The article discusses a decentralized electronic voting system based on blockchain technology. This study aims to improve the performance and fault tolerance of blockchain-based electronic voting systems by introducing the Automated Leaderless Byzantine Fault Tolerance (AL-BFT) consensus protocol. This study aims to develop and evaluate an electronic voting system model that applies the proposed AL-BFT consensus mechanism in a permissioned peer-to-peer network. The methods used include computer modeling of a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, implementation of a decentralized ledger, and experimental load testing of the consensus protocol. System performance is evaluated using key metrics, such as transaction latency, throughput (requests per second), fault tolerance threshold, and scalability. The study results include the development of a conceptual architecture for the electronic voting system, the identification of its core components, and the analysis of their interactions to ensure data integrity and the reliability of voting results. At each stage of the electoral process, data security is considered, and additional protection mechanisms are analyzed to enhance system robustness. Eliminating the leader election phase from the consensus process is a key feature of the proposed approach, thereby reducing coordination overhead and enabling more efficient agreement among nodes. The proposed AL-BFT protocol reduces transaction latency and improves throughput while maintaining the fault tolerance level of traditional Byzantine Fault Tolerance-based approaches. The results confirm improved efficiency compared to classical leader-based consensus mechanisms, particularly in small permissioned blockchain networks. Conclusions. A practical implementation of the system has been developed and tested under real simulated load conditions. The proposed solution ensures stable system operation and reliable consensus formation. The system can be effectively applied to university elections, organizational voting, and other scenarios that require transparency, security, and manipulation resistance
Novan Ilham Ramadhan, Rizky Parlika, Ardhon Rakhmadi
Electronic voting (e-voting) systems continue to face challenges related to transparency, result validation, and duplicate voting prevention. Blockchain technology offers characteristics such as decentralization, transparency, and immutability that can support more auditable voting processes. This study presents a prototype implementation of a blockchain-based e-voting system using Ethereum smart contracts to support transparent vote recording, public auditability, and wallet-level double voting prevention. The system was implemented using Solidity-based smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum Sepolia Testnet and integrated with MetaMask for transaction authentication. Smart contracts manage election creation, candidate registration, voter registration, vote recording, duplicate vote prevention, and voting result finalization. An audit trail mechanism was implemented to allow voting activities and transaction records to be publicly verified through the Etherscan blockchain explorer. All predefined functional testing scenarios were executed successfully. The evaluation results indicate an average gas usage of 75,109 gas, an estimated transaction cost of 0.000113 ETH, and a transaction latency of approximately 4–5 seconds. The implemented wallet validation mechanism and hasVoted mapping effectively prevent duplicate voting attempts associated with the same wallet address. However, the proposed system represents a prototype-level evaluation conducted on the Ethereum Sepolia Testnet and does not provide voter identity verification, ballot anonymity, or real-world election readiness. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of Ethereum smart contracts for transparent auditability and wallet-level double voting prevention in blockchain-based voting environments.