Blockchain Papers

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Dec 19, 2017·Computer Law Review International
7 cites
Distributed Ledger, Joint Control? – Blockchains and the GDPR’s Transparency Requirements

Paulina Jo Pesch, Christian Sillaber

The authors discuss the application of the EU General Data Protection Regulation’s transparency requirements to distributed ledger (DL) systems. In Section II. the relevant characteristics of DL systems are outlined. Section III. deals with the question of the applicability of the GDPR to DL systems. In Section IV., the authors discuss whether DL system participants can be considered controllers or even joint controllers that are obliged to determine their responsibilities in an arrangement pursuant to Art. 26 paras. 1, 2 GDPR. The conclusion in Section V. includes an outlook to possible approaches to improving transparency in DL systems.

Open access
2 source records
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
Original source
Dec 1, 2017·International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution
3 cites
ODR and Blockchain

M. van der Linden

This presentation is about blockchain in the context of ODR. My job is threefold: explain to you what blockchain is, how it operates and why it is relevant for ODR. In the programme it says: “A primer, and discussion, on what is the blockchain and consideration of its potential role in resolving, if not pre-empting, disputes and thus its relevance to ODR.” However, later this afternoon, there is a session on smart contracts. So for now: just the basics, very briefly.

2 source records
European and International Contract Law
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Original source
Nov 27, 2017·Zeitschrift Interne Revision/ZIR digital
0 cites
Bitcoin und andere Kryptowährungen

Steffen Röttger, Burkhard von Spreckelsen

No abstract is available for this record.

Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Oct 1, 2017·TalTech Journal of European Studies
24 cites
Smart Contracting: A Multidisciplinary and Proactive Approach for the EU Digital Single Market

María Claudia Solarte-Vásquez, Katrin Nyman-Metcalf

Abstract Smart contracting (SC) is a proactive proposal to operationalize the relational contract theory for the upgrade and improvement of legally relevant exchange. The dynamic institutional environment of the European Union (EU) is a suitable framework for this proposal. SC addresses the interests of the business management, law and information technology practices with a perspective of influence in digital exchange, communication processes and other human and human-machine interactions. This position paper restates the advantages of the concept by highlighting the practical transition pathway SC offers to moderate the growing haste towards the embeddedness of exchange in automated and distributed models. This theoretical contribution supports the systematization of the proactive and legal design research field, and explains the characterization, operationalization and specification of the SC concept.

Open access
European and International Contract Law
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Original source
Jun 15, 2017·Informatik-Spektrum
17 cites
Smart Contracts

Daniel Hellwig, Goran Karlic, Arnd Huchzermeier

This chapter looks beyond the novelty of self-executing ‘smart contracts’ in blockchain networks and explores developments against the background fact that commercial parties have, for centuries, used documentary credit to simulate autonomous performance. Blockchain-based smart contracts and documentary credit share three core functionalities which are essential to any effective autonomous performance, analogue or digital—they both (i) act through internalized media of exchange; (ii) operate as closed systems; and (iii) provide means of securing sufficient resources to guarantee contractual performance. Using these three functionalities as a framework, this chapter conducts a comparative analysis of mechanisms for effecting autonomous contractual performance in a commercial setting. From this comparison, a few hypotheses are drawn regarding the potential areas where smart contract technology is more likely to find fruitful application. In particular, the chapter considers potential limitations to applying smart contracts to scenarios beyond digital asset transfers, how dispute resolution mechanisms should be designed to complement (rather impair) the autonomous nature of contractual performance under smart contracts, and potential capital cost implications which might arise in some cases when parties seek to replace human intermediaries with smart contracts.

Open access
34 source records
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
European and International Contract Law
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Apr 24, 2017·BORIS (University Library Bern)
2 cites
Von der Blockchain zu Smart Contracts

Jana Essebier, Dominic Andreas Wyss

No abstract is available for this record.

Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Diverse Legal and Medical Studies
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI)
9 cites
Die Blockchain im Spannungsfeld der Grundsätze der Datenschutzgrundverordnung

Ninja Marnau

Blockchain-Technologie und auf ihr basierende Smart Contracts erfahren aktuell große Aufmerksamkeit. Egal ob Finanztransaktionen, eHealth oder eGovernment, für zahlreiche Anwendungsfelder wird der Einsatz von Blockchain-Technologie in Betracht gezogen. In jüngster Zeit mehren sich jedoch auch kritische Stimmen, die die kryptographischen und Konsens-Prinzipien dieser Technologie für unvereinbar mit der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten und somit den Grundsätzen des Datenschutzrechts halten. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Eignung verschiedener Blockchain-Technologien für die Erfüllung der Grundsätze für die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten gemäß Artikel 5 der EU Datenschutzgrundverordnung wie u.a. Rechenschaftspflicht, Speicherbegrenzung und Betroffenenrechten zu analysieren.

