In recent years, Blockchain technology has been mentioned for many times in the fields of finance, Internet and energy, and it is a distributed data ledger that is decentralized, authentic, reliable, traceable open and transparent. Blockchain is constantly figuring out how to integrate with other industries. This paper analyzes the current situation in the field of medical devices of China by combing the Annual Report on Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring from 2013-2019, and using the compound annual average growth rate. The analysis found that this field has pain points such as lack of third-party regulation and difficulty in traceability, and then it proposed the specific application of blockchain technology in the field of medical devices to solve the problems in this field.
The prediction of the financial market has gradually attracted attention from investors. As an emerging market, digital currency has become an indispensable and essential part. The common analysis methods are mainly machine learning and its derivatives. The daily frequency data of Bitcoin prices are obtained in this paper from June 2018 to September 2020. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to predict Bitcoin prices. In the model, the input observation sequence of the model is selected, including closing price, trading volume, and hidden state. They are in line with the current mainstream market perception: bull market, stable, and bear market. The results show that the relative error of the short-term forecast is relatively low, 0.347%. Compared with traditional models and machine learning methods, the Hidden Markov Model can better identify the state of the digital currency market and predict the direction of price movements, which verifies its application feasibility in the financial market.
According to today's education system, the content, applicability, quality and performance measurement criteria of the courses may vary according to countries, educational institutions and educators. Because of incorrect performance measurement, hidden skills disappear before they appear. Thanks to the graduation diploma it is observed that people with less than professional knowledge and skills come to better places than those who are more knowledgeable and skilled. In addition, due to the lack of a proper training plan according to the target learning community, boredom and financial problems may arise due to long periods of education. In this study, while trying to avoid material and temporal problems, a blockchain-based lifelong learning platform whose content, processing, reliability, decentralized, open to continuous and rapid accessibility, and evaluation criteria and method is completely objective is proposed. Thanks to this platform, the diplomas to be received by the students who have successfully passed the end-of-education exams will be time-stamped, immutable, safe and traceable. At the same time, all these documents, storage of training contents, diplomas, certificates, post-training exams and all related files , will be kept accessible, secure and immutable thanks to IPFS, the Inter Planetary File System. Achievements, employer and employee pools to be created according to the achievements, and a recruitment contract to be realized will be controlled by smart contracts and absolute reliability and objectivity will be ensured. All these concepts will be made available through a decentralized application (DApp) which will run on a private blockchain network that requires a partial permission to be established.
With the development of the times and the rapid progress of science and technology, blockchain technology has been widely used in various industries. With the intensification of social competitiveness, the employment situation in the job market in recent years is more severe. For employers, using blockchain technology to help human resource management can improve work efficiency while saving related resource costs. Therefore, blockchain technology has also been widely used in human resource management. This article will conduct a more in-depth analysis and research on the application prospects of blockchain technology in human resource management in the future.
To extend a broad application of blockchain technology to the fields of online English education, this paper aims to improve a virtual platform for English teaching and learning of landscape design majors, mainly composed of presentation layer, business layer, and data layer by analyzing the performance of the proposed algorithm, and comparing with other existing algorithms. In the platform, through the service layer, the communication between the presentation layer and the data layer is completed, and the data in the data layer is transferred to the presentation layer. The user first establishes a connection with the server in the presentation layer. Using the transmitted data information, the server assigns an identifier to the user and establishes a role model. Users can download the teaching courseware through the server and simulate the real learning scene by controlling the interaction of XAML files. The results show that the virtual teaching platform makes the interconnection of users (students and teachers), machines, and things at any time and any place; realizes information self-verification, transmission, deep unsupervised learning, and management; and gives students a more realistic visual experience in high security.
BACKGROUND: Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the use of agent-based systems in the healthcare system have attracted various researchers to improve the efficiency and utility in the Electronic Health Records (EHR). Nowadays, one of the most important and creative developments is the integration of AI and Blockchain that is, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to enable better and decentralized governance. Privacy and security is a critical piece in EHR implementation and/or adoption. Health records are updated every time a patient visits a doctor as they contain important information about the health and wellbeing of the patient and describes the history of care received during the past and to date. Therefore, such records are critical to research, hospitals, emergency rooms, healthcare laboratories, and even health insurance providers. METHODS: In this article, a platform employing the AI and the use of multi-agent based systems along with the DLT technology for privacy preservation is proposed. The emphasis of security and privacy is highlighted during the process of collecting, managing and distributing EHR data. RESULTS: This article aims to ensure privacy, integrity and security metrics of the electronic health records are met when such copies are not only immutable but also distributed. The findings of this work will help guide the development of further techniques using the combination of AI and multi-agent based systems backed by DLT technology for secure and effective handling EHR data. This proposed architecture uses various AI-based intelligent based agents and blockchain for providing privacy and security in EHR. Future enhancement in this work can be the addition of the biometric based systems for improved security.
