Abstract: This paper suggests a decentralised web hosting solution based on Web3 Storage and the Interplanetary File System (IPFS). The IPFS platform is used to host websites and store data. To guarantee that the source codes of the websites and usersâ data are preserved over the long term, all storage miner nodes on the IPFS network provide the pinning service. Websites must use an encryption technique for data storage that protects user privacy. The suggested model integrates the Web3 Storage and IPFS networks to create a platform that offers decentralised site hosting. The suggested platform guarantees the privacy, availability, and integrity.
Various metaverse applications have entered our daily life and show a promising trend that will occupy people's attention in the era of Web3. This makes interoperability across metaverses become one of the fundamental technologies in the context of multiple metaverse platforms. The aim of interoperability is to provide a seamless service for users when their requests interact with multiple metaverses. However, the development of cross-metaverse interoperability is still in its initial stage in both industry and academia. In this article, we review the state- of-the-art cross-metaverse interoperability solutions, which are designed for a dedicated purpose but do not apply to all metaverse platforms. To this end, we propose MetaOpera, a generalized cross-metaverse interoperability protocol. Connecting to MetaOpera by means of wireless communication, users and digital objects across different metaverses that rely on centralized servers or decentralized blockchains are capable of interacting with each other. We also implement a proof-of-concept mechanism for Meta- Opera, aiming at evaluating its performance with a state-of-the-art cross-metaverse solution based on the Sidechains technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the size of cross-metaverse proof and the average latency of cross-metaverse transactions using the proposed solution are about eight to three times smaller, respectively, than those of the Sidechains solution. This article also suggests a number of open issues and challenges faced by cross-metaverse interoperability that may inspire future research.
This interview, which took place in September 2021, explores the history of projects carried out by Jadu and the possibilities of Web3, NFTs, and the futures of data in the metaverse.
The purpose of blockchain technology is to solve the trust problem between people or institutions and make the communication data and network communication of the Internet. In the past, cryptography lost money. Passwords are used to protect data, and the cost is relatively high. But with blockchain, cryptography becomes valuable. The formation of blockchain has made new contributions to cryptography and done something we could not do in the past. With blockchain, cryptography is "valuable". In fact, there are many cryptographic primitives used in blockchain, such as hash, digital signature, and etc. Moreover, digital signature not only uses standard digital signature, but also uses ring signature, connectable ring signature, one-time signature, borromer ring signature, multi signature, homomorphic encryption, homomorphic commitment, accumulator, zero knowledge proof, etc. As well as the recently popular password signature toss. As mentioned above, the popularity of blockchain technology will completely break the centralized pattern, indicating the advent of a new era in the future - Web3.0. This paper focuses on the application of encryption technology in blockchain and expounds in detail the applications of such as hash function and ring signature in blockchain. This study analyzes the application of cryptography in blockchain and discusses to the development of encryption technology in the future.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Bitcoinâs uptake in Turkey has ranked among the highest in the world. Meanwhile, moral judgment about cryptocurrency has remained unsure about its comparison to other types of investment: what is a scam and what is a legitimate investment? Who is âdaringly visionaryâ and who is merely âgullibleâ or âblindedâ by illusory promise? Displacing decidedly North American stories of Bitcoinâs origins and âWeb3â futures, this article considers the local appeal and sociotechnical potential of cryptocurrencies and blockchain-centric innovation. I analyze the open-endedness of such potential as well as its foreclosures. The case of Turkey shows that speculation regarding cryptocurrency not only implies wagering on price developments, but it also entails speculating about the possible, plausible or expectable futures of technological innovation. Blockchain-based innovation has elicited myths of the technological sublime and utopian sentiment, as it promises to usher in disruptive futures hardly imaginable from the vantage point of the present. Referencing Simondonâs philosophy of technology, my main question is: how do speculative technologies and discourses shape the present, along with the futures that emerge from it? Drawing on interviews with speculators in combination with a digital methods analysis of Turkish âcrypto Twitterâ, my answer highlights the asymmetries and inequalities of media ecologies as well as discursive contestations over the boundaries between the possible/impossible, realism/utopianism and common sense/idiocy. Moreover, engaging theories of utopia by Srnicek and Williams, Stengers, and Jameson, I ponder, what would a speculative engagement with seemingly âimplausibleâ or âimpossibleâ futures comprise that deserves not to be dismissed as simply gullible or as blinded by the technological sublime?
