Arvind Singh, R. Seshu Kumar, K. Reddy Madhavi, Faisal Alsaif · 6 authors
The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into power grids introduces several critical challenges, such as limited scalability, inefficiencies in real-time demand management, and significant data privacy and security vulnerabilities within centralized architectures. Furthermore, the increasing demand for decentralized systems necessitates robust solutions to handle the growing volume of EVs while ensuring grid stability and optimizing energy utilization. To address these challenges, this paper presents the Demand Response and Load Balancing using Artificial intelligence (DR-LB-AI) framework. The proposed framework leverages Artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive demand forecasting and dynamic load distribution, enabling real-time optimization of EV charging infrastructure. Furthermore, Blockchain technology is employed to facilitate decentralized, secure communication, ensuring tamper-proof energy transactions while enhancing transparency and trust among stakeholders. The DR-LB-AI framework significantly enhances energy distribution efficiency, reducing grid overload during peak periods by 20%. Through advanced demand forecasting and autonomous load adjustments, the system improves grid stability and optimizes overall energy utilization. Blockchain integration further strengthens security and privacy, delivering a 97.71% improvement in data protection via its decentralized framework. Additionally, the system achieves a 98.43% scalability improvement, effectively managing the growing volume of EVs, and boosts transparency and trust by 96.24% through the use of immutable transaction records. Overall, the findings demonstrate that DR-LB-AI not only mitigates peak demand stress but also accelerates response times for Load Balancing, contributing to a more resilient, scalable, and sustainable EV charging infrastructure. These advancements are critical to the long-term viability of smart grids and the continued expansion of electric mobility.
This study presents a distributed electricity trading system using smart contracts to improve transaction efficiency and reduce costs in power markets. Three trading models are analyzed: centralized trading, blockchain-based decentralized trading, and smart contract-driven automated trading. The advantages and challenges of each model are examined, focusing on factors like node inclusion time, transaction costs, and price stability. The results show that the smart contract-driven model outperforms the others by increasing market efficiency, lowering transaction costs, and reducing price fluctuations. Through simulations and real-world analysis, this study provides support for using blockchain technology in power markets and offers practical advice for improving electricity trading systems. The findings suggest that the proposed system could greatly enhance transparency, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in distributed energy markets, even in uncertain market conditions.
Amit Kumar Vishwakarma, Pratyush Kumar Patro, Adolf Acquaye, Raja Jayaraman · 5 authors
In attempts to progress the transition towards decarbonizing energy systems and achieving sustainable development goals linked to energy, renewable energy sources (RES), which are decentrally deployed, are being widely promoted. However, RES are constrained by many barriers, some of which are technical in nature, such as energy losses. For instance, traditional peer-to-peer (P2P) trading systems have been used as a mechanism to advance RES because they offer a promising solution for decentralized energy trading without third-party intermediaries. However, it faces significant challenges, notably in accounting for energy losses during transmission and distribution, thus reducing overall system efficiency. We propose an end-to-end blockchain-based solution to provide traceability of energy loss in a distributed network and enhance transaction security, trust, and operational efficiency by linking prosumers and consumers. Our solution uses smart contracts to automate business transactions among the stakeholders. We develop six algorithms and deploy the smart contracts to demonstrate the successful deployment of the P2P energy trading process. Our solution effectively provides traceability of energy loss and reliably secured P2P energy transaction verification. We also present the cost and security analysis to demonstrate the affordability and reliability of our solution. We make our smart contract codes publicly available on GitHub.
Md. Mainul Islam, Rachad Atat, Muhammad Ismail, Katherine Davis · 5 authors
Abstract Enhancing the resilience and reliability of power grids is crucial amid rising cyber threats and system complexities. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an energy‐efficient, consortium blockchain‐based global alarm system for power grid management. Using smart contracts and the proof of‐authority consensus algorithm, the alarm system triggers global alarms upon detecting local anomalies, ensuring a prompt response to partition the power grid and mitigate failures. The effectiveness is validated by simulating the Iberian power system with 15 providers from various regions. Key metrics, such as load shedding, damage reduction, energy consumption, latency, and transaction costs, are used to assess the performance. Through simulations, we show that the blockchain‐based system effectively limits the damage propagation and the load shedding during cascading failures by delaying the onset of instability and maintaining lower damage levels compared to non‐blockchain scenarios. Our investigations reveal that the proposed global alarm mechanism reduces the damage and load shedding by up to 29% and 87%, respectively, showcasing its potential for preventing widespread outages.
