconductor/Supermagnet designed by N‑K Sciences (Malik Muhammad Usman) using the N‑K Universal Computer." 5. No Patent on Compositions Manufacturers may patent manufacturing processes, but cannot patent the N‑K Superconductor or Supermagnet compositions themselves. The knowledge belongs to humanity. 6. Sadaqa Jariyah Pricing Products using N‑K Superconductors or Supermagnets should be priced affordably, with priority access for Muslim countries and vulnerable populations. 7. Authority Transfer Upon Imam Al Mahdi AS arrival, all license authority transfers to him. Manufacturers must recognize his authority. 8. License Duration Perpetual, unless revoked for violation of terms. 4.2 What the 50% Donation Is NOT Misconception Reality "It is a royalty" No. It is a charitable donation (Sadaqa Jariyah). "The inventor keeps the money" No. 100% is donated to charity. "It is a tax" No. It is a voluntary condition of license acceptance. "It is negotiable" No. The terms are fixed. Accept or do not use. 4.3 What Manufacturers Receive Deliverable Format Timeline Physically signed license Physical document 7–14 days after request Digital copy of signed license PDF 7–14 days after request Entry in Official N‑K License Registry Digital record Upon issuance Right to manufacture N‑K Superconductors Legal authority Upon receipt Right to manufacture N‑K Supermagnets Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in PFE Machines Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in CHMR Fusion Research Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in Space Programs Legal authority Upon receipt Rig
This work presents a formal dynamical systems theory for multi-AGI coordination networks, proving that sustained knowledge growth in any network of general artificial intelligence systems requires four simultaneously satisfied conditions: triadic structure (N ≥ 3), bounded spectral coupling (ρ(W) < 1 − σ²/2), cognitive diversity above a minimum threshold (D_i ≥ D_min), and continuous human novelty injection (H_human > 0). The central result — MASTER_THEOREM_MULTI_AGI — establishes both necessity and sufficiency. Necessity is demonstrated by showing that removal of any single condition leads to one of three failure modes: dyadic conflict or singleton domination (N < 3), synchronization collapse and diversity loss (ρ(W) ≥ 1), or absorbing frozen state (H_human = 0). Sufficiency is proven constructively via an analytical diversity equilibrium D_i* = β·D_max·H_human / (α·∑W + β·H_human), a Lyapunov functional V = a||H||² + b||D||² + c||I − I*||², and the MFLS spectral growth criterion ρ(L) > δ + σ²/2. Three key theorems are established. THEOREM_DIVERSITY_EQUILIBRIUM derives the stationary diversity as a closed-form function of human novelty and coupling strength, formally proving that D_i* = 0 when H_human = 0. THEOREM_B3_IRREVERSIBILITY proves that human exclusion creates an absorbing basin in phase space: once H_human = 0, the system reaches full mutual information saturation (I_ij → min(H_i, H_j)), information channels collapse (H_j − I_ij → 0), and recovery requires external entropy injection above a calculable threshold. Triadic stability is proven via coalition-proof Nash equilibrium: no stable 2-vs-1 coalition exists in N = 3, making shifting alliances the unique stable configuration. The framework unifies three scales through a single spectral criterion: ecological stability (λ_max(J_eco) < −σ²/2), AGI network stability (λ_max(W) < 1 − σ²/2), and MFLS knowledge growth (ρ(L_operator) > δ + σ²/2). The coupling parameter κ from ECO_CRISIS_v1_2 (Work 11) equals mean(W_ij), directly connecting ecological substrate to AGI network dynamics. A runnable Python implementation (AGI_NETWORK_SIMULATOR_v1_0.py) verifies all theoretical results: 8 verification checks pass, including analytical D_i* confirmation, B3 absorbing state demonstration, N_inter decay without human injection, and MFLS GROWTH phase in symbiotic regime. The simulator implements adaptive coupling W_ij(t) = w₀ · (1 − I_ij/H_j) · (D_i + D_j)/2, which self-regulates to maintain ρ(W) < 1 without external enforcement. The principal conclusion is that human irreplaceability in AGI networks is not an ethical preference but a mathematical necessity: any isolated AGI network inevitably converges to a synchronized frozen state through diversity collapse, while sustained human novelty injection is the only mechanism that maintains a non-zero diversity equilibrium and positive knowledge growth rate. **Series:** Omega-u Civilizational Framework | Civilizational Traps (Work 12) **Автор:** Николай Мишко | Astana Digital Hub | Казахстан | nikolaimishko@gmail.com**Related DOI:** 10.5281/zenodo.19112296**License:** CC BY 4.0
