The relevance of the article is due to the process of progressive aging of the population, so it requires from society to find new ways to work with the elderly and their needs’ realization. The article characterizes the current state of the category of elderly people in Ukrainian society. It is noted that support for the elderly is provided through a variety of resources, for example, formal and informal support networks, volunteering, the state, family, community, and society in general. The formal support network is implemented through the social policy of the state, which is focused on assisting in ensuring the rights of the elderly to their social protection of constitutional rights and freedoms. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the needs’ realization of the elderly through formal and informal support networks. Research methods applied: generalization − to study the formal network of support, which is implemented through the social policy of the state and focused on constitutional rights for the elderly and social protection; analysis − combining and representing connections of individual elements, parties, components of a complex phenomenon and so in the comprehension of the whole in its components’ unity. The directions of reforming the system of social services are aimed at an authoritative legal framework, where social protection of the elderly would be enshrined at the appropriate level. They includ: deinstitutionalisation through the creation of a wide network of services and facilities that can provide quality services in the community; involvement of non-governmental organizations in the provision of social services; approach of social services to the place of residence; decentralization of management processes, financing, location of services; empowering older people to choose services and participate in the process; increasing the effectiveness of the provision of social services through the study of needs at the individual level and within individual administrative-territorial units; introduction of quality improvement technologies, including monitoring, evaluation and control.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of foreign trade in the industrial blockchain of the steel industry, the existing digital platform has gradually formed a large-scale heterogeneous distributed environment. The problems of further development of the metallurgical complex of Ukraine in the world electronic system of international cooperation are determined. Methodology. The survey is based on a blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. Results. Experimental tests prove that production companies, logistics, international payments and consumers can participate in the information certification of steel products via the modern information system. Consumers can understand the real product manufacturing process, effectively avoiding of the incomplete information and low transparency in the traditional information traceability process, and effectively trace the quality of steel products. The system provides an effective payments scheme for promoting the transformation and upgrading of the modern technology steel industry. Practical implications. In view of the low transparency of information traceability of current steel products and the defects of information islands, in this article the blockchain-based steel smart contract payment technology quality traceability system is developed and adopted the alliance chain mode and the new digital blockchain platform. The article describes the use of smart payment technology in a full-fledged financial transaction as a transfer funds in cryptocurrency to electronic bank accounts, as well as the transfer of commercial information, including contracts. To do this, the assets and terms of the contract are encoded and placed in the block chain, then the contract is distributed is saved on a set of network nodes and is executed after the condition is triggered. The fulfillment of the obligations of the parties is checked automatically. It is worth noting that the fact that smart contracts only react to transactions. If the asset or the currency is transferred to the program, it starts monitor compliance with the terms of the contract. How as soon as they are fulfilled, the seller receives money, and the buyer is a shipment goods. Value/originality. Blockchain technologies enable the use of business information systems that are highly resistant to technical failures and malicious attacks. Costs and time of carrying out business operations are significant.
Maryna BILINETS, Андрій Буряченко, Tetiana Paientko
The development of higher education is characterized by new priorities, which necessitates the adjustment of higher education funding mechanisms in response to new challenges. The purpose of this article is to identify these key challenges in Ukraine and justify the possibilities to face them. The analysis of funding of higher education was conducted based on macroeconomic indicators for 2005 to 2020. It is also reviewed that financing of higher education in Ukraine is characterized by decentralization and diversification, which are characterized by an increase in the share of local budgets in the structure of higher education funding in Ukraine and the use of extra-budgetary sources of funding, in the form of tuition fees. The analysis has revealed the following key challenges of financing higher education: massification of higher education, which is characterized by the triad of "high availability - low price - low quality"; change in approaches to educational activities and decrease in the number of students as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; inefficient model of financing higher education, which results in producing specialists with higher education that do not meet the needs and demands of the labor market. Overcoming the identified challenges can be achieved through reforming higher education models by aligning the structure, scope and quality of training with the needs of the economy and labour market, and its financing, through changing the cost-based approach to financing by results. This, in turn, would help align budget funding with institutional efficiency and curriculum effectiveness, and reduce the number of unclaimed specialists with higher education.