The promise of digital asset ownership and transfer through Web3 technologies has been countered with concern for its significant energy consumption. To manage this sustainability issue while still encouraging innovation requires collective action on technology, tracking, and policy. In the summer of 2022, Intel and the Linux Foundation hosted a roundtable of stakeholders from across the Web3 ecosystem to discuss how various communities define and practice sustainability. The roundtable discussed solutions across different dimensions, such as more computationally efficient blockchains, the use of green energy, and implementing technical and accounting standards. The report summarizes three areas of action: governance of ecosystems, cultivation of knowledge, and greater advocacy for infrastructure innovation.
Ge Wang, Rui Qin, Juanjuan Li, FeiâYue Wang ¡ 6 authors
This article proposes a novel parallel management mode based on decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) for enterprises by utilizing the artificial systems, computational experiments, parallel execution (ACP) approach, parallel intelligence theory, and blockchain technologies, to realize the distributed management of an enterprise. The artificial enterprise DAO (EnDAO) corresponding to the actual enterprise is constructed, and they constitute a parallel system via virtualâreal interaction and parallel execution. Through the non-fungible token (NFT)-based incentive mechanism, metaverse-based virtual learning and training, as well as DAO-based distributed management and decision-making, the management and control of the actual enterprise as well as its employees can be carried out. By virtue of the virtualâreal interactions of three types of employees, as well as the virtualâreal feedback of three closed loops in the parallel systems, DAO-based parallel management for enterprises can realize descriptive intelligence, predictive intelligence, and prescriptive intelligence. On this basis, this article takes the recruitment-oriented key performance indicator (KPI) management of a startup technology enterprise as the case to introduce the operation processes and illustrate the superiorities of the proposed DAO-based enterprise parallel management mode.
Alaa Haddad, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, Fakher Eldin M. Suliman, Elfatih A. A. Elsheikh ¡ 6 authors
Accessing healthcare services by several stakeholders for diagnosis and treatment has become quite prevalent owing to the improvement in the industry and high levels of patient mobility. Due to the confidentiality and high sensitivity of electronic healthcare records (EHR), the majority of EHR data sharing is still conducted via fax or mail because of the lack of systematic infrastructure support for secure and reliable health data transfer, delaying the process of patient care. As a result, it is critically essential to provide a framework that allows for the efficient exchange and storage of large amounts of medical data in a secure setting. The objective of this research is to develop a Patient-Centered Blockchain-Based EHR Management (PCEHRM) system that allows patients to manage their healthcare records across multiple stakeholders and to facilitate patient privacy and control without the need for a centralized infrastructure by means of granting or revoking access or viewing oneâs records. We used an Ethereum blockchain and IPFS (inter-planetary file system) to store records because of its advantage of being distributed and ensuring the immutability of records and allowing for the decentralized storage of medical metadata, such as medical reports. To achieve secure a distributed, and trustworthy access control policy, we proposed an Ethereum smart contract termed the patient-centric access control protocol. We demonstrate how the PCEHRM system design enables stakeholders such as patients, labs, researchers, etc., to obtain patient-centric data in a distributed and secure manner and integrate utilizing a web-based interface for the patient and all users to initiate the EHR sharing transactions. Finally, we tested the proposed framework in the Windows environment by compiling a smart contract prototype using Truffle and deploy on Ethereum using Web3. The proposed system was evaluated in terms of the projected medical data storage costs for the IPFS on blockchain, and the execution time for a different number of peers and document sizes. The findings of the study indicate that the proposed strategy is both efficient and practicable.
Ranking algorithms in traditional search engines are powered by enormous training data sets that are meticulously engineered and curated by a centralized entity. Decentralized peer-to-peer (p2p) networks such as torrenting applications and Web3 protocols deliberately eschew centralized databases and computational architectures when designing services and features. As such, robust search-and-rank algorithms designed for such domains must be engineered specifically for decentralized networks, and must be lightweight enough to operate on consumer-grade personal devices such as a smartphone or laptop computer. We introduce G-Rank, an unsupervised ranking algorithm designed exclusively for decentralized networks. We demonstrate that accurate, relevant ranking results can be achieved in fully decentralized networks without any centralized data aggregation, feature engineering, or model training. Furthermore, we show that such results are obtainable with minimal data preprocessing and computational overhead, and can still return highly relevant results even when a user's device is disconnected from the network. G-Rank is highly modular in design, is not limited to categorical data, and can be implemented in a variety of domains with minimal modification. The results herein show that unsupervised ranking models designed for decentralized p2p networks are not only viable, but worthy of further research.
