This study introduces a system using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to track and report carbon emissions in supply chains accurately. It addresses the problem of double counting, which occurs when the same emissions are recorded multiple times due to product segmentation and integration. Our system uses blockchain technology to ensure NFTs are traceable and tamper-proof, enhancing data reliability. The system includes three types of NFTs: Parent NFTs (P-NFTs) for energy and raw material data, Child NFTs (C-NFTs) for manufacturing emissions, and Integration NFTs (I-NFTs) that compile the carbon footprint of final products. This method improves accurate emission tracking and transparency across the supply chain.
Nuthanakanti Bhaskar, G. Simi Margarat, Mohammed Al-Farouni, K. Nagaraju · 6 authors
To address these challenges, this research will adopt a federated learning method and implement the use of a blockchain system to implement a traceability system on the agricultural chain. Based on the voluntary collaboration of decentralized datasets and blockchain-based ledgers, the technology is poised to enhance the transparency, effectiveness, and reliability of the agricultural chain. TensorFlow Federated utilized in the development of the federated learning model exhibits cifar-10 acuracy of 0. 92, precision of 0. 88, recall of 0. 94 and F1 score of 0, indicating that the classifier significantly outperforms the baseline random forest classifier. 91. The model is tested for joint training from the distributed data sources and shows relatively reasonable training time (12 hrs) and communication complexity (8. 5 GB). The state of affairs of blockchain transactions show that successful transaction records up to 1800 are registered with various activities such as product registration, quality certification of the product, record of transportation of the products, and storage records of the products etc. The datasets included here include various types of agricultural data that cover activities taking place on the farming fields and in processing plants, distributor’s centers, and retail stores amongst other areas of concern and may cover data such as crop yields, weather updates, and transportation routes among others. Some of the software tools used in the development process include Python that can be used for data preprocessing and analysis; TensorFlow Federated which can be used in the creation of federated learning models; Ethereum can be used in the implementation of blockchain. This approach provides an invaluable roadmap for successfully tackling important demands in agricultural SCM systems and optimizing the success of decision-makers and entities along the food supply chain.
Adedamola Sobowale, Richard Okon, Godwin Nzeako, Stephane Jean Christophe Zouo · 7 authors
This review paper explores the efficacy of blockchain technology in enhancing product authenticity and traceability within supply chains. With the complexity of global supply chains increasing, the risk of counterfeit products and inefficiencies in tracking origins is escalating. This paper synthesizes existing literature to outline the current landscape of blockchain applications in supply chains, focusing on the decentralized and immutable capabilities of the technology that promise to revolutionize traditional practices. The core of the review involves a comprehensive analysis of documented implementations of blockchain in various industries, assessing their impact on enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, and improving overall supply chain integrity. We critically examine case studies and existing research to identify patterns of success and common challenges faced by organizations adopting blockchain solutions. Findings highlight that blockchain technology not only supports better traceability and authentication processes but also fosters a more transparent environment for transactions, significantly deterring the proliferation of counterfeit goods. Additionally, the review points out the technological and organizational hurdles in adopting blockchain, such as the need for standardization and the resistance to change in legacy systems. The paper concludes that blockchain technology holds substantial promise for addressing critical issues in supply chain management. However, achieving its full potential requires overcoming significant adoption challenges and fostering collaborative efforts for standardization across industries. This review calls for ongoing research into scalable blockchain applications and strategic partnerships to drive the technology's integration into mainstream supply chain operations.
The integration of blockchain technology in agricultural traceability has shown immense potential, yet its widespread adoption faces significant roadblocks. Using bulk product traceability as a foundational reference, this paper presents a comprehensive evaluation framework for Blockchain-based Agricultural Traceability. The framework accentuates product identification and data traceability across the supply chain, addressing traceability disconnections caused by bulk product blending. It dives into depth levels from adoption decision-making to system design, development, and deployment, emphasizing the critical aspects of traceability compliance and standardization. As a result, we identified the obstacles to adopting agricultural digital traceability and pave the pathway to traceability system deployment. We examined the barriers to implementing digital traceability of agricultural products, taking the Australian grain supply chain as an example. Our findings reveal that lack of standardization and participation barriers are the primary challenges in implementing digital traceability for agricultural products. Our paper offers insights and recommendations for researchers, industry practitioners, and business owners to overcome these challenges and enable digital traceability of agricultural products in global supply chains. • Proposes a novel evaluation framework tailored for Blockchain-based Agricultural Traceability (BAT). • Highlights critical traceability challenges caused by product blending and disconnections in agricultural bulk supply chains. • Identifies key barriers to BAT adoption, including lack of standardization, compliance, and participation hurdles. • Presents a pathway to adopting agricultural product traceability with key performance assessment points listed at each step.
