Ahto Buldas, Dirk Draheim, Mike Gault, Märt Saarepera
Abstract The Web3 vision takes blockchain disintermediation to a next level by making it ubiquitous, encompassing not only payments and financial services but also digital identities, data and business models. Recently, Web3 has gained massive attention by major analysts such as Gartner, Forrester, Forbes Technology Council and the Harvard Business Review. Albeit the current enthusiasm about Web3, we are lost in a state of confusion about what Web3 actually is – or could be. In this paper, we take an engineering approach. We discuss a potential foundation of Web3 in terms of fundamental components, architectural principles and a Web3 design space. We conclude that, from an engineering viewpoint, the Web3 can be characterized as the integration of digital rights exchange into the (application layer) internet protocols. Finally, on the basis of these findings, we discuss the Alphabill platform as a Web3 enabling technology.
The metaverse is understood to be an immersive virtual world serving as the locus for all forms of work, education, and entertainment experiences. Depicted in books, movies, and games, the metaverse has the potential not just to supplement real-world experiences but to substantially supplant them. This article explores the rapid emergence and evolution of the Web3 technologies at the heart of the metaverse movement. Web3 itself is a paradigmatic shift in internet commerce. The article begins by exploring the competing economic and philosophical approaches to the future of the internet, which is being driven on one hand by the most successful internet advertising firms (Facebook and Google) as well as their videogame competitors (Roblox, Microsoft’s Minecraft, Epic Games, and Valve) and on the other hand by Web3 advocates focusing on cryptocurrencies, nonfungible tokens, decentralized finance (“DeFi”) and distributed autonomous organizations (DAOs). Limiting the focus on U.S. law, the article reviews three core areas for the development of the metaverse: the regulatory environment; the transactional essentials; and the limits on governmental intrusion into the metaverse. The review of the regulatory environment includes state and federal gambling laws, money transfer laws, securities laws, and regulation of unfair and deceptive trade practices used to enforce privacy and cybersecurity obligations. The section on transactional essentials focuses on contracts between metaverse enterprises and their customers, antitrust and competition restraints, copyright protections, protections of biometric data and rights of publicity, and protections of customer speech in metaverse environments. Finally, the article addresses the need for the continuing evolution of the Fourth Amendment protection from search and seizures, the third party doctrine limitations on reasonable expectations of privacy, and the statutory protections under the Stored Communications Act. The article highlights that although these doctrinal issues are not new, the scope of the metaverse and its potential social importance will reshape these doctrine in sometimes unpredictable ways. Technologists, practitioners, and regulators must be open to these shifts to appropriately develop the correct mix of user control, industry practice, and regulatory oversight.
A cryptocurrency token airdrop is a novel means of distributing rights over a blockchain project to a community of users and owners for free. The market value of these airdrop giveaways is often upwards of hundreds of millions of dollars. This paper considers why projects might choose this unusual and costly means of token distribution. It considers a diverse selection of high-profile airdrops as case studies between 2014 and 2022. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the rationales and mechanisms of Web3 token airdrops. We find that two primary rationales for airdrops are marketing (to attract new users and to maintain a community) and decentralisation of ownership and control of a project (building community, providing regulatory protection, and enhancing security). Additional rationales include creating liquid public markets and taxation treatment of token distribution. The paper contributes to an understanding of business practice and strategy in the emerging cryptocurrency and blockchain industry.
Web3 and DeFi are widely advocated as innovations for greater financial inclusion and democratization. We assemble the most comprehensive dataset to date on the largest Web3 ecosystem and use large-scale computing to investigate the claim. We discuss Ethereum's network structure, time trends, and distributions of transactions, mining, and ownership. Mining income and Ether ownership are concentrated in a few nodes, even after excluding exchange and mining pool wallets, with inequalities more exacerbated than observed in the real economy. Network activities are dominated by large transactions, shifting from peer-to-peer to user-DApps/DeFi interactions, and from Ether-based to ERC-20-token-based. High percentage transaction fees, congestion-induced gas-price fluctuation, suboptimal reserve setting, and large return volatility of tokens disproportionally harm small, unsophisticated, and new nodes, with high failure rates hurting all users. Finally, we present causal evidence that base-fee burning mechanisms (e.g., EIP-1559) and airdrop programs (e.g., OmiseGo Airdrop) promote inclusion and equality through monetary redistribution.
