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3,460 results · page 76 of 145
Özgür Kesim, Christian Grothoff, Florian Dold, Martin Schanzenbach
No abstract is available for this record.
Aysha Alnuaimi, Amna Alshehhi, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman · 6 authors
The current legacy system used in processing health insurance claims causes a huge amount of financial loss every year due to fraud claims. It is also highly prone to privacy and security threats due to the use of traditional methods. Health insurance claims for prescription drugs are one such claim that is highly prone to being tampered with. Also, there is a lack of linkage in the prescription data between the medical care provider and the pharmacy, which also leads to miscommunication and the use of false prescriptions. In this paper, we propose processing health insurance claims for drug prescriptions using blockchain technology that manages the processing of prescription drugs in a private, secure, trustworthy, and decentralized manner. The proposed system utilizes a private Ethereum blockchain. The system includes two smart contracts: registration and approval smart contracts, which provide traceability and trustworthiness to the system. The system was integrated with off-chain storage (IPFS) and a fronted decentralized applications (DApps), which improves the accessibility of centralized patient information by authorized parties. To maintain the privacy of the data, a gateway is used to filter the data that can be viewed by the participants. We present the system architecture, sequence diagrams, entity-relationship diagram, and algorithms to demonstrate the working principles of the proposed process for processing health insurance claims for prescription drugs using blockchain. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated by conducting security analysis and comparing it to the existing solutions. Our smart contract code is publicly available on GitHub.
Tariq Alsboui, Hussain Al-Aqrabi, Richard Hill, Shamaila Iram
In the Internet of things (IoT), security and privacy issues are a fundamental challenge determining the successful implementation of many IoT applications. Distributed ledger technology (e.g., Blockchain) offers a great promise to solve these issues. Blockchain-based solutions support security and privacy, yet they involve significant energy due to mining, low throughput, and computational overhead that is not acceptable for IoT resource-constrained devices. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient Privacy-Preserving Distributed Intelligence approach (PPDI) by adopting the IOTA technology. IOTA is an emerging distributed ledger technology that allows for zero fees transactions for the IoT. The proposed PPDI aims to address the privacy issues in the IoT by using the IOTA Masked Authenticated Messaging (MAM) protocol. MAM ensures privacy by encrypting and granting permission to authorized users to access data. This paper presents a healthcare scenario that demonstrate how IOTA MAM can be used to address the privacy issue in the IoT. The experimental results clearly show that IOTA MAM is a feasible solution that can be used to solve privacy related issues in the IoT domain.
Dun Li, Dezhi Han, Benhui Xia, Tien‐Hsiung Weng · 6 authors
Large-scale production is always associated with more and more development and interaction among peers, and many fields achieve higher economic benefits through project cooperation. However, project managers in the traditional centralized approach cannot rearrange their activities to cross-organizational project management. Thanks to its characteristics, the Blockchain can represent a valid solution to the problems mentioned above. In this article, we propose Fabric-GC, a Blockchain-based Gantt chart system. Fabric-GC enables to realize secure and effective cross-organizational cooperation for project management, providing access control to multiple parties for project visualization. Compared with other solutions, the proposed system is versatile, as it can be applied to project management in different fields and achieve effective and agile scheduling. Experimental results show that Fabric-GC achieves stable performance in large-scale request and processing distributed environments, where the data synchronization speed of the consortium chain reached four times faster than a public chain, achieving faster data consistency.
Edoardo Marangone, Claudio Di Ciccio, Ingo Weber
Multi-party business processes are based on the cooperation of different actors in a distributed setting. Blockchains can provide support for the automation of such processes, even in conditions of partial trust among the participants. On-chain data are stored in all replicas of the ledger and therefore accessible to all nodes that are in the network. Although this fosters traceability, integrity, and persistence, it undermines the adoption of public blockchains for process automation since it conflicts with typical confidentiality requirements in enterprise settings. In this paper, we propose a novel approach and software architecture that allow for fine-grained access control over process data on the level of parts of messages. In our approach, encrypted data are stored in a distributed space linked to the blockchain system backing the process execution; data owners specify access policies to control which users can read which parts of the information. To achieve the desired properties, we utilise Attribute-Based Encryption for the storage of data, and smart contracts for access control, integrity, and linking to process data. We implemented the approach in a proof-of-concept and conduct a case study in supply-chain management. From the experiments, we find our architecture to be robust while still keeping execution costs reasonably low.