The future iteration of the internet is often branded as Web3, claimed to be a decentralising phase of its evolution, a reaction to the centralisation in the Web 2.0 era. This upcoming version of the internet, afforded by distributed ledgers and blockchain technologies, is sometimes also called the "Web of Value". It highlights the expectation that as much of the content and services on the internet get âtokenisedâ, which enables their trade and related operations of âvalue creationâ. It is claimed that as the value of everything on the internet becomes more salient, conditioning new kinds of economic activities, relationships and forms of organising. In this article we discuss these expectations as imaginaries, the implications of which vary based on how they are framed or interpreted by different economic theories. More specifically, the article discusses the interpretations deriving from neoclassical economics, classical economics, heterodox economics and public value theory. We demonstrate significant differences between these interpretations and how they are offering competing imaginaries on the future internet.
Justin Goldston, Tomer Jordi Chaffer, Justyna Osowska, Charles von Goins
In recent years discussions centered around digital inheritance have increased among social media users and across blockchain ecosystems. As a result digital assets such as social media content cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens have become increasingly valuable and widespread, leading to the need for clear and secure mechanisms for transferring these assets upon the testators death or incapacitation. This study proposes a framework for digital inheritance using soulbound tokens and the social recovery pallet as a use case in the Polkadot and Kusama blockchain networks. The findings discussed within this study suggest that while soulbound tokens and the social recovery pallet offer a promising solution for creating a digital inheritance plan the findings also raise important considerations for testators digital executors and developers. While further research is needed to fully understand the potential impacts and risks of other technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing this study provides a primer for users to begin planning a digital inheritance strategy and for developers to develop a more intuitive solution.
P Rachana, B. Rajlakshmi, P V Ajay, G A Achuth ¡ 5 authors
Often, in todayâs world, it is difficult to make new acquaintances if we discuss in our social group, and even for individuals, finding someone who has common interests can be challenging. Additionally, by utilizing web3, WebRTC, and machine learning, this project facilitates safe connections between individuals with shared interests located all over the world. Every person in this world has unique interests, preferences, and dislikes. Everyone wants to get in touch with someone who shares their interests so that they can communicate more effectively. We support the connection of all types of people in this project because some people need mentoring, others want to practice interviews, others enjoy listening to stories, and still, others want to perform stand-up comedy. People who enjoy learning about new cultures from various nations and languages can also connect.The entire userâs interest data, including age, favourite subject, learned programming languages, consulting interest, interview interest, current employment history, favourite Netflix shows, favourite movies, favourite hero, and favourite song playlist, will be collected for this project. We use all the data from the various individuals to match people using a machine learning algorithm, and then, based on the outcomes, we connect the people using WebRTC so that they can communicate face-to-face while sharing real-time audio and video. More user interest information will increase the precision of finding the ideal match. Our algorithm matches you with various people who can observe, suggest to you, and help you eliminate loneliness by talking to other people while people share their screens and work on tasks like studying and coding.
U Tejashwin, S J Kennith, Rohit Manivel, K C Shruthi ¡ 5 authors
While the web3 is used to form a decentralized society and focuses particularly on financial transactions in the form of transferable tokens rather than ensuring trust among its entities. With this paper we discuss how non-transferable tokens referred as soulbound tokens (SBTs) can be used to make individuals more credible by having their affiliations encoded in the form of souls to ensure trust within the network. More specifically we discuss how the credentials of students regards to their academic achievements and their credibility can be stored and verified in an decentralized society which shall provide more privacy and security than a centralized system which shall eventually lead to have a higher credibility of data.