In order to improve the utilization rate of agricultural big data and solve the security issues problem of multisource and heterogeneous agricultural big data, an improved agricultural big data ant colony optimization algorithm (BigDataACO) is proposed to complete the multisource agricultural big data information in the feature layer and decision-making, and the problem of multisource data fusion was solved. The swarm intelligence algorithm is a process of simulating the complex problem of populations in nature through the mutual cooperation between individuals. The algorithm has potential parallelism and strong robustness, and the algorithm does not depend on specific problems. The definition, principle, and implementation method of agricultural big data fusion problem are studied. Then, the insufficiency of big data fusion modeling algorithm is analyzed. Finally, the source and core steps of the ant colony big data fusion algorithm are studied. The experimental results show that the improved BigDataACO algorithm is verified by the measured data. Compared with K-means, D-S evidence theory, and Bayesian algorithm, the uncertainty of data fusion is greatly reduced by the improved algorithm proposed in this paper.
Nowadays, with the rapid development of network technology, the online examination mode has gradually replaced the traditional paper examination mode. This paper introduces computer technology into English teaching and studies and designs an English online test system for English subjects. The system introduces the design module and introduces the genetic algorithm for analysis. By using the artificial intelligence of the genetic algorithm to analyze the examination process, the online examination system completes a series of tasks from questions to examination results, making the examination work intelligent, standardized, and highly efficient. At the same time, it also gives candidates greater fairness and flexibility, making the entire examination process more efficient and convenient.
As a product of a new generation of technological innovation, Blockchain technology has been widely used in finance, supply chain, public services, and other fields due to its advantages of tamper-proof, timestamp, and irreversibility. With the continuous development of its technology and the accumulation of integration experience with various industries, the application of blockchain technology to the accounting industry in the transformation from man-machine cooperation mode to intelligent mode, and the realization of the integration of blockchain technology and accounting information system are urgent problems to be solved in the accounting field at home and abroad. Based on the characteristics of the integration of blockchain technology and accounting information system, the virtual currency payment, blockchain electronic invoice, hash value, and hash reference are introduced into accounting information processing flow. Based on the significance analysis of the integration of blockchain technology and accounting information system, it is proposed to construct from the aspects of virtual currency payment, a traceable data processing platform, decentralized storage platform, user credit evaluation, and others, and to carry out heuristic thinking from the aspects of setting up a research and development team of "blockchain + accounting information system," unifying laws and regulations of "blockchain + accounting information system" in various countries, and changing the concept of accounting practitioners.
Abstract With the development of Internet finance, existing financial platforms have gradually formed a large-scale, dynamic operating environment. How to ensure information security and realize personal credit evaluation is an urgent problem to be solved in the development of Internet financial platforms. The rise of blockchain technology has provided new solutions for the management of Internet financial platforms and information security. In view of the shortcomings of the current Internet financial credit evaluation, this article discusses the key standards of personal credit evaluation. With the help of blockchain, decision tree, and other technologies, this paper designs the credit evaluation process and establishes personal credit evaluation technology. Experiments and analyses show that this technology can effectively improve the transparency of personal credit information in Internet finance. This technology is used to study credit risk assessment factors and provide new solutions for the intelligent transformation and upgrading of Internet finance.