On the basis of a systematic approach, a meaningful analysis of the volume of capital investments in the context of the regions of Ukraine was carried out and the importance of increasing investment support for the territories that underwent decentralization changes was determined. The analysis of the sources of financial support for capital investments in the regions of Ukraine is carried out and it is shown that their overwhelming share is the own funds of enterprises and organizations, and in second place in terms of their share in the sources of financing of real investments are funds from local budgets. The analysis of own funds of enterprises and organizations in the sources of financing of capital investments in the regions of Ukraine was carried out. As a result of diagnostics of investment support of development of regions of Ukraine, the main factors of influence on this process are revealed.
The article investigates the modern conditions and problems of forming local budget revenues in Ukraine. It is determined that local budgets must function as a well-oiled machine ensuring the equivalence of financial resources and planned allocations under conditions of financial decentralization. Approaches to ensuring budgetary independence are substantiated, outlining the tools necessary for local self-government bodies to ensure their capacity to develop. It is established that increased emphasis on independence of local budgets can become one the levers used for ensuring the local finance system complies with the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine». For this purpose, local self-governments are recommended to establish a sufficient and stable revenue base by introducing their own taxes and fees, expanding the non-tax revenue sources, changing the distribution of the revenues from the income tax and corporate tax between government budgets of different levels, creating community funds of economic development, balancing subsidies and subventions. It is argued that budgetary independence is an economic ideal that local self-government bodies should strive for. Its antipodes are rigid financial dependence of local budgets on state budgets, lack of own revenues, and ineffective distribution of funds between budgets of different levels. Additionally, the revenue sources specified in the legislature do not allow the authorities to sustain expenditures with the levies at local level. It is substantiated that territories with independent local budgets can create the state economic environment that corresponds to the principles of financial decentralization.
Objective. Theobjective of the study is to determine the essence of cryptocurrencies and substantiate them as a type of digital financial asset. Methods. Methods of synthesis and generalization, comparative and stochastic analysis are used to define the basic concepts of cryptocurrencies, their main types and substantiate cryptocurrencies as a type of digital financial asset. Results. In the process of studying the meaning of the term "cryptocurrency" it is explained as a financial instrument, a global means of payment, circulation and investment, a specific asset, digital (virtual) currency, which exists in electronic form. Cryptocurrency is a special type of digital financial assets, the operation of which is based on a decentralized mechanism of issuance and circulation and is a complex system of information technology procedures based on cryptographic protection methods that regulate the identification of owners and record the change. The characteristics of the main types of cryptocurrencies are singled out and given, which include: Bitcoin, Lightcoin, Pircoin, Neimcoin, Fezerkoin. It is also determined that the main criteria of target functions, the calculations of which are used in cryptocurrencies, are the following: the inevitability of transactions; opportunity for anyone to check their validity; the complexity of calculations with the predicted speed. The factors of dependence of the value of cryptocurrencies are considered. They include: network factor (network size, breadth of its use as a measure of price or utility for consumers); demand or utility; attention of investors. The basis of each of the cryptocurrencies is a blockchain. The sequence of each transaction is determined by complex cryptographic functions: each transaction includes an electronically signed hash of the previous transaction; transactions are collected in blocks, and the hash of all transactions of the block is calculated for the header by constructing a Merkel tree; the block goes through the confirmation procedure with the inclusion of the hash of the previous block. The principle of operation of the blockchain is determined. It includes decentralization: the absence of a server in the chain; the work of the whole blockchain is supported by each participant; reliability: filtering operations; hash substitution is not possible; universality: the use of blockchain in various fields; theoretical infinity: addition of records to infinity; transparency: the inability to change data because transactions are stored and presented in the public domain. Thus, cryptocurrency is a high-risk and highly volatile instrument of a financial asset that can reduce risk through diversification, increase profitability and the desire to keep up with the times, based on blockchain technology.