R Dhanvardini, Pa Martina, Ritesh Vijay, Rengarajan Amirtharajan ¡ 5 authors
Websites and Web apps have become increasingly crucial over the past decade to daily life. Over the last ten years, websites have increased from three million to over 1.7 billion. Modern centralised digital marketplaces and enterprises provide consumers with an alternative method of selling and purchasing items conveniently. However, disadvantages among the marketplaces include the platformâs potential to arbitrarily block merchants, the fees associated with listing and selling products on the site, and the lack of user data privacy. In this, we propose and demonstrate a decentralised application that takes advantage of the Ethereum blockchain to address all these issues. The Truffle development framework was employed in the creation of the application. An Ethereum smart contract later migrated to the Ethereum network comprised the applicationâs features. The web3.js API (Application Program Interface) was used to send the userâs input to the Ethereum network after being received through a web interface. The users involved will be able to do transactions with the help of an interactive user interface. The interfacing is done using the Truffle framework, and the transactions are made through MetaMask, where ETH tokens are used. The dApp is created using JavaScript and React JS library. Thus, the integration of the blockchain and with front-end application by interfacing it with web 3.0 helps create a secured, immutable, trusted, and easy-to-use e-commerce website.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Platforms and Economics
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
BACKGROUND: Wearable devices have limited ability to store and process such data. Currently, individual users or data aggregators are unable to monetize or contribute such data to wider analytics use cases. When combined with clinical health data, such data can improve the predictive power of data-driven analytics and can proffer many benefits to improve the quality of care. We propose and provide a marketplace mechanism to make these data available while benefiting data providers. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to propose the concept of a decentralized marketplace for patient-generated health data that can improve provenance, data accuracy, security, and privacy. Using a proof-of-concept prototype with an interplanetary file system (IPFS) and Ethereum smart contracts, we aimed to demonstrate decentralized marketplace functionality with the blockchain. We also aimed to illustrate and demonstrate the benefits of such a marketplace. METHODS: We used a design science research methodology to define and prototype our decentralized marketplace and used the Ethereum blockchain, solidity smart-contract programming language, the web3.js library, and node.js with the MetaMask application to prototype our system. RESULTS: We designed and implemented a prototype of a decentralized health care marketplace catering to health data. We used an IPFS to store data, provide an encryption scheme for the data, and provide smart contracts to communicate with users on the Ethereum blockchain. We met the design goals we set out to accomplish in this study. CONCLUSIONS: A decentralized marketplace for trading patient-generated health data can be created using smart-contract technology and IPFS-based data storage. Such a marketplace can improve quality, availability, and provenance and satisfy data privacy, access, auditability, and security needs for such data when compared with centralized systems.
Carla Ferraro, Melissa Wheeler, Jason Pallant, Samuel Wilson ¡ 5 authors
Web3 technology is described as trustless in that interactions and transactions do not require trusted third parties and instead rely on smart contracts and the immutability of the decentralized blockchain. Thus, in contrast to earlier iterations of the web, Web3 users are asked to trust the technology itself rather than the human intermediaries. On its face , this shift to a trustless web calls into question the traditional conceptions of and requirements for trust. However, in this article, we caution against claims that advocate distrusting Web3 on the basis that, despite how quickly Web3 technology is advancing, the psychological processes through which people perceive and make sense of the social world remain fundamentally unchanged. Drawing on the psychology of trust and the evolution of web technologies and associated objects of trust, we argue that Web3 is not so trustless after all. We also highlight opportunities for brands to build trust in Web3 technology, including key considerations in leveraging opportunities and directions for further research. Overall, this article provides critical guidance to brand managers, policy advisors, and academics seeking to understand, build, and trust Web3 technology.
The paper discusses formation features of the metaverse concept in terms of the active introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) into the state governance and business. The workâ goal is to study the concept content, its structure and development prospects. The author used such general scientiďŹc research methods as content analysis, comparative and correlation analysis, grouping, synthesis, systematization. In order to reveal the concept content, the paper reďŹects various approaches to the deďŹnition of the term âmetaverseâ. The author proposes his understanding and analyzes the issues of transition to the Web3 era and its relationship with the metaverse in the digital transformation of society and economy. The research presents a vision of the major elements of the metaverse at the current time. Despite the emerging risks, it assumes the active use of ICT and trends towards decentralization of the economy will contribute to the further implementation of the metaverse concept in our daily life. A practical signiďŹcance of the research lies in the possibility of using its provisions in the compilation of strategies for the development of corporations and state institutions. As an inference, the study gives some recommendations to corporations on taking part in the creation and it makes development of virtual worlds and a conclusion about the prospects for the concept progress in the medium term.