Abstract The popularity of blockchain, Bitcoin and Ethereum in 2017 can be described as an empty alley. However, the reason why such a popular technology has strong vitality must be to find the most suitable application. In view of the security and privacy, lack of resources, network transmission delay and other issues in the current Internet of Things system, analyze the advantages brought by the introduction of blockchain technology, and compare the architecture of the blockchain Internet of Things with the traditional Internet of Things system. Aiming at the problems existing in the application of blockchain IoT, a blockchain IoT architecture based on edge computing is proposed. In this architecture, the data collected by the edge device is filtered and transmitted to the fog node of the fog layer through the multi-interface base station, and the fog node reports the data processing result to the distributed cloud layer based on the blockchain. The fog layer provides positioning, and the cloud layer provides wide-area monitoring. It provides large-scale event detection, behavior analysis and long-term pattern recognition through distributed computing and storage, and combines blockchain technology to provide scalable, reliable and highly available Internet of Things services. Therefore, the proposed architecture has important reference significance for subsequent computer technology application research based on blockchain IoT technology.
Blockchain technology is a decentralized data storage method. The application of blockchain technology to virtual power plants will have an important impact on its operation mode. This paper first expounds the blockchain technology and analyzes the applicability of its combination with virtual power plants. On this basis, it designs the virtual power plant transaction and management framework based on blockchain technology, and establishes the power transaction mode of virtual power plants based on blockchain technology. Finally, on the Ethereum platform, the simulation test is carried out. The results show that the virtual power plant transaction mode based on blockchain technology, combined with the continuous double auction mechanism, can realize the peer-to-peer transaction of distributed resources and loads within the virtual power plant, promote the local elimination of distributed energy source, and reduce the cost of power transaction and energy loss.
BACKGROUND: The application of blockchain technology is being explored to improve the interoperability of patient health information between healthcare organisations while maintaining the privacy and security of data. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this scoping review is to explore and categorise the benefits and threats of blockchain technology application in a healthcare system. METHODS: Databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, IEEE, Springer, and ScienceDirect were searched using a combination of terms related to blockchain, healthcare, benefits and threats. Backward-reference list checking was conducted to identify other relevant references. Study selection process was performed in three steps based on PRISMA flow diagram. Extracted data were synthesised and presented narratively using tables and figures. RESULTS: The search resulted in 84 relevant studies that have been conducted of which only 37 unique studies were included in this review. Eight benefits of blockchain were categorised in either patient related-benefits (security and authorisation, personalised healthcare, patients' health data tracking, and patient's health status monitoring) or organisational-related benefits (health information exchange, pharmaceutical supply chain, clinical trials, and medical insurance management). Meanwhile, eight threats of blockchain were categorised into three groups: organisational threats (installation and transaction costs, interoperability issues, and lack of technical skills), social threats (social acceptance and regulations issues), and technological threats (scalability issues, authorisation and security issues, high energy consumption, and slow processing speeds). CONCLUSION: Blockchain is a viable technology that can improve the healthcare data sharing and storing system owing to its decentralisation, immutability, transparency and traceability features. However, many healthcare organisations remain hesitant to adopt blockchain technology due to threats such as security and authorisation issues, interoperability issues and lack of technical skills related to blockchain technology.
The objective of this research is to present the use of blockchain technology, the internet of things and fog computing to develop the potential of school management for smart education. By using the blockchain to record and store various pieces of information the organization will create credibility of administrative data in all departments and will reduce corruption. Data can be examined transparently, especially the financial and budget management and procurement of durable articles. Regarding the academic work and registration, it can be used to store learners' information, educational history, information of enrollment, academic results, and participation in the various activities of the educational institutions. It can create credibility in the management of information about content, learning and ability assessment results that students receive, and these can be recorded and stored in a blockchain that can be safely distributed. In addition, IoT and fog computing are integrated with AI systems embedded in various modern devices to be applied in environmental management and smart education management. IoT and fog computing help to support and respond quickly to questions about the use of all types of equipment for real-time management of executives, personnel and students, as well as creating new work and learning styles that can solve the situation of dangerous communicable diseases, such as the COVID-19 situation, or can solve emergency situations that will emerge in the future by working and studying from home. It can organize and share resources for work and learning together to access the organization from outside anywhere and at any time
BACKGROUND: Blockchain technology is leveraging its innovative potential in various sectors and its transformation of business-related processes has drawn much attention. Topics of research interest have focused on medical and health care applications, while research implications have generally concluded in system design, literature reviews, and case studies. However, a general overview and knowledge about the impact on the health care ecosystem is limited. OBJECTIVE: This paper explores a potential paradigm shift and ecosystem evolution in health care utilizing blockchain technology. METHODS: A literature review with a case study on a pioneering initiative was conducted. With a systematic life cycle analysis, this study sheds light on the evolutionary development of blockchain in health care scenarios and its interactive relationship among stakeholders. RESULTS: Four stages-birth, expansion, leadership, and self-renewal or death-in the life cycle of the business ecosystem were explored to elucidate the evolving trajectories of blockchain-based health care implementation. Focused impacts on the traditional health care industry are highlighted within each stage to further support the potential health care paradigm shift in the future. CONCLUSIONS: This paper enriches the existing body of literature in this field by illustrating the potential of blockchain in fulfilling stakeholders' needs and elucidating the phenomenon of coevolution within the health care ecosystem. Blockchain not only catalyzes the interactions among players but also facilitates the formation of the ecosystem life cycle. The collaborative network linked by blockchain may play a critical role on value creation, transfer, and sharing among the health care community. Future efforts may focus on empirical or case studies to validate the proposed evolution of the health care ecosystem.