Budget financing of social protection and social security is one of the important factors of social development, which determines the standard of living and well-being of the poorest. The leading role of local budgets of Ukraine in the implementation of the social function of the state is determined by increasing the efficiency of the process of providing public services due to proximity to their immediate consumer. This process is based on the principle of subsidiarity, requires a sufficient level of financial security of local governments and demonstrates the basic idea of the concept of budget decentralization. The current practice of financing measures for social protection and social security of the population by local budgets of Ukraine is analyzed in the article in order to determine its effectiveness in conditions of limited budget resources of the state and the need to provide social guarantees for citizens. The grouping of EU member states according to the priority of expenditures on social protection of the population was conducted, a comparison with the corresponding indicators in Ukraine was made. The share of expenditures on social protection and social security of the consolidated budget in the GDP of Ukraine is calculated. The role of expenditures on social protection and social security in the expenditure part of local budgets of Ukraine is determined, their structure is considered. It is proved that the financing of social expenditures is chaotic; there are no steady trends in the dynamics of the share of individual components of social expenditures. In view of the reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine, the distinction between budget financing of social protection in the context of state and local budgets is studied. It is determined that the share of expenditures on social protection and social security in the structure of local budgets of Ukraine is high, however, in practice it does not always provide an adequate level of quality of social services to the population. The need to develop a comprehensive approach to reforming the budgetary mechanism for the implementation of the social function of the state on the principles of stability, transparency and balanced parity of interests of the state and society is substantiated.
Одесский региональный институт государственного управления Национальной Академии государственного управления при Президенте Украины, Светлана Осадчук
Goal – the goal of the paper is to put into perspective the institutional and legal framework of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, as well as to identify problems, explore trends, and provide proposals in reference to the relevant foreign experience in the field. It argues that the decentralization reform in Ukraine has positive results and is an important step towards increasing the autonomy of local authorities. In concludes with arguing that Ukraine should apply the relevant experience of foreign countries while conducting its decentralization reform. Research methodology – the methods used in the article are analysis of official docu ments coming from the Ministry of finance, the Ministry of Economics and the Tax Service of Ukraine, as well as analysis of the factors that promote the autonomy of local government in Ukraine. Score/results – the article is distinguished by a sufficient level of scientific analysis and has provisions, suggestions and practical recommendations that can be used for further research on decentralization issues. Originality/value – the article presents the original complex approach to the problem of decentralization reform in Ukraine and provides substantial analysis of its legal and institutional framework.
Research background: As humanity evolves, so do the new payment options. Today, one of the most popular and powerful electronic money is Bitcoin. Over time, virtual currency is becoming one of the most widely available and used means of payment. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to analyse ATMs in post offices, focusing on virtual currency ATMs. The paper also includes an analysis of available ATMs for virtual currencies and a comparison of their capabilities. Methods: We compare three most important ATM manufacturers and their most used models. It examines the use of those ATMs in post offices in Slovakia and abroad. Paper also analyses the attitude of customers of Slovak Post towards the deployment of virtual currency ATMs at its branches (on a sample of 400 respondents). Findings & Value added: In the Slovak Republic postal services are offered by several companies (19 out of 24 providers responded to our questionnaire). Slovak Post is leading provider of distribution, communication, and payment services in Slovakia. Czech Post is an example of country where virtual currency ATMs were introduced but subsequently withdrawn from post offices. In turn, Austrian Post Office is an example of a country where this system still operates and expands. While Slovak market still lacks such a service in the postal business, these trends will adapt over time. The virtual currency ATMs we have in Slovakia, are not operated by postal enterprises.
This research is aimed at detecting legal and organizational requirements for the Blockchain application in State regulation of space activity. The most precise attention is focused on considering the compliance with the space authorization requirements, ensuring the registration of space objects and the implementation of foreign trade agreements within the space sector of the economy. The research is based on results of the previous in-depth study conducted by the authors, which was dedicated to the legal nature of the DLT (distributed ledger technologies), and in particular its most popular example Blockchain, the basic elements and models of the technology, the main spheres of its application in the framework of space activity in order to guarantee realization of rights and compliance with obligations of public and private space actors in the process of conducting the outer space activities, as well as legislative innovations to regulate the utilization of the Blockchain in different countries, as well as international standards and practices and promising legal mechanisms. Thus, the authors created logical preconditions to cover in this publication the prospects of state regulation of space activities in Ukraine using the Blockchain technology. The authors consider usage of different types of Blockchain ledgers (public ledger with authorized access and with/without special validator) to implement different tasks in the process of regulating space activities, such as guaranteeing fulfillment of conditions of foreign economic agreements on the basis of smart contracts concluded between business entities and for maintaining the state register of space objects. The research proposes several scenarios that are acceptable both in terms of technical characteristics of Blochchain and legal requirements under which a number of central authorities can exercise their powers to regulate space activities using distributed ledger technologies. In addition, the study demonstrates an effective mechanism for ensuring the allocation of responsibility for the registration of space objects between the owners of the launch vehicle and payload to prevent situations when the spacecraft remains unregistered in orbit as a result of non-compliance with contractual obligations or non-inclusion of certain clauses in such agreements. The model agreements between Ukrainian and foreign space actors are proposed to be implemented by governmental institutions and used as a preventing instrument, according to which a conflict of laws can be solved and the state responsible for registering space objects in the Blockchain Network can be defined.