Centralized marketplaces run on a process where a single authority has control over all activity. They suffer from limitation such as- mandatory fees to be paid to the platform for listing and selling items, lack of privacy and control over account, improper transaction security and so on. This paper presents a decentralized application aiming to reduce these drawbacks using Ethereum blockchain. It was implemented using truffle evolvement framework with solidity language. Ethereum smart contracts contain all functions of this application. Client-side application was created through an API called web3.js. Analytical analyses of this application using Kovan test network show least transactional fees reported in literature till date. The application was shown to have average transaction fee of 0.1524472 (eth) with average run time of 3.5 seconds and average gas consumption of 4.6 gwei, these are the best results obtained till date for such system ensuring cost effectiveness and reducing time complexity. The contract making time was less than a second. Comparison with well-known centralized online marketplaces revealed that proposed system was more economical than current centralized online applications in terms of profit margin.
Covid-19 pandemisi ile birçok gereksinimler uzaktan ve sosyal mesafe kurallarına göre gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu kurallar, eğitim, iş, market alışverişi gibi birçok alanda uygulanmaktadır. Anket veya oy kullanmada bu süreçte zamanla zorunlu hale gelebilecektir. Günümüzde anketlerin çoğu elektronik sistemler üzerinden gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kullanıcılar, oluşturulan anketleri paylaşarak hiçbir temasta bulunmadan fikir alışverişi yapabilmektedir. Çalışmada bir anket sistemi oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada asıl amaç ise anket kayıtları blok zincir altyapısı kullanan etheryum ağında oluşturulan akıllı kontrat üzerine kaydedilerek kayıtların ileri seviyede güvenliği sağlanmasıdır. Çalışmada kullanıcı verilerinin güvenliği ön planda tutulurken kullanım kolaylığı da sağlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, web ara yüzleri için Web3.js, Bootstrap ve MVC teknolojileri kullanılmıştır. Akışı sağlamak için veri kaydı iki alana yapılmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki etheryum tabanlı akıllı kontrat diğeri MySQL veri tabanıdır. Kullanıcı verileri ilk olarak blok ağına kayıt talebinde bulunmaktadır. Bu sürede, kullanıcının kaydı ağa kaydedilinceye kadar beklememesi için veriler MySQL veri tabanına da kaydedilmektedir. Böylelikle kullanıcı beklemek zorunda kalmamakta ve işlemlerine devam edebilmektedir. Kullanıcı sistemden verilerinin kontrolünü yapmak istediğinde kontrol modülünden etheryum test ağındaki veri ile MySQL verisini karşılaştırması istenmektedir. Karşılaştırma sonrası bir sorun olması durumunda profil anahtarı ile yöneticiye başvurulmakta ve tam güvenlik sağlayan blok zincir ağındaki kayıt doğru kabul edilmektedir. Çalışma, ankette bulunan kullanıcı verilerinin güvenliğini üst seviye de sağlaması ile literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.
At present, some colleges and universities use the recruitment system to complete the registration and review of candidates in the recruitment work, but the review work still requires reviewers to spend a lot of time to complete. In addition, candidates submit malicious incorrect registration information to disrupt recruitment, which not only increases the workload of reviewers, but also affects the efficiency of recruitment. Candidates need to upload scanned copies of certification materials (such as ID card, degree certificate, graduation certificate, etc.) when registering. Some candidates are worried about whether the information will be leaked and the reviewers are unfair in reviewing for personal gains. In response to these problems, this article proposes to add text recognition to the recruitment management system of a university teacher to complete the system's automatic registration review. Based on the traceability and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain technology, the security and traceability of registration information are guaranteed. Kind of optimization plan. By analyzing the system process, selecting a third-party API interface to complete text recognition, and combining the simple filtering function of the system to build an automated audit function of the system. Select the candidate's registration information as the traceability object, optimize the system process, write smart contracts, web3.js connect the system and the blockchain. Experiments have proved that the automated audit function is automatically executed after candidates submit the registration form, and the average audit speed is 550ms. Reduce the workload of reviewers and improve recruitment efficiency. If the candidate has questions about the review process, the candidate can retrospectively verify whether the registration information has been tampered with through the blockchain, which ensures the fairness of the recruitment work.