Abstract As a new technology, blockchain can be used to analyse and process the data through the effective integration of financial resources. New financial formats or service models are produced to upgrade the financial system and promote the efficiency and quality of financial operations and service from three layers (data, rules, and application) based on customers' needs. The blockchain technology can help the financial industry to automatically and accurately identify customer credit conditions, restructure the financial market credit system, and improve the efficiency of cross‐border payment. Meanwhile, it also posed a challenge for the financial industries' development. In this paper, we systematically analysed the blockchain technology and its application in the financial and economic field and the status quo and the challenges. Finally, we provided constructive suggestions to facilitate the blockchain technology development in the financial and economic field.
Shuchih Ernest Chang, YiChian Chen, Ming-Fang Lu, Hueimin Louis Luo
BACKGROUND: In the home care industry, the assignment and tracking of care services are controlled by care centers that are centralized in nature and prone to inefficient information transmission. A lack of trust among the involved parties, information opaqueness, and large manual manipulation result in lower process efficiency. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore and demonstrate the application of blockchain and smart contract technologies to innovate/renovate home care services for harvesting the desired blockchain benefits of process transparency, traceability, and interoperability. METHODS: An object-oriented analysis/design combined with a unified modeling language tool was used to construct the architecture of the proposed home care service system. System feasibility was evaluated via an implementation test, and a questionnaire survey was performed to collect opinions from home care service respondents knowledgeable about blockchain and smart contracts. RESULTS: According to the comparative analysis results, the proposed design outperformed the existing system in terms of traceability, system efficiency, and process automation. Moreover, for the questionnaire survey, the quantitative analysis results showed that the proposed blockchain-based system had significantly (P<.001) higher mean scores (when compared with the existing system) in terms of important factors, including timeliness, workflow efficiency, automatic notifications, insurance functionality, and auditable traceability. In summary, blockchain-based home care service participants will be able to enjoy improved efficiency, better transparency, and higher levels of process automation. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain and smart contracts can provide valuable benefits to the home care service industry via distributed data management and process automation. The proposed system enhances user experiences by mitigating human intervention and improving service interoperability, transparency/traceability, and real-time response to home care service events. Efforts in exploring and integrating blockchain-based home care services with emerging technologies, such as the internet of things and artificial intelligence, are expected to provide further benefits and therefore are subject to future research.
BACKGROUND: Blockchain offers a promising new distributed technology to address the challenges of data standardization, system interoperability, security, privacy, and accessibility of medical records. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to assess the research on the use of blockchain technology for patient care and the associated challenges and to provide a research agenda for future research. METHODS: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We queried the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed research articles published up to December 2019 that examined the implementation of blockchain technology in health care settings. We identified 800 articles from which we selected 70 empirical research articles for a detailed review. RESULTS: Blockchain-based patient care applications include medical information systems, personal health records, mobile health and telemedicine, data preservation systems and social networks, health information exchanges and remote monitoring systems, and medical research systems. These blockchain-based health care applications may improve patient engagement and empowerment, improve health care provider access to information, and enhance the use of health care information for medical research. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain health information technology (HIT) provides benefits such as ensuring data privacy and security of health data, facilitating interoperability of heterogeneous HIT systems, and improving the quality of health care outcomes. However, barriers to using blockchain technology to build HIT include security and privacy vulnerabilities, user resistance, high computing power requirements and implementation costs, inefficient consensus algorithms, and challenges of integrating blockchain with existing HIT. With 51% of the research focused on medical information systems such as electronic health record and electronic medical record, and 53% of the research focused on data security and privacy issues, this review shows that HIT research is primarily focused on the use of blockchain technologies to address the current challenges HIT faces. Although Blockchain presents significant potential for disrupting health care, most ideas are in their infancy.