Decentralization of authority in Ukraine takes place against the background of the general difficult economic situation caused by both internal unrest and the global crisis provoked by the Coronavirus Epidemic. Under such conditions, the issue of creating local communities capable of financing their own expenditures, and especially development expenditures, becomes acute and relevant. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms of distribution of funds in the community in the context of their direction to improve the living conditions of the population in accordance with the identified priorities. To achieve this goal, it is proposed to use a matrix of priority needs of the community, which is a novelty of the study. The following methods were used in the article: analysis and synthesis (to collect and systematize the results of existing research); statistical (for statistical data processing); comparison (to compare indicators for different groups of communities); matrix (to determine the priority of community needs). The paper evaluates the financial capacity of local communities formed during 2015–2019. It is determined that large communities, with a population of more than 5,000 people, with an area of 400 km2 and more, have the highest level of socio-economic capacity. According to two other criteria, the solvency index and the share of local taxes and fees, the leaders are small communities that have production on their territory, recreational areas, and so on. It is proved that the important point is the organization of management of available resources. Because in the end, the living conditions in the territory are determined not only and not so much by the availability of resources, but by the efficiency and directions of their use. It was found that the current mechanism of distribution of “free” funds is based on a purely subjective approach and is based on “existing needs”. Strategic documents are often only formally used in the budget process. To minimize the miscalculations in the current and strategic planning of the integrated development of the united local communities, it is proposed to use the matrix method of determining the priority of needs. The number of blocks of the matrix and the levels of needs for each block are variables and depend on the specific situation in the community. The presence in the matrix of information about the cost of meeting each need will allow make decisions with a certain amount.
The introduction of local government reform in Ukraine, part of which is financial (fiscal) decentralization, the functioning of local budgets has forced to significantly change the approaches of local governments to the management of community funds. Despite the clear provisions of local government reform, local councils have a number of problems with filling the revenue side of local budgets, leading to inefficient and underutilized use of community funds. A number of Ukrainian scholars pay attention to local finances, but the issues of filling and using local budgets are mainly considered in terms of articles of the general fund, while the special fund is characterized by funds coming to specific purposes and almost unmanageable. The purpose of the study is a detailed consideration of the theoretical foundations of the existence and functioning of a special fund of local budgets, its role and importance in performing the financial functions of the community. The new budget governance mechanism has forced local authorities to step up their efforts to address their own issues and costs, allowing them to keep significant sums at their disposal, which, however, are not sufficient. The opportunity to earn more income has also been offered by the reform of financial decentralization, but it requires cohesion in the community between all its main components: government, business and the population. Finding ways to increase the local budget to finance their own issues requires a constant search for opportunities to generate additional income, sources of use and use of reserves, which is possible, appropriate and increase the efficiency of local budgets. Such possibilities have been identified and described in this study. The share of the special fund of local budgets, as you know, is not the largest, but the work on its replenishment has not only financial but also a certain synergistic effect in the community, promotes cohesion and motivation for further social and economic development. Unfortunately, among the management of these institutions and local self-government there is often no desire to consider the possibility of finding their own reserves for the implementation of such activities, which significantly reduces the financial capacity of the local budget.