In recent years, various renewable energy sources along with energy storage systems for power generation have grown significantly due to fossil fuel depletion and increasing environmental concerns. Optimizing energy flow in this system is crucial for efficient resource utilization while adhering to system constraints. Conventional methods for energy optimization include operators or intermediaries which have their own limitations. By using blockchain technology in energy optimization, intermediaries/operators are avoided. Also, its use offers other advantages such as higher security, transparency and immutability of energy transactions. This paper introduces an approach for energy optimization using blockchain in smart microgrid system. A modified algorithm based on new particle swarm optimization (NPSO) is employed for this purpose. The algorithm is executed with the help of smart contract. It schedules, distributed energy sources and determines charging and discharging of energy storage system, while adhering to various system constraints. The algorithm is deployed and tested on a ganache platform which is based on Ethereum. The results obtained from this modified algorithm are compared with the standard PSO algorithm, demonstrating its effectiveness. The study is conducted on a typical smart microgrid system comprising three prosumers, and the results are presented.
The integration of blockchain technology into decen-tralized energy trading presents a promising solution to current challenges in energy markets. By leveraging Layer 2 blockchain solutions, such as sidechains and rollups, the scalability, cost-effectiveness and transaction throughput of energy trading plat-forms can be significantly enhanced. This paper focuses on the implementation of smart contracts for energy trading, comparing transaction costs and scalability between Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. Layer 2 network employs smart contracts to match orders of buyers to that of sellers. The results demonstrate that Layer 2 solutions drastically reduce costs and improve efficiency, making them more feasible for real-world applications. Moreover, this study highlights the potential of using advanced smart contracts and algorithms to further enhance decision-making in energy trades. Future work will focus on optimizing these Layer 2 solutions to handle complex trading scenarios and integrating them into smart grids to create a more sustainable and efficient energy market.
Ernest Ozoemela Ezugwu, Samuel Okechukwu Okozi, Okonkwo S. Hilary, Edet G. Godwin · 6 authors
Blockchain technology, smart contract and microgrid systems have facilitated innovations and breakthroughs in the electricity industry. The once bundled electricity market dominated by a few key players is now gradually becoming unbundled to a more consumer-centric market due to these new technologies. To facilitate the use of community microgrids, this study develops a new trend in peer-to-peer energy trading. In this work, a model for a smart microgrid system, a decentralized energy trading platform based on blockchain, and smart contract technologies is proposed, considering an islanded community microgrid network of energy prosumers. Smart meters were used to ensure the bi-directional flow of data and power, thereby giving prosumers control over their power usage. Storage and validation of participants’ data are stored on the blockchain network, which has a strong feature of decentralization, transparency, security and data immutability. The smart contract automatically executes power delivery and transfer of tokens from the buyer’s wallet to the seller’s energy wallet based on the transaction logic and protocol. A web-user interface was designed to enable the ease of transactions by market participants and the web-user interface was designed on React.Javascript while the smart contract codes were done on the solidity programming language. Algorithms were also developed for the market trade operations in real time and sets of mathematical equations were formulated for energy pricing based on the supply and demand philosophies to curtail over-pricing and underpricing of energy.
• This paper reviews an overview of Energy Trading using Conventional and Advance method. • The application of Blockchain Technology in a de-regulated environment for peer-to-peer energy trading is discussed. • This article mentions existing financial models for implementing blockchain-based systems. • Blockchain Technology explores distributed architecture, security, privacy, economic effects, legal challenges, transaction object matching, and cost reduction in Energy Trading Platforms. • Review on Smart energy meter and IOT technology usage for Energy trading platform. Abstract Energy commerce models have changed due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources, moving from centralized to decentralized systems. Although a crucial element of these schemes is blockchain technology, problems with poor productivity, expensive transaction fees, and privacy and security concerns still exist. Although new ideas and techniques have been proposed to address these problems, unsolved regulatory frameworks and environmental difficulties still exist. Power sales agreements, electrical marketplaces, the benefits and drawbacks of energy trading, the design of trading platforms, market participant responsibilities, and energy trading are all covered in this article. Blockchain technology may improve security, lower prices, lessen the impact of distributed generation on the electrical grid, boost the advantages of energy storage, and attract social capital for shared energy storage. Because of the worldwide energy issue, automation must be included in the electrical industry. Energy waste may be decreased, and energy conservation can be aided via the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper investigates a blockchain-controlled microgrid model for smart meters and IoT, particularly on peer-to-peer interactions in conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
Abstract To improve the security and efficiency of smart grid power trading, this study designs a smart grid trading system based on blockchain technology. The transaction module of the system composed of smart contracts and order-matching algorithms is proposed. The credit consensus mechanism of the system adopts a designed credit-based hybrid consensus mechanism. The experimental results showed that under this system, the successful transaction prices of consumers bidding were between the grid price and the recycling price, making bidding more reasonable. The highest power utilization rate was 0.84, the lowest was 0.67, and the transaction throughput exceeded 350TPS. The highest CPU usage was 0.74, the lowest was 0.5, and the highest memory usage was only 0.44. Compared with other systems, the order matching of this system was more reasonable and its performance was better. Furthermore, the system has been subjected to rigorous security testing and is reliable, thereby providing a secure and efficient trading platform for smart grid electricity trading.