Current Drug Supply Chain (DSC) includes numerous independent participants with assorted interests. Today, DSC is confronted by several serious challenges related to shipping, special storage, traceability, and expiration, as well as ensuring sustainable access and availability of essential medicines. Furthermore, the number of counterfeit drugs has increased radically, causing thousands of individuals to be affected by poisoning and medical negligence. To address these issues, this research develops an effective track and trace model, calledLotTrace which leverages the Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Non-Interchangeable Tokens (NITs) to trace drug lots from manufacturing process to consumption. NIT is a distinctive digital identifier of physical and virtual assets logged on a BCT to attest to proprietorship and legitimacy. LotTrace uses smart contracts and Hyperledger technology for dependable and effective traceability of pharmaceutical products. The lot details are updated across the chain, and erstwhile information is continuously logged in the ledger blocks. It instigates traceability by allocating inimitable identifiers to drug lots and logs incidents and signposts, providing an end-to-end traceability that allows partakers to authenticatethe genuineness and provenance of the drug products. LotTrace mints virtual tokens to digitize the metadata such as the certifications, present owner, current location, environmental conditions of a drug lot. After gathering these essential data from the drug manufacturer, metadata will be included based on shipping environmental conditions to mint Dynamic NIT (dNIT). This information is recorded in the BitTorrent File System (BTFS) to build a real-world storage infrastructure. Ratified stakeholders can access this information using the smart contracts. This work creates an NIT smart contract on the ERC1155 standard using the Remix Integrated Development Environment (IDE). LotTrace exploits BTFS to solve the issue of processing big documents on the Web 3.0 ecosystem and guarantees that the information are immutably stored in a secured way. This systemrecords the drug attributes and its appropriate metadata during itslife cycle from manufacturing to consumption. The research also provides testing details and evaluates the feasibility of tracing solution. This study evaluate the effectiveness of LotTrace system in terms of the cost of system transactions.
The agricultural sector is a vital component of Bangladesh's economy, but its agri-food supply chain faces signifi-cant inefficiencies primarily due to the involvement of numerous intermediaries. This complexity not only reduces the profits for farmers but also affects the overall transparency and efficiency of the supply chain. This study aims to em-ploy blockchain technology to transform the traditional agri-food supply chain in Bangladesh, focusing on increasing transparency, enhancing efficiency, and improving profitability for farmers, thus potentially bolstering the entire agri-food ecosystem in the country. The research involves setting up a blockchain-based smart contract on the Ethereum Blockchain network. This approach guarantees that all transactions within the agri-food supply chain are transparent, traceable, and accountable. Additionally, the study develops a web application to facilitate user interaction with the smart contract, enhancing accessibility and usability. Performance analysis and testing of the implemented smart con-tract demonstrate its capability to handle a significant volume of transactions without compromising on performance. The solution effectively reduces the dependency on intermediaries, thereby increasing the profit margins for the farm-ers involved. The integration of blockchain technology in the agri-food supply chain has shown promising results in enhancing transparency and efficiency. It lays a solid foundation for future improvements and suggests a scalable model that could be applied to other sectors within the country to further enhance agricultural practices and economic growth.