The purpose of the article is to conduct a retrospective analysis of the volume and structure of financing of public goods in accordance with the change of the political elite in Ukraine (changes of the Presidents of Ukraine).The research methodology consists in calculating the dynamics of the expenditure part of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in terms of functional classification of expenditures, the share of the main items of the consolidated budget expenditure for 1992-2020, the share of the expenditure part of the consolidated budget of Ukraine and the main expenditure items in GDP. According to the results of the study, the dynamics of changes in the total volume and structure of financing public expenditures in accordance with the change of the political elite is revealed. The practical significance of the analysis indicates that the system of expenditure of the consolidated budget of Ukraine, respectively, the structure of financing public goods, is imperfect and needs to be adjusted. Thus, the largest share of expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine, which has recently been decreasing from year to year, is spent on financing social protection and social security. The volume of expenditures on economic activity, which is able to give impetus to the development of the state economy, is insufficient. Expenditures on education and healthcare in Ukraine have been significantly reduced. Due to these budgetary resources, the financing of national functions by the state, financing of public order, security and the judiciary has been increased. Imperfection of fiscal policy, unreasonable financing of certain areas, insufficient control over the implementation of budget programs, their inefficiency and many other problems lead to irrational use of funds from the budgets of Ukraine. Therefore, in order to establish stability in the economic sphere of the state, it is necessary to restrain the growth of the share of consolidated budget expenditures relative to GDP. This will reduce the tax burden on the population and business, reduce the state budget deficit of Ukraine. When allocating expenditures, it is necessary to start from the size of the revenue side of the budget in order to achieve proportional growth of revenues and expenditures. It is worth paying attention to ensuring reliable control over the movement of budget resources. In order to increase the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in public goods, it is necessary to develop the political consciousness and political culture of citizens, to increase the level of financial decentralization in the country.
The implementation of the financial decentralization reform in Ukraine, which is the most important component of the general reform of local self-government in Ukraine for seven years, already has the first results and materials for research and conclusions. The state has proposed stages of reform and further activities of local governments. The government ensures the declared national expenditures delegated to local councils and recognizes the significant degree of their independence in planning, creating and implementing their budget plans. However, at the local level there are a number of problems that lead to inefficiency or inexpediency of costly financial activities. The article considers the most significant, effective and universal conditions and factors for improving the efficiency of spending financial resources of local budgets in the implementation of local government reform in Ukraine. The reasons for the need to implement the reform of financial decentralization and the problems it should solve are presented. Among the described bases of increase of efficiency of use of means – legislative, organizational, resource. Their definition was made possible by studying the results of community spending management during the first years of the reform. Most of them have an organizational character, i.e. one that is possible for the community to implement as a cohesive social body at the local level, have a low level of costs or opportunities for external financing or co-financing. Factors of its implementation, author’s comments and evaluation of efficiency are provided to each defined condition. The most important among the basics of effective spending of local budgets are: the availability of necessary and quality legislation, preparation and use of motivated staff of local governments, creation and implementation of social dialogue in the community, comprehensive control and analysis of public spending, determining responsibility for job responsibilities relevant employees, use of foreign experience and best financial practices of Ukrainian communities, use of energy-saving technologies, optimization of local government maintenance costs. Each of the presented bases has the described factors of their implementation which are described in article. The use of such factors makes it possible to use the available on a possible basis the effectiveness of the use of local funds, an important component of the community’s own resources during the reform of local self-government.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the revenues of local budgets and the state budget for the period from 2008 to 2020. The ratio of revenues to state and local budgets is calculated. These parameters are compared and the main trends are identified. It was found that the level of financial centralization of budgets remains consistently high. However, changes in the structure of budgets related to decentralization reform have not lost their relevance. It is researched the dynamics of the main components of local budget revenues according to the Budget Code of Ukraine (tax revenues, non-tax revenues, revenues from capital transactions, official transfers). The most important indicators are determined and their dynamics are analysed. t was found that the financial stability of the budgets of territorial communities is possible in the presence of their own financial resources, as well as the ability of local governments to accumulate and use them. Given the need to review the financial capacity and independence of local budgets, the indicator of financial decentralization of tax revenues for 2008-2020 is calculated. It is also realized an analysis of the dynamics of growth of tax revenues in the structure of local finance. The dynamics of changes in tax revenue indicators is studied and the influence of decentralization transformations on their structure is revealed. The dependence of their indicators on the implementation of the reform of the financial transformation of the public administration system was also revealed. It is pointed out the dynamics of the share of official transfers in the structure of revenues to local budgets and their growth rates. According to the results of the research, it has been identified peculiarities of the intergovernmental transfers impact on the level of financial autonomy of the budgets of territorial authorities in the context of decentralization reform. Also, on the basis of this study, the main problems of filling the revenue base of local finances are identified and ways to solve them are formulated, which will increase responsibility and expand the range of powers of territorial communities.