Anastasiya Lavrova, Oleg Iakushkin
No abstract is available for this record.
Hamza Baniata, Attila Kertész
Trusted online credential management solutions are needed for instant and practical verification. Most of the available frameworks targeting this field violate the privacy of end-users or lack sufficient solutions in terms of security and Quality-of-Service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a Privacy-aware Fog-enhanced Blockchain-based online credential management solution, namely PriFoB. Our proposed solution adopts a public permissioned Blockchain model with different reliable encryption schemes, standardized Zero-Knowledge-Proofs (ZKPs) and Digital Signatures (DSs) within a Fog–Blockchain integrated framework, which is also GDPR compliant. We deploy both the Proof-of-Authority (PoA) and the Signatures-of-Work (SoW) consensus algorithms for efficient and secure handling of Verifiable Credentials (VCs) and global accreditation of VC issuers, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a novel three-dimensional DAG-based model of the Distributed Ledger (3DDL), and provide a ready-to-deploy PriFoB implementation. We discuss insights regarding the utilization and the potential of PriFoB, and evaluate it in terms of security, privacy, latency, throughput and power utilization. We analyze its performance in different layers of a Fog-enabled cloud architecture with simulation and emulation, and we show that PriFoB outperforms several Blockchain-based solutions utilizing Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Besu and Hyperledger Indy platforms.
Jayamine Alupotha, Xavier Boyen, Matthew McKague
Confidential Transactions (CT) hide coin amounts even from verifiers without the help of trusted third parties. Aggregable CTs are a scalable category of CTs with “spent coin record trimming”. For example, if Alice sends coins to Bob, who had sent similar coins to Charles, the aggregated transaction shows only that Alice sent coins to Charles by deleting Bob’s coin records. Since the number of spent coin records grows linearly with the number of transactions, faster than the number of accounts, cash systems based on aggregable CTs are highly scalable. However, existing quantum-safe aggregable CT protocols have large unspent coin records, and existing efficient aggregable CTs are vulnerable to quantum attacks. We introduce two aggregable CT protocols, based on new efficient homomorphic zero-knowledge proofs, from either the plain or Module Short Integer Solution (SIS and MSIS) problems, both believed to be secure against quantum adversaries. We further implement the MSIS-based aggregable CT protocol as a C library. Our experiments on 104transactions show that aggregation reduces the cash system’s size by 40%–54% when the output/input rate is in the range 1/1–2/1. For example, a cash system of 1.73 GB can be reduced to 0.98 GB when the output/input rate is 1.5, which has been the historical real-world average rate.
Hamra Afzaal, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Umar Janjua, Sarada Prasad Gochhayat
Crowdsourcing is an effective technique that allows humans to solve complex problems that are hard to accomplish by automated tools. Some significant challenges in crowdsourcing systems include avoiding security attacks, effective trust management, and ensuring the system’s correctness. Blockchain is a promising technology that can be efficiently exploited to address security and trust issues. The consensus protocol is a core component of a blockchain network through which all the blockchain peers achieve an agreement about the state of the distributed ledger. Therefore, its security, trustworthiness, and correctness have vital importance. This work proposes a Secure and Trustworthy Blockchain-based Crowdsourcing (STBC) consensus protocol to address these challenges. Model checking is an effective and automatic technique based on formal methods that is utilized to ensure the correctness of STBC consensus protocol. The proposed consensus protocol’s formal specification is described using Communicating Sequential Programs (CSP#). Safety, fault tolerance, leader trust, and validators’ trust are important properties for a consensus protocol, which are formally specified through Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) to prevent several security attacks, such as blockchain fork, selfish mining, and invalid block insertion. Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT) is utilized for the formal verification of the proposed consensus protocol.