Despite numerous use cases, enterprise-wide implementations of blockchains have seen limited success. This raises the question of when do firms adopt blockchains and do blockchains benefit supply chains. To answer this, we examine a dyadic supply chain consisting of a buyer and a supplier and analyze their traceability effort and pricing decisions. Our results show that the demand-side, supply-side and reputational factors influencing blockchain adoption are primarily complementary and in the absence of one of them, firms can still adopt blockchain. Furthermore, even in the absence of individual benefits for a supply chain partner, there exist conditions under which blockchain adoption benefits the supply chain that can incentivize players to join blockchain. Overall, we contribute by offering a framework that supply chain players can use to assess the likelihood of blockchain implementation success or failure and address the challenges pertaining to incentives and cost imbalances in blockchain implementation.
Ensuring the traceability of agricultural products is essential for quality control and food safety. Recent technological advances have provided new ways to enhance traceability systems. This study aims to use blockchain technology, centralized database and RFID tags to develop a secure agricultural product traceability system, retain the detailed information of agricultural products traceability, ensure that the summary information of agricultural products on the chain cannot be modified, and optimize the SM3 algorithm to effectively summarize the traceability data and improve the efficiency of the system. The aggregated data is time-stamped, recorded on the blockchain, and written into an RFID tag. The optimization of the SM3 algorithm improved the efficiency by 30% and reduced the execution time of 192-byte messages to 210µs. The system ensures accurate linking of traceability data through secure data retention and unalterable summaries on the blockchain. The integrated use of blockchain, centralized database and RFID technology, as well as the enhanced SM3 algorithm, allows the system to meet the standards for data accuracy and performance requirements in agricultural traceability applications.
The demand of the halal food products is increasing rapidly around the world. The consumption of halal food product is just not among the Muslims but also among non-Muslims, due to the purity of the halal food products. However, there are several challenges that are faced by the halal food consumers. The challenges raise a doubt among the halal food consumers about the authenticity of the product being halal. Therefore, a solution that can address these issues and can establish trust between consumers and producers. Blockchain technology can provide a distributed ledger of an immutable record of the information. Artificial intelligence supports developing a solution for pattern identification. The proposed research utilizes blockchain an artificial intelligence-based system for developing a system that ensure the authenticity of the halal food products by providing the traceability related to all the operations and processes of the supply chain and sourcing the raw material. The proposed system has been tested with a local supermarket. The results and tests of the developed solution seemed effective and the testers expressed interest in real-world implementation of the proposed system.
Dinesh Kumar K, G. Vennila, Manoj Kumar D S, J. Jeno Jasmine · 6 authors
Blockchain Technology emerged to be one of the smart solutions to ease the functionality of many real time applications due to its decentralized nature, high security and distributed decentralized ledger. Many people have started questioning about the production process of food product that will ultimately be sold at market and retail shops. Blockchain provides viable solution to track the complete process of crop production from harvesting to food products. Therefore, agro business are increasingly searching for supply chain management application that may help to improve the standard of safe food handling, quality and traceability through the agricultural supply chains. Implementing blockchain into the food supply chain makes it more transparent in its operations thus boosting visibility as well as traceability of items from farms to grocery shops. Furthermore, this action mitigates financial risks and promotes all-inclusive commerce. The proposed method able to avoids trusted centralized authorities, middlemen or transaction records but rather permitting direct interaction among peers by having their own personal blockchains. The systematic capturing of transaction at each stage of manufacturing cycle with transparency in the transactions with blockchain security. The aim of this research work to enable the consumers to access the product information from the origin of their food product, including its environmental footprints, storage, food processing etc., beyond food supply chain traceability and transparency this research work aims to find new applications in farming. These may include crop management, food authentication, crop insurance etc., overall to improve the agriculture practices.
This study presents a blockchain-based traceability system designed specifically for the olive oil supply chain, addressing key challenges in transparency, quality assurance, and fraud prevention. The system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology with a decentralized blockchain framework to provide real-time monitoring of critical quality metrics. A practical web application, linked to the Ethereum blockchain, enables stakeholders to track each stage of the supply chain via tamper-proof records. Key functionalities include smart contracts that automate quality checks, ensuring data integrity and providing immediate verification of product authenticity. Initial user feedback highlights the system's potential to enhance transparency and reduce fraud risks in the olive oil market, supporting consumer trust and regulatory compliance. This approach offers a scalable solution adaptable to other high-value agricultural products, demonstrating the blockchain's transformative potential for secure and transparent food traceability.