Omelchuk O. S., Baitaliuk D. R. Problems and prospects of legal regulation of country funding in Ukraine. – Article. The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of crowdfunding relations in Ukraine. It is determined that today the financing of commercial and socially important projects is becoming decentralized. Crowdfunding as a phenomenon has not been found to be new, but it has become widespread in the information age due to the spread of Internet technology. The opinion on the impossibility of correct definition of the sphere of regulated crowdfunding relations and methods of legal regulation is argued due to the fact that the domestic legislation does not establish a normative definition of the concept of crowdfunding. The available views on the definition of crowdfunding are analyzed, the author’s vision of the content of crowdfunding relations is formed. Crowdfunding relations were classified according to the type of project (commercial, social, environmental, creative crowdfunding), depending on the status of participants in crowdfunding relations (p2p-crowdfunding, p2b-crowdfunding, b2b-forms of crowdfunding), depending on the form of investment and the form of funds return. It is concluded that crowdfunding relations go beyond relations in the field of charity, credit, corporate or any other traditional contractual civil relations. It is proved that the private nature of these relations causes risks of violation of the rights of the parties to crowdfunding relations and public interests in cases of lack of proper legal regulation. According to the results of the study, the current legislation does not provide clear, transparent and effective mechanisms to protect donors’ rights in crowdfunding relations due to insufficient regulation of collective financing relations, lack of unity in law enforcement practice in determining the nature of such relations, uncertainty of crowdfunding status. An additional obstacle to resolving these issues at the legislative level is the transnational nature of such relations (the most popular crowdfunding platforms are outside domestic jurisdiction; a large number of projects involving funds are international and do not have a clear identification of their legal status in the public domain) and electronic form od relationships (cryptocurrency assets or platforms that do not provide personal and financial information to the recipient are increasingly used for crowdfunding).
In today’s world, the international community provides significant support in carrying out socio-economic and political reforms to countries that need it. Such support is provided in the form of official aid for the purposes of development, which includes international technical and humanitarian assistance, loans for repayment of foreign debt on preferential terms, financing of project activities. The article analyzes the state of Ukraine’s cooperation with international financial organizations in providing financial and technical assistance for the implementation of projects that are of great importance for structural reforms of the domestic economy. The national economy of Ukraine has been experiencing a lasting shortage of financial resources necessary for innovation and investment development projects, also for current needs of the State. Given the difficulties of mobilizing free cash in the domestic capital market, Ukraine attracts resources in foreign markets. Expanding partnerships with international donor organizations allows not only to find additional sources of funding for projects aimed at socio-economic and humanitarian development, but also to provide real help to those in need. The implementation of joint projects and programs involving communities and local authorities in practice makes it possible to gain useful and important experience based on the best world and European practices. It is examined that in the national economy the urgent problem is the search for new types of interaction between communities to solve socially important issues, including the search for unconventional sources of financing. To a large extent, the search for and involvement of funds in the social sphere is facilitated by innovative technologies for financing social development – fundraising, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding platforms, which are manifestations of social communications and become relevant in the context of decentralization and community development.
The article investigates the structure and dynamics of capital expenditures and capital investments at the expense of local budgets during 2010-2019. It has been established that since 2015 in Ukraine there has been an increase in capital expenditures of local budgets, both in the total amount of expenditures of local budgets, and in GDP as well. This is due to the growth of the local budgets resource base in connection with the decentralization reform. Also, a positive trend of growth in the percentage of capital expenditures of local budgets is revealed. This fact reflects the budgetary investment intensification at the local level. It was found that the growth of capital expenditures from local budgets occurs in the direction of the growth of capital transfers to enterprises (up to 40% in the total amount of capital expenditures). This may be due to the replenishment of the registered capital of utilities, a significant part of which is formed because of a medical reform. Major maintenance, reconstruction and restoration traditionally remain at a high level in the structure of local budgets capital expenditures. The significance for local budgets and procedures for obtaining various types of financial support for regional development from the state budget is also studied. It has been established that the investment potential of local budgets is formed by their own revenues to the development budget, as well as by funding from the state budget in the form of subventions to local budgets for the formation of the united territorial communities infrastructure (0.3-0.4% in the revenues of local budgets); subventions for the implementation of measures for the certain territories socio-economic development (0.2-1.2%) and financing of investment projects at the expense of the State Fund for Regional Development (0.7-1.03%). It was found that the growth of capital investments from local budgets to a small extent depends on financial support from the state budget. It was also clarified that the use of funds for the regional development financial support at the expense of the state budget does not quite correspond to the goals defined by legal acts. The problems of the efficiency of financing investment projects at the expense of the SFRD funds and subventions of socio-economic development have been identified. Recommendations are given for eliminating the identified problems of the effectiveness of financing investment projects for regional development.