Open access
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Medical and Health Sciences Research
Diverse Legal and Medical Studies
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·Austrian law journal
0 cites
Bitcoin-Miner als Prosumer:

Tina Ehrke-Rabel, Iris Eisenberger, Elisabeth Hödl, Lily Zechner

Distribuierte Systeme, wie die Bitcoin-Blockchain, stellen das Recht vor neue Herausforderungen. Das disruptive Potential liegt unter anderem im Fehlen einer zentralen, verantwortlichen Kontrollinstanz, an die das Recht traditionell anknupft, und im Verschwimmen der Rollen von „ProduzentInnen“ und „KonsumentInnen“ innerhalb des Systems. Die Erzeugung von Kryptowahrungen, wie Bitcoin, mittels „Proof of Work“ und die gleichzeitige Validierung von Transaktionen zwischen NetzwerknutzerInnen (sog „Mining“) ist ein Beispiel dafur, dass die rechtlich etablierten Kategorien heute fur eine effiziente Rechtsdurchsetzung unzureichend sind. „Mining“ kann rechtlich zwar als Glucksspiel iSd osterreichischen GSpG eingeordnet werden. Konsequenz dieser Einordnung sind allerdings Probleme beim Vollzug des folglich anwendbaren Ordnungs-, Abgaben- und Strafrechts. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Regulierung von „Peer to Peer“-Systemen neue Losungsansatze erfordert, sodass dem Staat seine rechtliche Steuerungsfunktion erhalten bleibt.

Open access
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Diverse Legal and Medical Studies
Law and Political Science
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·Neue Juristische Wochenschrift: NJW
29 cites
Rechtliche Aspekte der Blockchain

Joachim Schrey, Thomas Thalhofer

No abstract is available for this record.

Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Diverse Legal and Medical Studies
Medical and Health Sciences Research
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·SSRN Electronic Journal
4 cites
Bitcoin-Miner Als Prosumer: Eine Frage Staatlicher Regulierung? Dargestellt Am Beispiel Des Gllcksspielrechts (Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Bitcoin Mining as a Form of Prosuming)

Tina Ehrke-Rabel, Iris Eisenberger, Elisabeth HHdl, Lily Zechner

German Abstract: Distribuierte Systeme, wie die Bitcoin-Blockchain, stellen das Recht vor neue Herausforderungen. Das disruptive Potential liegt unter anderem im Fehlen einer zentralen, verantwortlichen Kontrollinstanz, an die das Recht traditionell anknüpft, und im Verschwimmen der Rollen von „ProduzentInnen“ und „KonsumentInnen“ innerhalb des Systems. Die Erzeugung von Kryptowährungen, wie Bitcoin, mittels „Proof of Work“ und die gleichzeitige Validierung von Transaktionen zwischen NetzwerknutzerInnen (sog „Mining“) ist ein Beispiel dafür, dass die rechtlich etablierten Kategorien heute für eine effiziente Rechtsdurchsetzung unzureichend sind. „Mining“ kann rechtlich zwar als Glücksspiel iSd österreichischen GSpG eingeordnet werden. Konsequenz dieser Einordnung sind allerdings Probleme beim Vollzug des anwendbaren Ordnungs-, Abgaben- und Strafrechts. Regulierung von „Peer-to-Peer“-Systemen erfordert neue Lösungsansätze, um staatliche Steuerungsfunktionen zu erhalten. English Abstract: Distributed ledgers, such as the Bitcoin blockchain, create new challenges for authorities and legislators alike. The technology is considered disruptive due to the lack of a responsible legal entity and because the lines are blurred between the “producers” and “consumers” operating within it. The creation of cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, through “proof of work” and the simultaneous validation of transactions between users of the network (so called “mining”) perfectly illustrate how established legal categories are insufficient to achieve effective law enforcement at present. This paper shows that according to Austrian law, “mining” qualifies as a gamble. In that case, the applicable provisions of Austrian regulatory, tax and criminal law are, however, hardly enforceable. It follows that the regulation of “peer to peer”-systems requires an innovative approach, in order for the state to remain a key player in managing society.

Open access
2 source records
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Criminal Law and Policy
Law and Political Science
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)
3 cites
«Smart Contracts» und deren Einordnung in das schweizerische Vertragsrecht

Stephan Meyer, Benedikt Schuppli

Die Blockchain-Technologie ist zurzeit in aller Munde. Der vorliegende Aufsatz widmet sich Smart Contracts und deren Einordnung in das schweizerische Vertragsrecht. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Qualifikation möglicher Rechtsverhältnisse zwischen Nutzern, Minern und Blockchain-Entwicklern sowie auf den Rechtsfolgen bei Diskrepanzen zwischen Smart Contracts und Verträgen im rechtlichen Sinne. Im Rahmen eines Ausblicks wird schliesslich die Frage erörtert, welche Bedeutung Verträgen in einer Zukunft mit sicheren, autonomen und pseudonymen Systemen zukommen wird.

Open access
European and International Contract Law
Diverse Legal and Medical Studies
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Original source
Jan 1, 2017·European Data Protection Law Review
195 cites
Blockchains and Data Protection in the European Union

Michèle Finck

This article examines data protection on blockchains and other forms of distributed ledger technology. Whereas the General Data Protection Regulation was fashioned for centralised methods of data collection, storage and processing, blockchains decentralise each of these processes. We engage with the resulting tensions in the below analysis.

Open access
2 source records
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
European Criminal Justice and Data Protection
Original source
Dec 14, 2016·arXiv (Cornell University)
69 cites
Smart Contract Templates: essential requirements and design options

Christopher D. Clack, Vikram A. Bakshi, Lee Braine

Smart Contract Templates support legally-enforceable smart contracts, using operational parameters to connect legal agreements to standardised code. In this paper, we explore the design landscape of potential formats for storage and transmission of smart legal agreements. We identify essential requirements and describe a number of key design options, from which we envisage future development of standardised formats for defining and manipulating smart legal agreements. This provides a preliminary step towards supporting industry adoption of legally-enforceable smart contracts.

Open access
2 source records
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Original source