Aaliya Sarfaraz, Ripon K. Chakrabortty, Daryl Essam
In recent years, supply chains have evolved into huge ecosystems, demanding trust, provenance, and data privacy. Since blockchain technology (BCT) allows for the development of a distributed environment, it is ideal for supply chain management (SCM) applications. However, concerns regarding data privacy have impeded the development of blockchains. Despite the fact that some blockchains can restrict participants from reading and/or writing data, blockchain’s transparency makes protecting sensitive data challenging. To solve the data privacy challenge, this paper proposes a framework, AccessChain, that is an SCM access control framework that is based on an attribute-based access control (ABAC) model that restricts access to competing parties while allowing for network scalability. This proposed AccessChain model has two types of ledgers in its system: local and global. Local ledgers are used to store business contracts between stakeholders and the attribute-based access control model management, whereas the global ledger is used to record transaction data. AccessChain can enable decentralized, fine-grained and dynamic access control management in SCM when combined with the ABAC model and BCT. This paper’s experimental results illustrate that high throughput can be achieved in a large-scale request environment while maintaining data privacy and sustaining a scalable network.
Tian Li, Huaqun Wang, Debiao He, Jia Yu
In the digital twin environment, the fusion data onto physical entities in the physical space are mapped to multiple virtual spaces for digital modeling and intelligent simulation in different dimensions. In real intelligent manufacturing scenarios, heterogeneous multi-source fusion data are collected at the same time period. So they are consistent in time state. For the autonomous digital twin system, time states verification and integrity checking are basic security factors. Provable data possession technology can check the integrity of data onto virtual spaces. The blockchain can provide the synchronization interface to make distributed entities to obtain the trusted time state value. Considering the privacy, the blockchain can also provide anonymous services for entities. Therefore, we propose the blockchain-based synchronized provable data possession scheme (named BSPDP) for digital twin. In our scheme, the selection of verifier is flexible. Since virtual spaces may be maliciously framed to pay compensation, we use tag verification to prevent honest virtual spaces from being framed. Under the assumption of RSA, the proposed BSPDP is provably secure. Finally, the performance analysis demonstrates that BSPDP is practical. The experimental results show that BSPDP is effective and attractive for digital twin.
Siqi Feng, Wenquan Li, Lanju Kong, Lijin Liu · 6 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Ol'ga D. KHON
The research is dedicated to the examination of cryptocurrencies' market price and money supply modelling in the crypto ecosystem. The study provides a model for a money supply construction under a proof-of-stake blockchain within consequential empirical tests. The call for financial regulation and measures in action was unveiled. Price bubbles and cryptocurrency volatility are also depicted on the edge of rising global inflation. Amid the discussion, the recent crypto scams revealed are applied -to trace blockchain purity against the shadow schemes and criminal use of the technology.
Manyu Zhao, Wei Liu, He Kai
With the rapid development of the social economy, the problem of environmental pollution has been widely concerned. The existing environmental monitoring system adopts a hierarchical centralized management structure, which has some problems, such as data silos and the risk of data falsification. Thus, this paper proposes an environmental monitoring data security model based on the blockchain, which uses the blockchain distributed storage mode to realize the secure sharing of monitoring data and curb the behavior of data forgery. A practical Byzantine fault tolerant mechanism based on credit grouping supervision is adopted to reduce the computation and communication overhead caused by data consensus. Through the cloud chain fusion technology, the encrypted monitoring data is stored on the cloud storage server, and the monitoring data credentials are stored on the blockchain to reduce the storage pressure. And AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) combined with the RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) encryption algorithm to ensure the security of data transmission and storage. Security analysis and experiments demonstrate that our proposed scheme achieves authenticity, integrity, and security for monitored data. In addition, it effectively reduces the computation, communication, and storage overhead of the block nodes.