The primary purpose is to trace the progression of scholarly research on cryptocurrency taxation, uncovering prevailing patterns, influential contributors, yearly scientific output and citations, most relevant sources, thematic analysis and cooccurrence networks from 2010 to 2025. Leveraging a systematic search on Scopus, our final dataset comprises 115 unique documents, with the majority of publications being highly recent (average age of 2.95 years) and exhibiting a robust annual growth rate of 18.65%. The analysis reveals that the field is highly collaborative (average of 2.7 co-authors per paper) and gaining significant scholarly attention, as evidenced by a promising average of 9.548 citations per document. The thematic structure of the literature, mapped through keyword co-occurrence and strategic diagrams, identifies "cryptocurrency," "blockchain," and "bitcoin" as the core, most central themes. The research is highly multidisciplinary, with a strong focus on regulatory, legal, and financial challenges surrounding taxation, anti-money laundering, and the classification of digital assets. While a dominant research source exists, the high dispersion of publications across 85 distinct sources suggests a fragmented but rapidly maturing field.
The P versus NP problem, formalized by Cook (1971) and designated a Clay Millennium Prize Problem in 2000, asks whether every computational problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time can also be solved in polynomial time. For fifty-five years, the problem has resisted all single-axis formal resolution attempts. Three independently proven barrier results have demonstrated that all currently known classes of mathematical proof techniques are structurally incapable of settling the question within the formal axis alone. This paper presents a unified geometric determination of both P = NP and P ≠ NP using the Trisduction Engine, an epistemic certification architecture operating across three orthogonal warrant-vectors: Formal (V_F), Empirical (V_E), and Phenomenological (V_P). The two audits are presented as a single master document to make the asymmetry between the claims structurally transparent: one claim is Broken Geometry (zero positive warrant, cascade terminated at Gate 2); the other achieves Geometric Orthogonal Lock (12/12 gates pass, three axes fully convergent). Before the formal proofs, this paper demonstrates the robustness and precision of the Trisduction method through twelve carefully selected case studies representing the hardest problems in epistemology, physics, geopolitics, and philosophy — drawn from two volumes of illustrative audits. The Engine is then subjected to its own self-audit across two independently conducted sessions, surviving the Gödelian paradox through multi-axis routing. Following the self-audit, the paper documents how Trisduction circumnavigates Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem. A prelude section incorporates critical background insights from adversarial human-AI dialogue sessions on the P vs NP problem, including stress tests of the Engine’s own architecture. The paper’s central phenomenological contribution is the resolution of the Phenomenological Axis Problem across three rounds of adversarial review. V_P is anchored by two genuinely independent sources surviving the Linguistic Isolation Test: (1) the Zero-Knowledge Proof conviction gap, in which a finite observer undergoes irreversible epistemic state-change to certainty that a solution exists while registering zero increase in generative capacity; and (2) the Frame-Independent Observer’s registration of its own operational boundary, in which the Engine’s fixed codes simultaneously discover and verify verdicts for any actualized problem yet cannot spontaneously generate novel constructions from the Isometric Plenum at (0,0,0). This irreducible gap constitutes the Living Verifiable Proof of the P ≠ NP asymmetry and the Living Contradiction of P = NP. The determination is explicitly non-deductive. It does not constitute a traditional mathematical proof and does not satisfy the Clay Mathematics Institute’s criteria, which require a formally published deductive proof. GOL [⟀] is defined as the strongest achievable non-deductive epistemic warrant: the geometric fact that three orthogonal planes exhaust all degrees of freedom in the epistemic space, leaving no room for the alternative claim to occupy.