Against the background of global transformations and imperatives, it has been considered that countries need to find and form effective public administration strategies. In these circumstances, Ukraine is reforming decentralization in order to optimize the activities of the state apparatus through changes in the administrative-territorial structure and redistribution of powers between central and local authorities. The main tasks for the government are to find effective mechanisms for decentralization strategy and assess their impact on the development of individual territories within the country. The impact of financial decentralization on investment processes in the Dnipropetrovsk region has been analyzed in this article. The stages of decentralization in Ukraine have been considered and the main achievements and tasks of each of them have been highlighted. The regulatory framework, which is the foundation of decentralization reforms in Ukraine, has been described. Indicators of development of united territorial communities (UTC) in Dnipropetrovsk region and Ukraine on the basis of comparative analysis have been considered. Conclusions are made about the leadership of the Dnipropetrovsk region from the results of reforms. The dynamics of revenues and expenditures of local budgets of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2014-2019, as well as the change in the amount of funds by accounts have been analyzed. It has been concluded that there is a surplus and budget deficit in the specified period. The dynamics of capital investments of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2014-2019 has been given and the structure of their financing at the expense of the state and local budgets has been analyzed. Conclusions are made regarding the positive impact of financial decentralization on investment processes in the Dnipropetrovsk region. According to the analysis of financial decentralization of the Dnipropetrovsk region, the reforms led to an increase in local budgets and capital investments, an increase in the share of capital investment financing from the state and local budgets, and led the region to leadership in a number of UTC indicators. Thus, it can be argued that decentralization has had a positive impact on the Dnipropetrovsk region and contributed to the strengthening of its socio-economic processes and investment activity.
The paper clarifies the main problems of the development of social infrastructure of territorial communities, associated with high levels of wearing and low energy efficiency of institutions, disorder of property relations, low level of budget funding and lack of effective incentives to attract alternative sources of funding, imperfect system of territorial location institutions of social sphere. The reformation of administrative and territorial decentralization promotes strengthening of the local authorities role in the management of social infrastructure, increasing the autonomy of institutions and active involvement of public in solving problems of their management. The success of the territorial community development depends not only on the availability of the developed social infrastructure, but also on the community ability to turn it into the development asset. This requires improving the efficiency of management, reconciling the interests of all stakeholders in identifying ways to develop it, and finding effective forms of interaction. The paper identifies and analyzes the interests and conflicts of interest of the main stakeholders of the territorial communities social infrastructure. The main forms of their interaction such as: public and private partnership, social entrepreneurship, social order, socially responsible investments, community funds, public funding (crowdfunding) are analyzed. In the author’s opinion, the directions of improving the management of territorial communities social infrastructure are as follows: searching effective forms of interaction between the state, public, business, which would ensure the development of social infrastructure of community, contribute to the expanding of access and increase the quality of social services, bring their quantitative and qualitative parameters to the standarts of developed countries; maximum balancing of territorial proportions with real demand in social infrastructure institutions; streamlining the ownership to the social infrastructure facilities and eliminating conflicts of interest of management entities at different levels; increasing the efficiency of budget financing by streamlining the network of institutions and bringing it in line with the demographic situation in the community, the labor market.
It is studied that decentralization as a multifaceted phenomenon that determines the centrifugal processes in the state, is both a principle and a method and a feature of public administration. It provides for the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the central government to the lower levels of government and to the private sector. In addition, decentralization presupposes the delegation of certain powers and responsibilities to subordinates, giving them greater freedom of will and, with it, greater responsibility. In the context of the transformation of social processes, the decentralization of management of Ukrainian society is an important factor in stimulating the democratization of education. Occasionally, foreign experience in decentralizing education management and improving its quality at various stages of the educational process should be used. The article emphasizes the possibility of using in Ukraine the following achievements of the Polish experience of decentralization of basic education management: at the national level – on approaches to funding at the local government level, public policy in the field of curricula, textbooks, teacher training, transparent mechanisms for quality control of education (inspection service, external evaluation, education quality monitoring system); at the level of local governments – on the financing of schools and the implementation of educational policy in accordance with local needs, community involvement in education, monitoring the quality of education at the local level; at the level of educational institutions – to involve the public in school development planning, conducting self-assessment of school work. It is determined that the decentralization of public administration, as evidenced by international experience, is a significant incentive for democratization of education, and thus better meet the educational needs of each person, effective use of local resources in education and socialization of education, which is reflected in the spread of new tools of public influence on the education system, increasing the autonomy of educational institutions and their role as public institutions.
