yongjian
The global fine art market suffers from pervasive authenticity threats, including high-precision manual replicas, AI-generated forgeries, commissioned ghost artworks, and physical piece substitution across paintings, sculptures, prints, and digital art. Three dominant authentication paradigms—expert visual appraisal, material-based instrumental testing, and standalone blockchain image archiving—exhibit fundamental structural limitations, as they rely on empirical judgment or fragmented technical verification rather than rigorous logical deduction. None provides a unified, mathematically rigorous, and judicially enforceable standard for authenticating all categories of fine art. This study establishes logical guaranteed authenticity by developing an interdisciplinary Three-Determination (AOE) theoretical framework grounded in identity authentication logic, micro-physical forensics, blockchain cryptography, and international evidence law. The core logical formula P⇔A∧O∧E defines the sufficient and necessary conditions for definitive artwork authenticity: valid Artist Attestation (A), exclusive Object Identification (O), and legally binding Evidence Certification (E). This work conducts rigorous mathematical proofs for sufficiency and necessity, alongside counterfactual analysis for antique and posthumous artworks. The results establish a clear logical boundary: definitive, logically guaranteed scientific authentication is exclusively achievable for contemporary works created by living, verifiable artists with complete A-O-E triple validation. Ancient, anonymous, and posthumous artworks cannot obtain conclusive authenticity certification due to the permanent unfulfillment of the A-condition. A self-developed SaaS filing system validates the framework’s practical engineering feasibility. Universally applicable across oil paintings, sculptures, decorative art, and generative digital art, the AOE model imposes no restrictions on artistic medium or regional style. Benchmarked against leading international provenance platforms (Verisart, Artory, Arweave) and aligned with the EU eIDAS regulation and U.S. cultural property evidence standards, the framework demonstrates robust cross-jurisdictional and cross-medium adaptability. This theory fills a critical global research gap by establishing a pure logic-driven, quantifiable, closed-loop authentication paradigm for universal fine art verification, offering authoritative technical and legal support for cross-border art transactions, AI forgery regulation, and global cultural asset digitization.