The article presents the analysis and evaluation of the essence of bitcoin (and other cryptocurrencies) from the perspective of its (their) adaptability to the Muslim concept of money. From an economic point of view in the so-called Western culture, all the classical functions of money cannot be fully attributed to bitcoin. Although it performs the function of an exchange medium and the means of payment, it does not fulfil the role of a value storing instrument and thus proves to be a defective measure of value. In the Islamic world, the perception of bitcoin as money is a more complex problem because its economic presentation overlaps with religious issues. Such relationship results in a situation when the answer to the question: can bitcoin be approached as money, is formulated on the basis of a subjective interpretation of the Sharia law, which is also ambiguous.
Recently, Halal food has drawn remarkable attention of many consumers around the world. Besides to being unsafe, Halal food such as meat can encounter several issues throughout its supply chain and logistics. At any time, Halal integrity is not guaranteed and risks of becoming non-Halal is the major concern of all parties along the supply chain. To respond to Muslim consumersâ trust concerns in Halal food, many traceability systems were proposed in previous studies based on emerging technologies and recommended to be incorporated into Halal food supply chains. Nevertheless, all of these systems are centralized, opaque and not enough transparent. To mitigate these problems, blockchain technology is introduced as a ground-breaking innovation with greater decentralization, visibility and transparency. This paper makes a major contribution in suggesting Halal meat supply chain traceability system for real-time food tracing based on embedding Islamic dietary law into HACCP, blockchain and Internet of Things.
Mahadi Hasan Miraz, Mohamad Ghozali Hasan, Kamal Imran Mohd Sharif
Bangladesh garments industry plays a significant role for Bangla--desh economy. It helps millions of workers in Bangladesh. As difficulties to trade among nations have failed due to improved shipping systems, technology transfer and government coopera--tion, the industry has seen a rapid increase in globalization and struggle. The all Bangladesh apparels mills association and indi--viduals needs to enhance the quality of its goods. However, the promises in the RMG can be comprehended only if the challenges in some areas like - organizations, compliances, workforces sup--ply, dealers' performances, raw resources, political stability are tackled. In order to minimize the issues we need a proper supply chain using Blockchain.
Traceability system is a system that is able to record product movements along the supply chain and trace them back. In the food supply chain, traceability systems are considered important to ensure the safety of a product. There are two data architectures commonly used in traceability systems namely one-step-forward and one-step-back and aggregated information model architecture. In one-stepforward and one-step-back architectures, tracing process takes a long time and does not guarantee the integrity of the data. In aggregated architecture, data is integrated but rely on third parties as data managers. This research explores the possibility of another type of architecture, which is the blockchain based system. Blockchain based system allows an integrated system to occur without third party by distributing all data to each member of the supply chain involved. Exploration is done by making the FoodTrail Blockchain design using four blockchain system abstraction layers. FoodTrail Blockchain records and tracks the transfer and transformation of food products in the supply chain. Transfer and transformation are stored in the blockchain and can be traced using depth first search algorithm. The design was then implemented in a prototype using the Hyperledger Sawtooth framework. The prototype that are built are evaluated based on aspects that must be considered in the traceability system (breadth, depth, precision, and access) and blockchain (distributed, verified, and immutable). The evaluation shows that FoodTrail Blockchain fulfilled the distributed, verified, and immutable aspect. The system has low performance in transaction handling related to breadth and depth aspect due to limited server capacity and complicated process. However the system has advantages related to access and precision aspect, because all transaction is verified, immutable, and stored locally in every node.
Yusuf Sani Abubakar, Ahmad Faosiy Ogunbado, Mpawenimana Abdallah Saidi
Bitcoin is a type of cryptocurrency and the most successful in blockchain management. It has become famous in recent years. The critical aspects of cryptocurrency are its legitimacy, source of money laundering, tax evasion, lack of regulation etc. The aim of this study is to explore the view of Muslim scholars on the legality of bitcoin with respect to Shariah. The study adopts doctrinal approach which utilizes descriptive approach of qualitative research methodology which relies on secondary data in form of text books, journals, newspapers, related websites etc. The study found that Muslim scholars are divided on the issue. A part of them completely rejected bitcoin and considered it against Shariah principles. On the other hand, some Muslim scholars believe bitcoin does not contradict Islamic principles and therefore may be used, however with certain conditions. The researchers tend to support the proponentsâ view as most of the opponentsâ grounds for the rejection are temporary in nature which may be covered through policy regulations.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate meat traceability by outlining the different perspectives and opinions of meat supply chain stakeholders (SCSs); it also evaluates potential of acceptance of blockchain technology (BCT) as a viable transparency and traceability system (TTS). Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey of 141 consumers reveals their opinions about TTSs. In addition, semi-structured interviews with seven retail managers, four government officials and one blockchain service provider (Project Provenance Ltd) provide expert insights. Findings The results demonstrate that consumers are overwhelmed by the amount and complexity of certification labels. As a TTS, BCT implementation appears to have significant positive influences on consumersâ purchasing decisions, mediated by consumersâ quality perceptions. This study reveals the discordant perspectives of different stakeholders with regard to the importance of a BCT-based TTS. Originality/value This study investigates current TTSs and certification labels, and probes customer perception of a potential BCT-based solution for meat traceability. Changes to supply chainsâ mentality and the active establishment of trust in BCT applications are needed. Firms should take both holistic and altruistic views to deal with the challenges of TTSs in the meat supply chain. The adoption of BCT, in combination with DNA coding, seems promising as a solution to many of the issues that currently plague TTSs.