Анастасія Сергіївна Полторак, O. Melnyk, Inna Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko
A. Poltorak, O. Melnyk, I. Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko. Alternative sources of funding for the development of united territorial communities The article proves that it is important to strengthen financial capacity of united territorial communities through different financial and socio-economic mechanisms in the modern conditions of communities’ decentralization and further development. The article analyzes the current trends in financing the development of united territorial communities, reveals the benefits and opportunities for attracting alternative sources of funding. An algorithm for attracting grant funds for the development of UTC and other proposals that will increase the financial capacity of UTC in the long term and the implementation of local development initiatives are proposed. Keywords: alternative sources of financing, united territorial communities, grant funds, projects, financial capacity.
Стаття присвячена адміністративно-правовому регулюванню ринку криптовалют в Украї- ні. Ринок криптоактивів протягом останніх років розвивається швидкими темпами. За даними авторитетної криптобіржі, «Сoingecko» станом на кінець березня 2021 року загальна капіта- лізація криптовалют складає більше 1 трлн. 760 млрд. дол. США, потенційно регулювання тако- го ринку може принести значні надходження до бюджету. Виявлено, що нагальною потребою учасників ринку криптовалют є вихід із тіні, тобто необхідність його легалізації, проте небез- печно створювати такий ринок без державного регулювання – це може мати значні ризики для фінансової стабільності та економічної безпеки держави. У статті наведено можливі варіан- ти адміністративно-правових методів державного регулювання ринку криптовалют. Державне регулювання ринку криптовалют – це система заходів задля здійснення підтримуючої, компен- саційної та регулюючої діяльності держави, спрямованої на створення ефективного функціону- вання ринку криптовалют. Основні складові частини системи державного регулювання ринку криптовалют: цілі та завдання державного регулювання; методи, принципи та інструменти державного регулювання; процес державного регулювання; ресурсне забезпечення державного регулювання. Досліджено стан адміністративно-правового регулювання ринку криптоактивів в Україні та виявлено, що на сьогодні державне регулювання такого ринку фактично не здій- снюється, хоча в 2020 році Україна зробила перші кроки для становлення такого ринку при- йнявши відповідні законодавчі акти. Адміністративно-правове регулювання ринку криптовалют в Україні повинно вирішувати такі завдання: стимулювати та розвивати діяльність, пов’язану з видобування криптовалют; захищати права та законні інтереси професійних учасників рин- ку криптовалют та їхніх клієнтів; врегулювати взаємовідносини професійних учасників ринку криптовалют.
The article substantiates the prerequisites, prospects and advantages of creating an innovation ecosystem at different levels of its formation. The main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of innovation ecosystems in both domestic and foreign specialized literature and their adaptability to the regional level are analyzed and grouped. The harmonious innovation ecosystem is a sign of a progressive society, which is identified by the symbiotic functioning of people and organizations, the result of which is the production of conscious innovations. The author outlines the stages of formation of the regional innovation ecosystem, the circle of its participants and ways of their interaction. For each stage, the procedures for its implementation, the main characteristic features and processes of transition from one to another are determined. The main feature of the creation and functioning of the regional ecosystem is the stable, constant interaction of its participants with educational and scientific institutions, as well as the adaptability of these institutions to the variability of the external environment. The article describes certain elements of foreign experience in the development of regional ecosystems and their implementation in Ukraine. Awareness of the existence or prerequisites for creating an effective regional ecosystem is the first step towards effective regional management and activation of the potential of the national economy. On the one hand, in the context of decentralization, local self-government bodies get maximum freedom in creating organizational elements of the regional innovation ecosystem, supporting scientific and human resources and the communication business environment. The author emphasizes that without the State support it is impossible to create conditions for the protectionism of innovation activity, to activate investment potential, to stimulate the necessary forms and methods of financing the relevant activity. Therefore, work at the regional level in terms of innovation should be carried out simultaneously following two directions of the hierarchy: from bottom up and from top to bottom in constant cooperation and coordination of own actions. As a result, priority directions of the State and regional support for the development of regional innovation ecosystems on the basis of the main specific platforms or technologies are substantiated.