Shanshan Li, Chunxiang Xu, Yuan Zhang, Yicong Du · 5 authors
In this paper, we introduce a concept of transparent integrity auditing and propose a concrete scheme based on the blockchain, which goes one step beyond existing public auditing schemes, since the auditing does not rely on third-party auditors while freeing users from heavy communication costs on auditing the data integrity. Then we construct a secure transparent deduplication scheme based on the blockchain that supports deduplication over encrypted data and enables users to attest the deduplication pattern on the cloud server. Such a scheme allows users to directly benefit from data deduplication and protects data content against anyone who does not own the data. Finally, we integrate the proposed transparent integrity auditing scheme and transparent deduplication scheme into one system, dubbed BLIND. We evaluate BLIND from security and efficiency, which demonstrates that BLIND achieves a strong security guarantee with high efficiency.
Babu Pillai, Kamanashis Biswas, Zhé Hóu, Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy
Interoperability is identified as one of the major design constraints for blockchain technology. Cross-blockchain technology is fast evolving as the demand for value transfer among different blockchain systems is growing. A generic cross-blockchain design methodology for interoperability requires a set of suitable components to facilitate the integration process. One of the main challenges in the integration is to protect the integrity of the shared data. Various integration systems and their components may operate with different underlying security assumptions and this may lead to compromise of the overall security. In this paper we review the latest advancement in blockchain integration systems and provide a comprehensive analysis of integration characteristics for cross-blockchain technology and then define the essential components and modes of integration. Based on the outcome of our review, we propose a novel integration design decision framework that identifies key assumptions and critical characteristics of the cross-blockchain technology. The proposed framework facilitates the best-practice decision-making process. This reduces the potential for design errors and the associated security risks and performance degradation of the overall system.
Meng Jia, Jing Chen, Kun He, Ruiying Du · 8 authors
Blockchain is a technology with decentralization and immutability features and has been employed for auditing by many applications. However, immutability sometimes limits the application of blockchain technology. For example, vulnerable smart contracts on blockchain cannot be redacted due to immutability. The existing redactable blockchain solutions either have a low efficiency or violate the decentralization feature. Moreover, those solutions lack mechanisms for tracing redaction history and checking block consistency. In this paper, we present an efficient redactable blockchain with traceability in the decentralized setting. Specifically, we propose a decentralized chameleon hash function for redactable blockchain that every redaction must be approved by multiple blockchain nodes. We also design a redactable blockchain structure that maintains all redactions of a block and encodes the redacted blocks into an RSA accumulator. Then, we propose an efficient block consistency check protocol based on the RSA accumulator. Finally, we conduct experiments and compare our scheme with another decentralized redactable blockchain to demonstrate that our solution is efficient in practice.
Haya R. Hasan, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob, Raja Jayaraman · 6 authors
Today’s resource-constrained IoT streaming devices generate large amounts of data which is stored, processed, analyzed for value creation, and accessed using centralized systems, technologies, platforms, and services. Most existing systems leveraged for storing and accessing IoT streaming data fall short in providing transparency, traceability, reliability, trustworthiness, and security features. Also, they are vulnerable to the single point of failure problem due to centralization. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based solution for resource-constrained IoT streaming devices that allows data chunks to be transferred in a decentralized, transparent, traceable, reliable, secure, and trustful manner. We preserve the privacy and confidentiality of the IoT streamed data through a proxy re-encryption network. We use the decentralized storage of the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) to store and share the IoT streaming data, thereby dealing with the large-size data storage problem. We present system diagrams and eleven algorithms along with their full implementation details. We perform security analysis to show our smart contract code is secure enough against well-known security threats and vulnerabilities. We compare our proposed approach with the existing solutions to show its novelty and effectiveness. We make our smart contract code publicly available on the GitHub repository.