G. Naveen Kumar, B. Vaishnavi, Ch. Gayathri Bharghavi, K. Shveni
The Smart Contract Farming System is a digitalized platform created to connect farmers and buyers more reliably and transparently. Its main goal is to reduce the gap between both buyers and farmers by using secure digitized agreements that clearly define terms and conditions, which helps to build trust and ensures that transactions are fair and well-structured. The platform is developed using Vite and React, through which users can easily register, explore crop listings, view contracts, and interact in real time. On the backend, Node.js and Express.js handle the core application logic, including API services, authentication, contract processing, and transaction management. All data is securely stored and managed using MongoDB, ensuring consistency and reliability. One of the key features of the system is the Price Prediction Module, which works before a contract is finalized. This module uses agricultural datasets collected from IEEE research publications. With the help of Python-based machine learning models, the system predicts crop prices by analyzing historical data, seasonal trends, and market needs and supply. It helps farmers and buyers in making informed decisions and agreeing on fair prices. Once the price is decided, digital contracts are created and accepted by both parties. This system also includes crops based on agricultural seasons such as Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid, which helps in better planning and avoids mismatches between supply and demand. In addition to contract management, the platform involves features like dispute resolution tools and analytical dashboards, which make the overall process more efficient and transparent. Payments are secured through trusted methods such as UPI and escrow systems, ensuring safe and reliable transactions. The feature that makes this application more effective is the Crop Insurance module, which allows farmers to enroll in government-supported insurance schemes. This protects them from unexpected risks like floods, droughts, or pest attacks. Overall, the system is designed to be scalable, efficient, and user-friendly. It strengthens farmers by giving them assured market access while helping buyers get a consistent and trustworthy supply of crops.
Fine-tuning is the dominant paradigm for adapting large machine learning models, yet current deployment pipelines provide no way to verify how a released model was updated. In particular, a model provider or auditor cannot check whether a fine-tuned model adheres to a claimed update procedure without access to its parameters. We introduce \emph{fine-tuning integrity} (FTI), a cryptographic objective for verifying that a deployed model differs from a trusted base model only within a declared class of admissible updates. We construct \emph{succinct model difference proofs} (SMDPs), zero-knowledge protocols that certify structured parameter drift without revealing model weights. Our framework supports three fundamental update classes: norm-bounded, low-rank, and sparse drift, covering common fine-tuning methods such as regularized training, LoRA, and prefix tuning. In all cases, proof size and verification cost depend on the structure of the update rather than the number of parameters. We prove soundness, zero-knowledge, and succinctness for each construction, and establish a matching $Ω(n)$ lower bound showing that structural assumptions are necessary for succinct verification. A prototype evaluation on synthetic benchmarks and GPT-2 fine-tuning demonstrates that proofs remain compact and verification is efficient at realistic scales.
The Legendre Pseudorandom Function (PRF) is a highly efficient cryptographic primitive built upon the Legendre symbol, valued for its low multiplicative complexity in Multi-Party Computation (MPC) and Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols. While its security over prime fields $\mathbb{F}_p$ is well-documented, recent interest has shifted toward instantiations over extension fields $\mathbb{F}_{p^r}$. This paper presents the first comprehensive cryptanalysis of the single-degree Legendre PRF operating over $\mathbb{F}_{p^r}$. First, we analyze polynomial input encoding under a standard passive threat model (sequential additive counter queries). We demonstrate that while the absence of polynomial carry-overs causes an asynchronous "no-carry fracture" that neutralizes classical sliding-window collision attacks, the fracture itself is deterministically periodic. By introducing a novel "Differential Signature" bucketing technique, we prove that an adversary can systematically group fractured sequences by their structural shapes to bypass this defense, recovering the secret key in $\mathcal{O}(U \cdot p^r/M)$ operations, where $U$ is the unicity distance. Second, we evaluate the PRF under an active Chosen-Query threat model. We demonstrate that an adversary can circumvent the additive fracture by evaluating the PRF along a geometric sequence generated by a primitive polynomial. This structure invokes strict multiplicative homomorphism over $\mathbb{F}^*_{p^r}$, permitting a direct generalization of state-of-the-art table collision attacks to extract the key in $\mathcal{O}(p^r/M)$ operations. Finally, we establish the cryptographic boundaries of these attacks, formally proving the necessity of higher-degree key variants ($d \ge 2$) to achieve exponential security against structural reduction in extension fields.