Anggun Mugi Mabruroh, Favian Dewanta, Aulia Arif Wardana
Pada penelitian ini mengusulkan pembuatan perangkat Internet of Things yaitu smart energy meter dengan menerapkan sistem blockchain sebagai database. Internet of Things memiliki sistem penyimpanan secara terpusat pada database server, jika server down maka database tidak dapat digunakan dan data kemungkinan akan hilang. Terdapat sistem penyimpanan yang memiliki jaringan desentralisasi dan terdistribusi yaitu blockchain. Sistem blockchain pribadi dibuat menggunakan framework Ethereum. Data sensor akan dibaca oleh Raspberry Pi 4B dan dikirimkan ke node 1 melalui MQTT. Node 1 akan menyimpan data ke blok. Dua node akun Ethereum akan memvalidasi blok tersebut. Jika diterima maka blok akan disimpan pada blockchain dan membuat rantai blok baru. Dalam proses penyimpanan memiliki smart contract antar akun Ethereum yang dibuat menggunakan solidity dan diakses menggunakan web3 API. Data yang berhasil disimpan akan ditampilkan ke web pengguna. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran performa protokol MQTT dan sistem blockchain jika dibandingkan dengan database tradisional, maka blockchain kurang cepat dalam proses penyimpanan karena terdapat proses transaksi dan verifikasi data. Namun jika diterapkan pada data smart energy meter tidak masalah karena waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses penyimpanan maksimal 1 menit saja cukup. Jumlah node dan ukuran data atau blok tidak mempengaruhi kinerja algoritma konsensus proof of authority.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Recent advancements in digital pathology resulting from advances in imaging and digitization have increased the convenience and usability of pathology for disease diagnosis, especially in oncology, urology, and gastroenteric diagnosis. However, despite the possibilities to include low-cost diagnosis and viable telemedicine, digital pathology is not yet accessible owing to expensive storage, data security requirements, and network bandwidth limitations to transfer high-resolution images and associated data. The increase in storage, transmission, and security complexity concerning data collection and diagnosis makes it even more challenging to use artificial intelligence algorithms for machine-assisted disease diagnosis. We designed and prototyped a digital pathology system that uses blockchain-based smart contracts using the nonfungible token (NFT) standard and the Interplanetary File System for data storage. Our design remediates shortcomings in the existing digital pathology systems infrastructure, which is centralized. The proposed design is extendable to other fields of medicine that require high-fidelity image and data storage. Our solution is implemented in data systems that can improve access quality of care and reduce the cost of access to specialized pathological diagnosis, reducing cycle times for diagnosis. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> The main objectives of this study are to highlight the issues in digital pathology and suggest that a software architecture–based blockchain and the Interplanetary File System create a low-cost data storage and transmission technology. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We used the design science research method consisting of 6 stages to inform our design overall. We innovated over existing public-private designs for blockchains but using a 2-layered approach that separates actual file storage from metadata and data persistence. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Here, we identified key challenges to adopting digital pathology, including challenges concerning long-term storage and the transmission of information. Next, using accepted frameworks in NFT-based intelligent contracts and recent innovations in distributed secure storage, we proposed a decentralized, secure, and privacy-preserving digital pathology system. Our design and prototype implementation using Solidity, web3.js, Ethereum, and node.js helped us address several challenges facing digital pathology. We demonstrated how our solution, which combines NFT smart contract standard with persistent decentralized file storage, solves most of the challenges of digital pathology and sets the stage for reducing costs and improving patient care and speed of diagnosis. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> We identified technical limitations that increase costs and reduce the mass adoption of digital pathology. We presented several design innovations using NFT decentralized storage standards to prototype a system. We also presented the implementation details of a unique security architecture for a digital pathology system. We illustrated how this design can overcome privacy, security, network-based storage, and data transmission limitations. We illustrated how improving these factors sets the stage for improving data quality and standardized application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to such data. </sec>
Riri Fitri Sari, Asri Samsiar Ilmananda, Daniela M. Romano
In the current digital era, information exchanges can be done easily through the Internet and social media. However, the actual truth of the news on social media platforms is hard to prove, and social media platforms are susceptible to the spreading of hoaxes. As a remedy, Blockchain technology can be used to ensure the reliability of shared information and can create a trusted communications environment. In this study, we propose a social media news spreading model by adapting an epidemic methodology and a scale-free network. A Blockchain-based news verification system is implemented to identify the credibility of the news and its sources. The effectiveness of the model is investigated by utilizing agent-based modelling using NetLogo software. In the simulations, fake news with a truth level of 20% are assigned a low News Credibility Indicator (NCI &plusmn; -0.637) value for all of the different network dimensions. Moreover, the Producer Reputation Credit is also decreased (PRC &plusmn; 0.213) so that the trust factor value is reduced. Our epidemic approach for news verification has also been implemented using Ethereum Smart Contract and several tools such as React with Solidity, IPFS, Web3.js, and Metamask. By showing the measurements of the credibility indicator and reputation credit to the user during the news dissemination process, this proposed smart contract can effectively limit user behaviour in spreading fake news and improve the content quality on social media.