Anton Hasselgren, Katina Kralevska, Danilo Gligoroski, Sindre Andre Pedersen · 5 authors
BACKGROUND: Blockchain can be described as an immutable ledger, logging data entries in a decentralized manner. This new technology has been suggested to disrupt a wide range of data-driven domains, including the health domain. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to systematically review, assess and synthesize peer-reviewed publications utilizing/proposing to utilize blockchain to improve processes and services in healthcare, health sciences and health education. METHOD: A structured literature search on the topic was conducted in October 2018 relevant bibliographic databases. RESULT: 39 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The result indicates that Electronic Health Records and Personal Health Records are the most targeted areas using blockchain technology. Access control, interoperability, provenance and data integrity are all issues that are meant to be improved by blockchain technology in this field. Ethereum and Hyperledger fabric seem to be the most used platforms/frameworks in this domain. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the endeavors of using blockchain technology in the health domain are increasing exponentially. There are areas within the health domain that potentially could be highly impacted by blockchain technology.
Based on the application of blockchain technology, this paper proposes a smart library management system based on blockchain technology. The system eliminates the possibility of tampering with data by the unique workload proof mechanism and consensus mechanism in blockchain technology, and solves the problem of low efficiency and poor security of the central system by distributed accounting. At the same time, the danger of damage to the central database is dispersed, and data security is guaranteed.
BACKGROUND: In recent years, researchers have made significant efforts in advancing blockchain technology. This technology, with distinct features of decentralization and security, can be applied to many fields. In areas of health data and resource sharing, applications of blockchain technology are also emerging. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we propose a cloud health resource-sharing model based on consensus-oriented blockchain technology and have developed a simulation study on breast tumor diagnosis. METHODS: The proposed platform is built on a consortium or federated blockchain that possesses features of both centralization and decentralization. The consensus mechanisms generate operating standards for the proposed model. Open source Ethereum code is employed to provide the blockchain environment. Proof of Authority is selected as the consensus algorithm of block generation. RESULTS: Based on the proposed model, a simulation case study for breast tumor classification is constructed. The simulation includes 9893 service requests from 100 users; 22 service providers are equipped with 22 different classification methods. Each request is fulfilled by a service provider recommended by the weighted k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm. The majority of service requests are handled by 9 providers, and provider service evaluation scores tend to stabilize. Also, user priority on KNN weights significantly affects the system operation outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model is feasible based on the simulation case study for the cloud service of breast tumor diagnosis and has the potential to be applied to other applications.
BACKGROUND: Blockchain is emerging as an innovative technology for secure data management in many areas, including medical practice. A distributed blockchain network is tolerant against network fault, and the registered data are resistant to tampering and revision. The technology has a high affinity with digital medicine like mobile health (mHealth) and provides reliability to the medical data without labor-intensive third-party contributions. On the other hand, the reliability of the medical data is not insured before registration to the blockchain network. Furthermore, there are issues with regard to how the clients' mobile devices should be dealt with and authenticated in the blockchain network in order to avoid impersonation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to design and validate an mHealth system that enables the compatibility of the security and scalability of the medical data using blockchain technology. METHODS: We designed an mHealth system that sends medical data to the blockchain network via relay servers. The architecture provides scalability and convenience of operation of the system. In order to ensure the reliability of the data from clients' mobile devices, hash values with chain structure (client hashchain) were calculated in the clients' devices and the results were registered on the blockchain network. RESULTS: The system was applied and deployed in mHealth for insomnia treatment. Clinical trials for mHealth were conducted with insomnia patients. Medical data of the recruited patients were successfully registered with the blockchain network via relay servers along with the hashchain calculated on the clients' mobile devices. The correctness of the data was validated by identifying illegal data, which were made by simulating fraudulent access. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed mHealth system, blockchain combined with client hashchain, ensures compatibility of security and scalability in the data management of mHealth medical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000032951; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open- bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000037564 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/78HP5iFIw).