The production of digital signatures with blockchain constitutes a prerequisite for the security of electronic agriculture applications (EAA), such as the Internet of Things (IoT). To prevent irresponsibility within the blockchain, attackers regularly attempt to manipulate or intercept data stored or sent via EAA-IoT. Additionally, cybersecurity has not received much attention recently because IoT applications are still relatively new. As a result, the protection of EAAs against security threats remains insufficient. Moreover, the security protocols used in contemporary research are still insufficient to thwart a wide range of threats. For these security issues, first, this study proposes a security system to combine consortium blockchain blocks with Edwards25519 (Ed25519) signatures to stop block data tampering in the IoT. Second, the proposed study leverages an artificial bee colonizer (ABC) approach to preserve the unpredictable nature of Ed25519 signatures while identifying the optimal solution and optimizing various complex challenges. Advanced deep learning (ADL) technology is used as a model to track and evaluate objects in the optimizer system. We tested our system in terms of security measures and performance overhead. Tests conducted on the proposed system have shown that it can prevent the most destructive applications, such as obfuscation, selfish mining, block blocking, block ignoring, blind blocking, and heuristic attacks, and that our system fends off these attacks through the use of the test of the Scyther tool. Additionally, the system measures performance parameters, including a scalability of 99.56%, an entropy of 60.99 Mbps, and a network throughput rate of 200,000.0 m/s, which reflects the acceptability of the proposed system over existing security systems.
G. Megala, T. Vigneshwaran, Ramarathnam Venkatesan, B Natarajan
Food traceability is crucial for food quality and safety to reduce vulnerabilities of product globalization. The traditional Agri-food production system does not offer easy traceability of the product at any point of the supply chain. Blockchain based production system resolves the challenges by reducing the complexity of traceability. Still no other study has presented Blockchain-based traceability platform with a lower impact on the environment and lower cost for each transaction sent by the supply chain. In the existing system, proof of work consensus protocol is used in blockchain which consumes more energy for transactions. The proposed traceability system is based on Ethereum Blockchain, which uses the Proof-of-Stake mechanism of consensus that requires minimal computational power, is highly scalable and environmentally sustainable. The user interface of consumer is specially designed that provides all the tracking information of the agro-food. The developed traceability platform digitizes the entire production chain making the data immutable and available in realtime.
Andrews Tang, Eric Tutu Tchao, Andrew Selasi Agbemenu, Eliel Keelson · 6 authors
This review paper delves into the global agricultural food supply chains through the lens of African perspectives, examining the role of blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in transforming food traceability. It assesses the applicability and efficacy of these innovations in addressing critical issues such as food fraud, contamination, and systemic inefficiencies from an African viewpoint. By engaging in an in-depth analysis of relevant studies, this work dissects the technical, economic, legal, and operational facets of employing blockchain and IoT in the agri-food sector. The findings illuminate the transformative potential these technologies hold for enhancing food safety and transparency across supply chains. However, the review also brings to light significant hurdles related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory frameworks that must be surmounted. Advocating for a context-sensitive application of blockchain and IoT, the paper highlights the importance of adapting these technologies to fit the diverse socio-economic and infrastructural realities prevalent in African countries. Offering valuable insights to stakeholders in agricultural technology and food safety, this comprehensive review outlines a roadmap for future research and strategic implementation efforts aimed at leveraging blockchain and IoT for the development of secure, sustainable food systems.