The Holy Quran is the fundamental Islamic scripture revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon him) for the past 1400 years. In todayâs Internet, there exist online sources which provide incomplete or false Quranic text which may either be published deliberately or unintentionally. The research investigates the possibility of developing a digital trust framework that secures the integrity of the Quranic text using blockchain technology. The research uses blockchain technology as the emerging secured distributed ledger to establish digital trust. The Ethereum blockchain platform was used to validate the proposed framework. The proposed digital trust framework was developed in a three-level architecture consisting of participants, digital trust and Quranic text. The key components of the proposed framework were found useful in Ethereum blockchain platform for effective use in distributed ledger, distributed consensus, smart contract, decentralized application development and cryptographic algorithms for database encryption and user authentication in Whisper, Swarm and Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The findings show the effectiveness, efficiency and usability of the proposed digital trust framework on the Ethereum blockchain platform and demonstrate how user of Quran and blockchain miner interact with the system to verify and validate Quranic content. The research has recommended the use of blockchain technology to secure the integrity of the Quranic text. The work facilitates the protection of the Quranic text as well as proving a mean to verify the authenticity of the Quranic content.
In response to food contamination scandals worldwide, retail giant Walmart is tackling food safety in the supply chain using blockchain technology. In 2016, it established the Walmart Food Safety Collaboration Center in Beijing and plans to invest $25 million over five years to research global food safety (Yiannas and Liu, 2017). Using IBMâs blockchain solution based on Hyperledger Fabric, Walmart has successfully completed two blockchain pilots: pork in China and mangoes in the Americas (IBM, 2017). With a farm-to-table approach, Walmartâs blockchain solution reduced time for tracking mango origins from seven days to 2.2 seconds and promoted greater transparency across Walmartâs food supply chain (Yiannas, 2017). IBM called it âcomplete end-to-end traceabilityâ (McDermott, 2017). The case highlights the challenges of implementing blockchain technology in the food supply chain and the opportunities for deploying blockchain solutions throughout the global food ecosystem to increase safety and reduce waste.
The work conducted for this thesis is meant to benefit both industry and the scientific community. Creating an assessment for blockchain technology in a specific industrial (supply chain) setting and later expand to a more general setting might prove useful for companies planning to use blockchain in the future or wanting to understand blockchain technology better. There is scarce academic research on blockchain technology in fields besides computer science and finance. Expanding the research territory is key to understand this new technological trend and in the case of supply chain management, blockchain technology might prove to be a key technological development in the years to come. This thesis is formed as an assessment of the strategic fit of blockchain technology in Norwegian fish supply chains. Further, the key findings from this specific strategic fit is used to find indicators for which types of supply chains blockchain technology could bring positive strategic implications. The thesis is structured so that relevant scientific theory and data is presented before making an assessment of the strategic fit and discussing the implications. Using the theory on supply chain management Fisher (1997) and Lee (2002) and key supply chain management objectives together with theory on innovation, through Rogers (1962), the following research questions were answered.\n\nRQ1: Why is blockchain technology beneficial for fish supply chains?\nRQ1.1: How is it beneficial?\nRQ1.2: Does the findings indicate benefits for other supply chains?\n\nThe research arrived at the conclusion that Norwegian fish supply chains might benefit from blockchain technology. This is mainly a conclusion drawn by the fact that Norwegian aquaculture producers were viewed to have lean supply chains and have functional products in the material flows as found through the models of Fisher (1997) and Lee (2002), and that the supply chain management objectives cost, quality and sustainability, with the cost and quality being integral to lean supply chain practices, were found to get the highest advantages. In addition, blockchain technology was found to benefit lean supply chains in general, especially food supply chains.
Julius Cancer Zain, Gema Tedja Nugraha, Raden Didiet Rachmat Hidayat, Tenaka Budiman ¡ 5 authors
Since Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population, the demand for halal products is increasing. Indonesia has not taken the advantage of these opportunities, such as, the implementation of supply chain activities were not integrated with stakeholders like suppliers, factories, transportation, logistics and retailers. This is what has happened in PT Multi Terminal Indonesia warehousing with their halal storage. This paper explains the problem with a private blockchain technology that will help the integration and transparency of every data activities from stakeholders. This paper uses SWOT analysis and Qualitative research to determine the impact and to clearly describe the application of this system. The result of the analysis of the occurrence of collaboration between stakeholders in halal supply chain activities is synergistic and transparent. The use of the Private Blockchain will increase customer trust in halal products which raises awareness of the importance of halal supply chain. Moreover, private blockchain in transportation and logistics activities can be accessed by the customer through smartphones QR code to achieve lean logistics. It changes the mindset of consumers to switch and believe in using products based on the Halal supply chain so that Indonesians escape from the current issue of religion. The writersâ propose is to manage the Halal supply chain with the Private Blockchain in Indonesia by the Government,in this case the designated State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). To introduce this system the government must socialize the above and below the Line.
Halal supply chains are vulnerable due to their credence quality attributes, importance of maintaining halal integrity throughout the supply chain, need to avoid doubt, lack of control of food norms, and sensitivity of the Muslim consumer towards halal. These vulnerabilities make halal supply chains complex to design, manage, and optimise. Transparency of halal supply chains is needed in order to ensure trust and authenticity of a halal brand. The principle of a shared database that is safe, open and verifiable without a central operator is an attractive proposition to embed trust and authenticity for halal food, cosmetics, home care, and pharmaceuticals.