Matea Vasilj, Sven Skender, Mia Jurdana, Marko Horvat
Student non-profit organizations are a specific type of small associations that congregate students from diverse backgrounds around a common purpose. These organizations are non-profit driven, autonomous, and typically have largely similar statutes and regulations. In the context of software engineering, information systems that support their business processes have similar software requirements specifications. DESPRO is a web-based platform that fully supports principal use cases of students' non-profit organizations. The platform has three uses: accounting, voting, and fundraising management. DESPRO allows such organizations to begin with their principal operations practically immediately without unnecessary overhead. Unique features that distinguish DESPRO from other similar systems are: 1) lightweight and streamlined deployment process, 2) minimal required remote maintenance, 3) pre-defined functionalities specifically suited for student non-profit organizations, 4) user anonymity customized to specific functional requirements, 5) voting without prior user registration. The platform was developed with open-source technologies Node.js, Vue.js, Vuetify, Bootstrap, Sequalize, Axios, Web3, MariaDB, and smart contracts for Ethereum. It is freely available for noncommercial use by contacting the first author.
U ovom diplomskom radu je izrađena mobilna aplikacije za glasovanje koristeći blockchain tehnologiju. Aplikacija pruža funkcionalnost kreiranja vlastitih izbora i glasovanje na drugim izborima preko skeniranja QR koda ili unosom adrese glasovanja. Za autentikaciju je korišten Firebase servis dok je za pohranu podataka korišten ethereum blockchain uz pomoć alata Truffle, Ganache, web3 i Solidity programskog jezika. Mobilna aplikacija je kreirana unutar Flutter programskog okvira po DDD arhitekturalnom dizajnu programske podrške. Kroz rad je opisano i trenutno stanje elektroničkog glasovanja i njegove tehnologije, doprinos blockchaina konceptu mobilnog glasovanja i sigurnosne mane ovakvog načina glasovanja.
The object of research is software for financial accounting and distribution of funds in a non-profit charitable foundation using smart contracts of the Ethereum platform. The work is aimed at designing and implementing a software application for a charitable foundation, which allows to exclude the misuse of funds of a non-profit charitable foundation. The paper proposes an implementation of the Ethereum smart contract for the software of a charitable foundation. In the app, users can apply for financial aid or make a charitable donation. The request for financial support is confirmed by administrators to avoid abuse by those seeking help. Anyone who has a crypto wallet can become a sponsor by transferring funds from its account to a selected request. The sponsor remains incognito when making a charitable contribution. After collecting the entire declared amount, the funds are automatically transferred to the crypto wallet of the request’s owner. A smart contract and a corresponding decentralized web application for interacting with it were experimentally deployed, and their joint work was tested. To implement the smart contract, the Solidity programming language was chosen; developed smart contract converted to bytecode using remix. The resulting bytecode is ready to be deployed on the Ethereum platform. Decentralized web application for interacting with the contract is implemented using Web3.js, Vue.js. A rough estimate of the cost of deploying a project on the Ethereum platform has been made. The deployment and operation of smart contracts and web applications comes with a certain overhead, which is most dependent on the cost of ether. However, this is a justified price to pay for the transparency of transactions and the shadowing of the turnover of funds of the charitable foundation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for further transformation into full-fledged software with the ability to submit all reporting documents to the relevant government agencies and sponsors.