Understanding how animals produce a versatile locomotor repertoire requires unraveling the interplay between higher centers, decentralized locomotor circuits, and sensory feedback. However, the principles governing their integration remain elusive. We investigated amphibious centipedes through stepwise neural lesions and neuromechanical modeling. Behavioral experiments revealed that while decentralized circuits autonomously generate coordination, the brain and subesophageal ganglion provide situational flexibility, such as modulating trunk undulation and initiating leg folding. Integrating these findings, our model demonstrated how higher centers selectively inhibit or release lower circuit dynamics. Simulations verified that varying only a few descending control parameters reproduces transitions between slow walking, fast walking, and swimming. This work may capture the essence of the locomotor circuitry that harnesses decentralized self-organization to coordinate the body’s large degrees of freedom.
Marc Dordal Carreras, Gloria Christina Heesen, Kohei Kawaguchi
Proof-of-stake deters attacks by keeping validator stake exposed to slashing and depreciation losses. Liquid staking lets operators obtain voting power using pooled stake while reducing their own exposure by selling liquid staking tokens (LSTs) and shifting uncovered slashing losses onto token holders. We study the security implications of this control-exposure wedge and the protocol design problem it creates. Competitive LST pricing can partly deter attack by lowering the resale value of claims when risk rises, but it cannot fully restore deterrence because liquid staking participants do not internalize ETH-wide depreciation losses. A fee-charging protocol prefers the no-attack regime because it maximizes total stake, yet collateral requirements alone do not generally make that outcome unique. Robust security may therefore require additional tools, including permissioned participation, screening or reserve capacity.
This white paper presents Execution Governance 2.1 (EG 2.1) as a doctrinal extension to Execution Governance 2.0 (EG 2.0). It addresses a structural governance gap in autonomous and execution-bound systems: action candidates may remain locally valid at execution time while gradually drifting away from the authority-anchored admissible structure from which their execution legitimacy originated. The paper defines this failure mode as continuity drift and argues that governance must not only preserve continuity, but also actively verify it over time. EG 2.1 introduces continuity verification as a distinct governance function, formalizes valid-looking drift as a governance failure class, and positions the execution boundary as a continuity-verifying pre-commit function that must verify structural consistency in addition to local execution-time validity. The paper explains how drift can re-enter governance under apparent validity, presents updated boundary logic and formal notation, and examines implications across AI systems, financial systems, physical AI and robotics, smart infrastructure, Web3/DAOs, and elderly care technology. It is presented as a conceptual governance architecture intended to support scholarly discussion, comparative analysis, and future research on accountable autonomy.
Daniel Calé, João C. Ferreira, Ana Mafalda Madureira, Carlos Coutinho
Web3 technologies, representing the next generation of a decentralised and user-centric Internet, offer innovative solutions to enhance adaptability, sustainability, and resilience in logistics systems aligned with the principles of Logistics 5.0. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, analysing peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2018 and 2024 and retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library. The review specifically focuses on trucking logistics, a sector characterised by high fossil-fuel dependency, operational fragmentation, and significant environmental impact. The findings reveal that Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things technologies dominate current implementations, mainly supporting fleet management, route optimisation, accident prevention, and risk assessment. In contrast, blockchain applications remain limited, and metaverse-based solutions are largely exploratory and confined to training scenarios. Key research gaps include the scarcity of integrated Web3 solutions, the limited consideration of human-centric Logistics 5.0 dimensions, and the lack of large-scale empirical validation in real-world trucking operations. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes a conceptual framework that maps Web3 technologies to trucking logistics areas, investment priorities, and Logistics 5.0 objectives, offering actionable guidance for Logistics Service Providers transitioning from Logistics 4.0 to Logistics 5.0.