Yuanfang Chi, Haihan Duan, Wei Cai, Z. Jane Wang · 5 authors
Parallel Web3 metaverses play a vital role in preventing monopolistic markets and fostering fair and profound user experiences. Meanwhile, ensuring interconnections and interoperability among these metaverses is crucial, allowing users to seamlessly transition between different Web3 environments while maintaining their digital identities and assets. In this tutorial paper, we provide an overview of the significance and current landscape of interoperability in parallel metaverses. Furthermore, we identify key challenges in achieving interoperability in parallel Web3 metaverses within the blockchain industry, including the technical complexities and practical business considerations. Then, we suggest that decentralized knowledge inference can be used as a potential solution for facilitating knowledge sharing among parallel metaverses. Finally, we outline the technical and economic approaches of decentralized knowledge inference to inspire future research in this field.
Different from “read” based Web1 and “read-write” based Web2, “read-write-own” based Web3 is proposed as a typical user-centric Internet to open the new generation of the World Wide Web. Web3 is the internet religious fundamentalism for data rights owned by users based on identity, data, network, and service, which requires the support of full-process data protection provided by a zero-trust and zero-touch environment. However, as to the traditional layered architecture like TCP/IP, data protection is an overlaid function, which is far away from the full-process data protection requirements. To this end, in order to build a zero-trust and zero-touch environment, a Web3 architecture is presented in this article as a promising paradigm. Meanwhile, the key principles for Web3 architecture designing are discussed, covering interoperability and interpretability of data, trustworthiness throughout network lifecycle, incentive for collaboration and sharing, and human-centric experience. Moreover, in order to achieve these principles, four aspects of enabling technologies are presented, including semantic, incentive, decentralized, and spatial technologies. Finally, some main challenges and open issues are also identified as a future direction for further work.
<p>OKX Wallet is a universal digital currency wallet accessible on different platforms, such as web, app, and extension. The wallet gives you quick access to over 3000 crypto tokens, over 60 decentralized networks, thousands of dApps (decentralized applications), and the Web3 ecosystem. <strong><a href="https://sites.google.com/99cryptowallet.com/okxwalletextension/">OKX Wallet Extension</a></strong> is a non-custodial wallet, with users responsible for the private keys and, hence, assets. OKX is now a multi-chain wallet compatible with EVM and non-EVM chains. This lets users access dApps on various chains without changing wallets.</p>\n\n<p>Presently, the OKX Wallet supports 37 chains, like Ethereum, OKC, Bitcoin, Avalanche, Solana, Arbitrum, Polygon, Tron, etc. The wallet saves users many troubles by automatically changing networks. The OKX Wallet Extension has an in-built DEX (decentralized exchange) that works across networks and NFT (non-fungible token) marketplaces that collect orders through LookRare, OpenSea, and X2Y2 and support NFT analysis. With this all-one-hub, users can explore over 1,000 dApp protocols.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://sites.google.com/99cryptowallet.com/ledgerwalletextension/"><strong>Ledger Wallet Extension</strong></a> is a multi-chain web browser extension developed to offer secure and straightforward access to Web3 through the Ledger hardware wallet, letting you connect with dApps (decentralized applications) directly and simply without importing your Ledger account into the software wallet. Read the guide to understand the ins and outs of setting up and utilizing the Ledger Wallet Extension.</p>
<p><strong>Whether you are a cryptocurrency, NFT (non-fungible token) enthusiast or trying to increase the capability of the Web3 world, the <a href="https://sites.google.com/99cryptowallet.com/bladewalletextension/">Blade Wallet Extension</a> is worth considering. It’s a virtual wallet developed to fulfill user requirements. This guide will show you the wallet features, set up an account, and more. Continue reading to take control of your virtual assets and discover everything Web3 offers.</strong></p>
Dirk Draheim, Ahto Buldas, Mike Gault, Märt Saarepera
<p>The Web3 vision takes blockchain disintermediation to a next level by making it ubiquitous, encompassing not only payments and financial services but also digital identities, data and business models. Recently, Web3 has gained massive attention by major analysts such as Gartner, Forrester, Forbes Technology Council and the Harvard Business Review. Albeit the current enthusiasm about Web3, we are lost in a state of confusion about what Web3 actually is - or could be. The purpose of this paper is to mitigate the gap between the perceived usefulness of Web3 and its potential implementation. We take a descriptive design science approach. We provide informed arguments for a potential foundation of Web3 in terms of fundamental components, architectural principles and a Web3 design space. We demonstrate the usefulness of the provided Web3 foundation by describing Alphabill, a platform that allows for universal asset tokenization and transfer as a global medium of exchange. The findings of this research enable policy makers, decision makers and information systems architects alike to make informed decisions about Web3 and its potential implementation as follows: (i) The Web3 can be characterized as the integration of digital rights exchange into the (application layer) internet protocols. (ii) The Web3 has the potential to revolutionize today's information systems's landscape by turning today's information systems into deeply standardized views on a huge, single underlying information structure. The killer application of a well-founded Web3 is the Web3 itself -- being the currently missing backbone (value-added middleware) for all of today's and future enterprise applications and business-to-business communication. (iii) The scenario-based evaluation of the provided Web3 foundation reveals the described Alphabill platform as a Web3 enabling technology. </p>
The World is experiencing a significant shift in how technology is being used and how new strategies are being developed to streamline and get around bureaucratic processes. Cannot continue without mentioning blockchain as a revolutionary decentralization concept that also serves as a foundational notion for Web 3. One must admit that this is a struggle we are going through and that will continue into this new period as we add more approaches and technologies. In this study, the Web3 principles (like decentralization, trust and security, privacy and data protection), methodologies, and technologies are evaluated, along with their connections to digital forensics. Various viewpoints emphasizing the difficulties and current condition of these issues are offered. Authors discuss their viewpoints while highlighting their extensive background in digital forensics, keeping in mind that digital forensics is a relatively new profession. Based on their viewpoint's conclusions are being set. This work is currently being done by the authors as part of their research in the field of digital forensics and Web3.