The object of research is software for financial accounting and distribution of funds in a non-profit charitable foundation using smart contracts of the Ethereum platform. The work is aimed at designing and implementing a software application for a charitable foundation, which allows to exclude the misuse of funds of a non-profit charitable foundation. The paper proposes an implementation of the Ethereum smart contract for the software of a charitable foundation. In the app, users can apply for financial aid or make a charitable donation. The request for financial support is confirmed by administrators to avoid abuse by those seeking help. Anyone who has a crypto wallet can become a sponsor by transferring funds from its account to a selected request. The sponsor remains incognito when making a charitable contribution. After collecting the entire declared amount, the funds are automatically transferred to the crypto wallet of the request’s owner. A smart contract and a corresponding decentralized web application for interacting with it were experimentally deployed, and their joint work was tested. To implement the smart contract, the Solidity programming language was chosen; developed smart contract converted to bytecode using remix. The resulting bytecode is ready to be deployed on the Ethereum platform. Decentralized web application for interacting with the contract is implemented using Web3.js, Vue.js. A rough estimate of the cost of deploying a project on the Ethereum platform has been made. The deployment and operation of smart contracts and web applications comes with a certain overhead, which is most dependent on the cost of ether. However, this is a justified price to pay for the transparency of transactions and the shadowing of the turnover of funds of the charitable foundation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for further transformation into full-fledged software with the ability to submit all reporting documents to the relevant government agencies and sponsors.
Philipp Winter, Anna Harbluk Lorimer, Peter J. Snyder, Benjamin Livshits
Much of the recent excitement around decentralized finance (DeFi) comes from hopes that DeFi can be a secure, private, less centralized alternative to traditional finance systems. However, people moving to DeFi sites in hopes of improving their security and privacy may end up with less of both as recent attacks have demonstrated. In this work, we improve the understanding of DeFi by conducting the first Web measurements of the security, privacy, and decentralization properties of popular DeFi front ends. We find that DeFi applications -- or dapps -- suffer from the same security and privacy risks that frequent other parts of the Web but those risks are greatly exacerbated considering the money that is involved in DeFi. Our results show that a common tracker can observe user behavior on over 56% of websites we analyzed and many trackers on DeFi sites can trivially link a user's Ethereum address with PII (e.g., user name or demographic information), or phish users by initiating fake Ethereum transactions. Lastly, we establish that despite claims to the opposite, because of companies like Amazon and Cloudflare operating significant Web infrastructure, DeFi as a whole is considerably less decentralized than previously believed.
Hoan-Suk Choi, Min‐Young Park, You-Bin Song, Woo-Seop Rhee
공유경제는 잉여자원을 공유하여 수익을 발생시키는 경제 모델로 물품뿐만 아니라 숙박과 같은 각종 인프라의 공유가 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 최근 발생한 코로나 19로 인해 비대면 거래가 증가하면서 전자거래 분쟁이 증가하고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 블록체인 기반의 신뢰적 거래 플랫폼을 제안한다. 제안하는 플랫폼은 이더리움 블록체인을 사용하여 거래 정보 및 송금 내역과 같은 중요 정보를 보안성 및 불변성의 특성을 가진 블록에 저장하여 부인방지를 지원하며, 정보의 객관적 보관으로 거래 주체 간 신뢰를 향상시킨다. 동시에 블록체인의 저장 공간 제약 및 트랜잭션 지연 문제를 최소화하기 위해 가변적 데이터를 별도의 서버로 처리한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 신뢰적 거래를 위한 로그인, 구매, 구매확정, 대여, 반납 및 배상 등의 절차를 제안하였으며, 이를 스마트 컨트랙트로 구현하였다. 결과적으로 Web3.js 기반으로 신뢰적 중고거래 서비스 DApp을 개발하였다.
Crowdfunding is a popular method for raising funds for various projects, where a large number of individuals contribute a small amount of money to finance a particular project. It provides an opportunity for entrepreneurs, startups, and artists to seek financial support from the general public, rather than relying on traditional funding sources such as venture capitalists, banks, and angel investors. This project aims to create a decentralized crowdfunding platform using Ethereum blockchain technology. The platform allows creators to post projects with funding goals and deadlines, and investors can contribute funds to these projects. Smart contracts are used to manage the crowdfunding process, ensuring that funds are released only when milestones are met, and that investors have a say in the progress of the project. The platform is designed to be transparent, secure, and accessible to anyone with an internet connection. By using blockchain technology, the platform eliminates the need for intermediaries, reduces transaction fees, and enables global participation. This project demonstrates the potential of blockchain technology in transforming traditional funding models and enabling decentralized innovation. The platform utilizes various features of Solidity, including structs, mappings, and events, to enable the creation, management, and tracking of projects, milestones, and investments. The web interface is developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, with a Node.js backend that interacts with the smart contracts using the web3.js library.