Zia Ullah, Basit Raza, Habib Shah, Shahzad Khan · 5 authors
Nowadays, cloud-based storage systems play a vital role in IoT data storage, processing, and sharing. Despite its contribution, the current cloud-based architecture may cause severe data leakage or jeopardize user privacy. Meanwhile, the cloud-based architecture heavily relies on a trusted third-party auditor (TPA) and runs in a centralized control manner. However, the TPA may not be a completely trustworthy entity, and a single point of failure might cause the centralized system to collapse. Fortunately, with the advent of blockchain technology, the decentralized storage model has gained popularity. A decentralized storage system successfully eradicates the rule of TPA, solves the problem of a single point of failure, and has many advantages over a centralized control architecture, such as low storage prices and high throughput. This study offers a blockchain-based decentralized distributed storage and sharing scheme that provides end-to-end encryption and fine-grained access control. In our proposed IoTChain model, fine-grained permission is based on attribute-based access control (A-BAC) policy by employing the Ethereum blockchain as an auditable access control layer. Smart contracts are tailored for the IoTChain model, which combines the Ethereum blockchain and the interplanetary file system (IPFS). We used an advanced encryption standard (AES) for encryption and the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol for secret key sharing between data owners and users. Also, the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism is replaced with a proof-of-authority (PoA) to minimize system transaction cost and boost system throughput. Additionally, our solution has been tested on the Ethereum official test network Rinkeby, and the results demonstrate that our approach is realistic and economical on the IoT data.
Michael Backes, Pascal Berrang, Lucjan Hanzlik, Ivan Pryvalov
No abstract is available for this record.
R. Priyadarshini, Mukil Alagirisamy, N. Rajendran
No abstract is available for this record.
Ochchhav Patel, Hiren Patel
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of active and passive objects that interact with each other for information exchange. Due to the immense acceptance of the concept, the IoT utility rate has increased exponentially in recent years. Being an open (and sometimes not-physically-observed) network, the issue of data privacy and security becomes a severe concern on account of the presence of untrusted and malicious users on the network. Most of the existing security approaches are centralized in nature, which leads to bottlenecks and obscurity in public verifiability. Due to its functionality, blockchain technology could be a solution to these problems, owing to its distributed immutable ledger that is cryptographically secured. In this research, we intend to address the security issues in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and access control mechanisms in the IoT for a healthcare system where the data files of a particular patient are encrypted and stored on the blockchain storage in a distributed fashion and accessed through smart contracts. We have observed the efficiency and time complexity of IoT based medical health care system with the utilization of kovan, binance smart chain, rinkeby, and matic blockchain networks. The authors propose a secure model for IoT based healthcare systems with the incorporation of the blockchain network.
Wenfeng Li
Although distributed ledger technology (DLT) provides new and distinct benefits for information systems, some of its features, such as slower data processing, are incompatible with many applications. A new DLT architecture based on main-sub-ledger is presented in this paper. It achieves physical data isolation, ensuring the privacy and security of business data. Simultaneously, the main-sub-ledger creates tiered data storage, effectively relieving node data storage pressure and improving data processing capacity.
Mohammad Madine, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman, Ammar Battah · 6 authors
Digital data has enabled organizations to anticipate future threats, opportunities, and trends. However, digital data owners do not know how their data is accessed, shared, and monitized. In this paper, we propose using blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to enable time-bound access and monitization of private data. Our approach allows users to upload encrypted content and mint it into NFTs. Other users can access the NFTs’ content by requesting a purchase or a license. Purchasing content transfers the ownership of the NFTs to the buyer; whereas, licensing them permits accessing the private data for a limited period of time, after which the data gets automatically deleted. Our developed approach uses the decentralized application (DApp), proxy reencryption (PRE), InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and trusted execution environment (TEE) for managing a fully decentralized and robust system. We implement a proof-of-concept system in an Ethereum-based environment, which is used for testing and vulnerability checks. We present the cost and security analyses and discuss the generalization aspect of the solution. Our smart contracts and testing scripts are publicly available under an open-source license.