We propose an extended demand response program, based on ancillary service for supplying flexible electricity demand. In our proposed scheme, we suggest a broader management model to control the scheduling and power consumption of Bitcoin mining machines. The main aspect that we focus on is suppressing the power ramping and related transient effects. We extend previous works on the subject, that study the impact of incorporating cryptocurrency mining machines into existing power grid, and explore the potential profit of exploiting this flexible load in the Israeli electricity market. We analyze a trend based on historical data, of increasing electricity prices and ramping costs due to the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. We suggest an extension to the unit commitment problem from which we obtain the scheduling scheme of the Bitcoin mining machines. We use simulation and the real-world data acquired from the "Noga" grid operator to verify the proposed ancillary service and test its practical limits for reducing the ramping costs, under changing ratio of energy production from renewable sources. Out results suggests that the machine price and ratio of production from renewable sources plays a significant role in determining the profitability of the proposed demand-response program.
This research investigates the integration of blockchain technology into smart grids, focusing on optimizing both electrical billing and peer-to-peer energy trading between producers and consumers. Using blockchain smart contracts, the system automates and secures energy consumption recording, bill calculation, payment processing, and energy transactions. In the electrical billing framework, a blockchain-based approach was developed to model these functionalities, utilizing an EnergyBilling smart contract to calculate bills and an EnergyPayment smart contract to ensure payment accuracy. Validation using actual consumption data from Sinoma Handan’s project site confirmed the system’s accuracy and reliability when cross-verified with mathematical models. Simultaneously, the study explores peer-to-peer energy trading, where producers (represented by Askari Cement Plant.Nizampur, Pakistan) and consumers (Sinoma Handan Ltd, Handan, China.) conduct automated, transparent transactions. Blockchain’s decentralized nature ensures transparency, data immutability, and a secure, tamper-proof record of transactions. The system eliminates intermediaries, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs. Key outcomes demonstrate successful transaction execution with detailed settlements, ensuring financial accountability. Our research highlights blockchain’s transformative potential in revolutionizing electrical billing and energy trading. It offers a secure, transparent, and efficient solution while acknowledging scalability, transaction costs, and regulatory hurdles. Future work could focus on real-world implementation, integration with IoT devices for real-time data collection, and scaling these technologies for broader industrial applications in global energy markets.
H. Miri, Rajaa Naji El Idrissi, Mehdi Najib, A. NAIT SIDI MOH · 5 authors
The electrification of the transportation sector, via the integration of battery electric-powered vehicles (BEV), is one of the solutions, which could help in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Smart charging techniques with bidirectional flow, in which the electric power can flow back and forth (i.e., V2G and G2V) from/into the grid according the peak hours have been recently proposed for improving power quality and regulating frequency/voltage of the utility grid. In this paper, we aim to develop a blockchain-based IoT platform for peer-to-peer energy trading between BEV and smart buildings management systems in the context of home healthcare by using Hyperledger Besu; a private network based on Ethereum with the use of its consensus algorithm Clique. The developed platform's prototype made a success transactions of energy trading which makes renewable energy available to everyone. Moreover, the concrete implementation of consensus, transaction record layout, and self-implemented smart contracts make Hyperledger Besu a green framework for implementing the proposed blockchain-IoT system.
The renewable energy sources become a larger part of the power grid, managing their intermittent nature is of utmost significance. Blockchain technology provides secure and transparent path for energy trading to individuals directly with each other (peer-to-peer) in these systems. Proposed work gives a framework to monitor blockchain-based energy trading, where it tracks the parameters like how much energy is being generated and used, along with the details of trades recorded on the blockchain. It also monitors how well the automated trading agreements (smart contracts) are working and how fast the entire system is running. By keeping an eye on these aspects, the framework can help ensure this new way of trading energy with renewables is secure, transparent, and efficient.