Kemal Turksonmez, Marcin Furtak, Mike P. Wittie, David L. Millman
Blockchain transactions compete for limited space in blockchain blocks. Miners prefer to include transactions with higher fees into new blocks. In the context of Ethereum, gas price price oracles predict fees such that transactions submitted at those fees make it into a block within a target delay. In practice, however, oracles are not accurate, which makes it difficult for distributed applications to operate predictable services in terms of price and performance.To understand oracle performance we define a new gas prediction accuracy metric. We demonstrate that oracles underprice transactions, causing them to miss the delay target, as well as overprice transactions, causing them to meet the delay target, but at a higher than necessary cost. We provide comparative analysis of five gas price oracles showing their relative accuracy, transaction accept rates, price stability, and discuss factors that influence oracle accuracy. We observe that the ETHGasStation oracle produces the most accurate and stable price predictions. For users that prefer to run their own oracle Web3.py provides comparable performance.
Mohd Anuar Mat Isa, Muzaffar Hamzah, Daimler Benz Alebaba
A variety of mobile devices and applications have spread the usability of blockchain solutions to over 5.27 billion unique mobile phone users. The rising of Bitcoin price up to USD 50,000 in March 2021 has made many blockchain mobile wallets and smart contracts DApps popular for current and future investment of cryptocurrency and digital-asset managements. To understand the trend, this chapter will present the design and implementation of mobile blockchain DApps using Android Studio together with Ethereum smart contract as the digital-asset management tool. Java Android and Ethereum Web3-Java APIs will be demonstrated as a practical deployment of the mobile DApps. The logic and decision-making of the mobile DApps will be demonstrated and coded as a smart contract. The source codes of the mobile DApps and smart-contract were published in Github as open-source codes for those who are interested to build and run the project.
Blockchain Technology has grabbed a lot of attention in the past few decades as an emerging technology majorly for crypto-exchanges. However, in 2-3 years, blockchain technology has gone through a path of diffusion across domains which are way on the far side, from its initial fintech applications. Media, Telecommunication, life sciences, defense, healthcare, government, etc., are industries where rapid adoption of this technology is seen. The education sector can also benefit from this technology's pertinent features, such as immutability, distributed ledger, and transparency. Record management, course evaluation, assistive learning environment, transcripts protection, and verification are the potential areas where institutional organizations can utilize blockchain. VerifyB is a blockchain-based system that promotes interoperability between institutions/ organizations to manage and assure students' records without any third-party entity intervention. The system is deployed on Ethereum Blockchain. It defines how blockchain technology can be adopted and leveraged to store students' educational records using IPFS (Interplanetary File System). It proposes how students can share their transcripts with institutions and employers using QR codes. Also, institutions can sign those records with access control using web3, and the authenticated employers can verify those transcripts and the signatures on the same platform. This system will help students as well as institutions to maintain security and transparency at the same time. Based on the analysis, VerifyB is a reliable, completely decentralized, secure, and tamper-proof system that implements storage, maintenance, and verification of educational records.
Permissionless computation is one of the missing pieces in the web3 stack in order to have all the tools needed to “decentralise Internet services”. There are already proposals to embed computation in decentralised networks like smart contracts, or blockchain networks for computational offloading. Although technically sound, their computational model is too restrictive to be used for general purpose computation. In this paper, we propose a general architecture of a decentralised network for general-purpose and permissionless computation based on content-addressing. We present a proof-of-concept prototype and describe in detail its building blocks.
Navin V. Keizer, Fan Yang, Ioannis Psaras, George Pavlou
Initiatives such as blockchains and decentralized storage networks are pushing for a decentralized Web3 to replace the current architecture. At the core of Web3 are network resource sharing services, which allow anyone to sell spare network capacity in return for rewards. These services require a way to establish trust, as parties are potentially malicious. This can be achieved by reputation systems. In this paper we make the case for using deep reinforcement learning in Web3 reputation calculation. More specifically, we propose a model which allows for decentralized calculation of scores with high personalization for the user.