Open access
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Since the dawn of human civilization, trust has been the core challenge of social organization. Trust functions to reduce the effort spent in constantly monitoring others' actions in order to verify their assertions, thus facilitating cooperation by allowing groups to function with reduced complexity. To date, in modern societies, large scale trust is almost exclusively provided by large centralized institutions. Specifically in the case of the Internet, Big Tech companies maintain the largest Internet platforms where users can interact, transact and share information. Thus, they control who can interact and conduct transactions through their monopoly of online trust. However, as recent events have shown, allowing for-profit corporations to act as gatekeepers to the online world comes with a litany of problems. While so far ecosystems of trust on the Internet could only be feasibly created by large institutions, Web3 proponents have a vision of the Internet where trust is generated without centralised actors. They attempt to do so by creating an ecosystem of trust constructed using decentralised technology. This survey explores this elusive goal of Web3 to create a "Universal Trust Machine", which in a true decentralised paradigm would be owned by both nobody and everybody. In order to do so, we first motivate the decades-old problem of generating trust without an intermediary by discussing Robert Axelrod's research on the evolution of cooperation. Next, we present the challenges that would have to be overcome in order to enable long term cooperation. We proceed to present various reputation systems, all of which present promising techniques for encouraging trustworthy behaviour. Then, we discuss Distributed Ledger technologies whose secure transaction facilitating and privacy preserving techniques promise to be a good complement to the current limitations of vanilla reputation systems.
In this sessions speakers discuss:
 
 What elements of blockchain technology can healthcare benefit from TODAY without committing to decentralization
 The strategy for utilizing DAML for the purpose of progressive decentralization in enterprise
 Converging how TradFi was brought on chain to innovate healthcare payments
 Future strategies utilizing DAOâs and NFTâs in a heavily regulated environment
Git has been the de-facto version control system for the Software Development industry. Although Git is distributed, developersâ tools for collaboration, such as GitHub, are centralized entities owned by large corporations such as Microsoft. The centralization creates trust and privacy issues for software development companies (preserving their intellectual property), along with a significant" single point of failure" issue. In addition, such centralized systems are susceptible to Sybil and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks due to the presence of malicious individuals. Blockchain technology has many key characteristics (such as decentralization, transparency, immutability, and audibility), solving these centralization issues. However, the requirement of having a storage system to store the userâs repositories over the blockchain creates a scalability issue (in terms of storage). Most importantly, it makes data (code) privacy more severe due to its open nature. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving decentralized alternative solution and framework named "DCGit" powered by Web3 technologies such as the Ethereum Blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to provide security and scalability yet user-friendly collaboration for software development.
One of the core technologies facilitating interaction today is the internet, and so the question of how much this technology must evolve is inevitable. Cue in the Web3 debate.
Abstract The potential of the metaverse in the field of education is an area of increasing interest, with many researchers exploring the space to increase the ease and efficacy of student education while reducing time and labor requirements to deliver effective teaching. However, there has been little work into the systematic and technological aspects of delivering education through the metaverse. To fill this gap, we propose a metaverse education system that takes good advantages of virtual reality and Web3 blockchain techologies to create a social learning environment. With this added emphasis on social aspects, learners are able to socialize and engage in collaborative efforts to improve their own knowledge. Using blockchain technology, the system can also help to ensure security and transparency while also keeping progression and grading fair for all participating students.
Gongfan Chen, Min Liu, Yuxiang Zhang, Zhigao Wang ¡ 6 authors
Reliable construction workflow relies on timely discovery, analysis, and checking of compliance with contract terms, which are time consuming and inefficient tasks. Smart contracts enabled by blockchain technology have demonstrated promise in addressing the inefficiencies of data communications due to their merits of traceability, immutability, transparency, and self-enforceability. However, a smart contractâs inability to interact with real-world data is the main issue that impedes further implementation. Todayâs increasing availability of as-built data provides automatic condition assessments that have great potential to automate smart contract executions. This research area is uncharted territory for the industry. This research selects a case study to present an automatic decentralized management framework by exploring image-based deep learning solutions to automate and decentralize the conditioning of smart contract executions enabled by a web3.js-based decentralized blockchain application. It was found that the model can automate management intelligence with minimal workflow interruptions by timely identification of bottleneck activities and enforcement of mitigation strategies. Project managers can use the blockchain prototype to enhance information sharing, remove key risks, and enable a reliable workflow with minimal management efforts.