In modern power collection systems, ensuring data integrity and transparency is critical for maintaining grid reliability and trust among stakeholders. Traditional centralized systems are vulnerable to tampering, lack transparency, and are susceptible to cyberattacks. In this paper, we propose a Consensus-based Integrity and Transparency Algorithm (CITA) that integrates blockchain technology and smart contracts to enhance data security in decentralized power grids. CITA employs a dual-layer Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to ensure the integrity of collected data and automate data verification through smart contracts. By utilizing off-chain storage, the system maintains scalability while reducing energy consumption. Experimental results show that CITA improves data integrity by 99.8%, reduces latency, and provides higher transparency compared to traditional and existing blockchain-based models. This makes CITA an ideal solution for real-time, secure, and scalable power data collection systems.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading has received a lot of attention in the last decade and recently there has been growing interest in the evaluation of market design, classical methods, and novel approaches for multi-energy trading. The existing literature only focused on electricity/electric-gas/electric-heat networks. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of P2P multi-energy trading (P2P-MET) in a decentralized network is required for the multi-energy like electricity, hydrogen gas, and heat all in one framework for a sustainable future. This review study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of P2P-MET in a decentralized network including layers-defined multi-source network configurations, trading platforms, classical methods, novel approaches, and mechanisms. Considering MET, the rising number of prosumers take advantage of the opportunity and make this complicated decentralized network more complex. To handle the network complexities, smart contracts using distributed ledger-based blockchain, novel algorithm-based game theory, and some other approaches are reviewed. Furthermore, this review study covers the limitations, challenges, opportunities, and benefits of P2P-MET as well as current trends and future directions for a better understanding of the readers. It concludes that P2P-MET using blockchain/game theory in decentralized networks is alternatively better and more secure. • An overview of P2P multi-energy trading (MET) reviewed in a decentralized network. • This paper presents classical methods and core approaches for P2P-MET. • Numerous pilot and under-developed projects implemented globally are reviewed. • Simulating tools commonly used by researchers for P2P-MET are briefly discussed. • Current trends and future directions are reviewed for P2P-MET sustainable future.
G.B. Bhavana, Aakanksha Bedi, R. S. Anand, J. Ramprabhakar · 5 authors
World’s population is rapidly expanding, and so is the need for an uninterrupted power supply. Along with this, there is also a rapid rise in tech-savvy initiatives and industrialization. All these lead to an increase in the carbon footprint, thereby resulting in an increasingly polluted world. Most governments, regardless of their politics, are pledging to reduce their carbon emissions and shift to greener energy resources. Integrating renewable energy (RE) into the current energy system is a key step in that direction, but the existing energy infrastructure is incapable of incorporating RE sources and catering to the rising demands without technological interventions. Electricity obtained through RE is very volatile and subject to environmental conditions. In such a scenario, the RE alone would not be able to support the grid at peak demand times. Grid would need additional support in the form of demand response (DR). DR incentivizes consumers to reduce their electricity usage during peak demand, but calculating the real-time data of all the consumers and rewarding them becomes a hassle without smart, secure, and reliable communication and storage systems. Hence, to enhance participant trust and automate the entire DR process, blockchain and smart contracts (SC) are viable solutions due to their transparency and immutability. This paper works on a SC-based DR programme to incentivize users based on their choices using an ethereum test network (testnet).
Chinonso Nwanevu, Segun Samuel Oladipo, Abidemi Obatoyinbo Ajayi
Designing effective policy frameworks for the implementation of microgrids in developing countries is crucial for advancing sustainable energy access. Microgrids offer a decentralized and resilient solution to energy challenges, particularly in regions with limited grid infrastructure. However, the successful deployment of microgrids requires a nuanced understanding of the opportunities, challenges, and pathways to integration within the unique contexts of developing nations. This study explores the key factors influencing the design and implementation of microgrid policies, including regulatory environments, financial incentives, and technological innovations. It highlights the potential of microgrids to enhance energy security, reduce carbon emissions, and support economic development. At the same time, it addresses the challenges related to financing, regulatory compliance, and the need for capacity-building in local communities. By analyzing case studies from various developing countries, the study identifies best practices and strategic recommendations for policymakers to create supportive frameworks that encourage the adoption of microgrids. The research underscores the importance of international collaboration, public-private partnerships, and adaptive policy mechanisms that can respond to the evolving needs of the energy sector. Ultimately, the study provides a roadmap for leveraging microgrids as a key component of sustainable energy strategies in developing countries, contributing to broader goals of energy equity, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience.
Muhammad Athar, Bin Li, Zaid Bin Tariq Baig, Ali Muqtadir · 6 authors
The integration of blockchain technology in demand response (DR) systems offers a transformative approach to enhancing energy management within smart grids (SGs). This paper explores the benefits, technical challenges, regulatory and policy issues, and adoption barriers associated with blockchain-enabled DR systems. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized and secure platform for managing DR programs, facilitating Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading, and ensuring transparent and tamper-proof energy transactions. Despite its potential, the integration of blockchain with DR systems faces significant technical challenges, including scalability, interoperability, and high energy consumption. Transitioning to energy-efficient consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Energy Efficiency (PoEE) can address these issues. Regulatory complexities and the need for supportive policies also pose challenges, requiring engagement with regulatory bodies and the promotion of policies that incentivize energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. Additionally, overcoming resistance from stakeholders and ensuring market readiness are critical for the adoption of blockchain-enabled DR systems. By addressing these challenges with targeted solutions, the integration of blockchain technology with DR systems can significantly enhance energy efficiency and sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, highlighting both the potential benefits and the challenges that need to be addressed to realize the full potential of this innovative approach to energy management.