The agri-food system plays a critical role in meeting global food demand, with traceability and food safety becoming key priorities for producers and consumers. Consumer trust, influenced by perceptions of food safety, quality and origin, has been declining due to the complexity of the food supply chain. Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged as a promising solution to increase transparency, ensure data immutability, and improve food safety and quality. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology to analyze consumer perceptions of BCT in the agri-food sector. Using the PRISMA method, articles from Scopus®, Web of Science®, and PubMed® were reviewed, focusing on publications from 2019 to 2023. A total of 34 relevant studies were identified and examined to determine the key factors influencing consumer acceptance of BCT-tracked foods. Results indicate that trust, ngness to pay, perception of traceability, perceived risk and perceived safety are critical variables influencing consumer perceptions of BCT. Trust in BCT is supported by its ability to ensure data integrity and transparency, which significantly influences consumer behavior and adoption intentions. Consumers' willingness to pay for BCT-tracked products is influenced by their awareness and understanding of the benefits of BCT in improving food safety. In addition, BCT's potential to reduce perceived risk and improve supply chain transparency further enhances consumer trust. In conclusion, promoting consumer confidence through transparent information provided by BCT is essential for its widespread adoption in the agri-food sector. In order to educate consumers about the benefits of BCT and promote greater acceptance, the study recommends targeted communication strategies. Future research should focus on real-world applications and consumer education to further validate the impact of BCT on improving food safety and trust.
Livestock farming is vital to the global economy, but faces challenges in traceability, sustainability, and productive efficiency due to a lack of standardization and difficulties in data sharing. With the increasing demand for transparency, blockchain technology emerges as a solution, standing out for its decentralization, immutability, and transparency. This study explores the application of blockchain in livestock farming, developing a blockchain network and a system called eCattle for herd monitoring and management. The research addresses the challenges of current systems and presents a blockchain-based prototype for the sector. The study emphasizes the revolutionary potential of blockchain to strengthen trust and sustainability in the livestock production chain through immutable and auditable records, enhancing data reliability and security.
Haya R. Hasan, Ahmad Musamih, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman · 7 authors
Current conventional agricultural practices have exacerbated the depletion of soil, loss of biodiversity, and intensified the substantial challenges of food security including monoculture dependence, resource intensiveness, access and distribution issues. This has raised consumers awareness towards monitoring the resources of their food consumption. Nevertheless, greenwashing and deceptive food labels are prevalent leading to sales of items with misaligned labels, underpinning the need to authenticate, trace, and track the agricultural supply chain from the farm to shop. Consumers should be able to select fresh produce and verify its origin through a transparent, trustworthy, accountable, and reliable process. This paper introduces a blockchain-based solution that leverages intrinsic features of this innovative and disruptive technology to harness transparency, reliability, authenticity, and accountability within an agricultural supply chain. Additionally, our solution eliminates misleading food labels on fresh produce by enabling consumers to reliably trace and verify the origin and authenticity of the food source in a transparent manner. Through the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), the well-being of the soil, air, and crops is consistently monitored. The sustainable solutions employed are transparent, aligning with the standards set by various sustainable food certifications and agencies, including organic, non-Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The paper presents detailed algorithms that represent the smart contract code, sequence diagrams along with testing results and security analysis. The smart contract code is made publicly available on GitHub.
Marios Vasileiou, Leonidas Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Christina Kleisiari, Paolo Prosperi · 10 authors
Abstract Within food Supply Chains (SCs), food products labeled through Geographical Indications (GIs) hold paramount importance as distinctive and culturally significant entities, ensuring the integrity and distinctiveness of regional specialties. By strictly regulating the geographic origin and production methods, the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) not only guarantees the preservation of traditional practices but also safeguards the cultural legacy and identity of the regions where genuine PDO products are produced. However, the very mechanisms safeguarding PDO authenticity can be exploited within globalized food systems, creating opportunities for fraudulent activities and intentional or unintentional adulteration. This study specifically delves into the overarching realm of PDO SCs, using PDO Feta cheese as a prominent case study. Through an assessment of Feta cheese SC in Greece, encompassing the Delphi Technique with the amalgamation of the design stages of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Vulnerabilities Assessment and Critical Control Point (VACCP), and Threat Assessment and Critical Control Point (TACCP) methodologies, the operations, vulnerabilities, and critical control points are scrutinized. The results indicate multifaceted vulnerabilities and Critical Control Points (CCPs) in the Feta cheese SC that need to be addressed and constitute a precursor for augmenting PDO SCs. Moreover, the utilization of Blockchain Technology (BT) exhibits intrinsic potential for enhancing the administration of supply chains with the potential to fundamentally transform data management practices and foster increased levels of trust among stakeholders.