Pietra Daneluzzi Quinelato, Aluísio de Freitas Miele
O cenário tecnológico vivenciado não é apenas disruptivo. Esta quebra do “percurso normal” é diária e traz, nesta mesma velocidade, inovações que proporcionam novas oportunidades e criam melhorias para a vida em sociedade, em paralelo à criação de fissuras como no que diz respeito à proteção de dados pessoais. Neste sentido, por meio de abordagem metodológica qualitativa e documental indireta, o presente artigo aborda o conceito da IoT e suas aplicações, o universo imersivo do metaverso, a interação entre esses dois ecossistemas e a necessidade de (re)pensar a arquitetura jurídica digital. Para tanto, demonstrou-se como a web3, ao prometer um ambiente descentralizado, seguro e global, contribui para uma realidade cada vez mais imersiva e permite a interação entre IoT e metaverso. Neste universo imersivo, em que “coisas” se conectam entre si e com o indivíduo, intensifica-se a quantidade de dados pessoais coletados, principalmente pelos wearables. Assim, medidas de transparência e ética, além de garantias aos direitos fundamentais devem acompanhar todo este desenvolvimento tecnológico.
Yuhang Wang, Ying He, F. Richard Yu, Bin Song · 5 authors
The Metaverse offers a highly immersive virtual world where users interact with others and objects in real time through their avatars. The integration of Internet of Things (loT) devices plays a pivotal role in achieving seamless synchronization between these two realms. In this article, we explore the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for image capture and data transmission to base stations, which then render and optimize images to construct the Metaverse. Considering the limited resources, when the communication or storage resources of base stations are insufficient, UAV tasks can be offloaded to the Web3 cloud servers for storage and processing, so as to avoid wasting the information collected by UAVs. This continuous interaction among the Web3 cloud servers, UAVs, and base stations enables the real world and Metaverse updating simultaneously. To enhance the effectiveness of our approach, we introduce a quantum collective reinforcement learning method, which empowers UAVs with fast training capabilities. This collective learning enables UAVs to autonomously adapt and swiftly respond to novel scenarios, thereby ensuring seamless integration with new environments. Extensive simulations validate the effectiveness of our proposed method in achieving efficient offloading and enhancing overall system performance within the Metaverse and Web3 ecosystem.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in decentralised technologies and the potential of Web3. These technologies have the potential to upend traditional business models and disrupt several industries. There is also a growing recognition of the need for new marketing approaches to promote these technologies and drive adoption. The ‘tech stack’ of Web3 is complex and still evolving, making it difficult to communicate its benefits to a mainstream audience. Additionally, the decentralised nature of these technologies presents unique marketing challenges since there is no single company or organisation that controls the narrative. This paper explores the market for Web3 technologies and the opportunities and challenges for marketing in this space. It begins with an overview of the Web3 marketplace, including a discussion of the size and scope of the market and the major trends driving growth. This is followed by a section on marketing in Web3, including a discussion of the unique challenges and opportunities posed by technology. Finally, the paper concludes with a case study of an effective marketing campaign for a Web3 project.
Temporal Heterogeneous Networks (THNs) are evolving networks that characterize many real-world applications such as citation and events networks, recommender systems, and knowledge graphs. Forecasting THNs involves predicting future connections within a network that evolves over time and comprises diverse types of nodes and interactions with varying temporal dynamics. Although some Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) models have been successfully applied to forecast THNs, there is a lack of a general overview of how the message-passing computation could be extended to treat THNs. Moreover, most of the current solutions exhibit pitfalls in their training and evaluation strategies. Hence, in this work, we propose a graph deep learning framework for THN forecasting. Our framework decomposes the computation of a GNN layer into multiple components and introduces two different schemes to update embedding representations for THNs. This design allows the classification of existing solutions into special instances of our framework and highlights their potential limitations. We also extend the set of benchmarks for THNs by introducing two novel high-resolution temporal heterogeneous graph datasets derived from an emerging Web3 platform and a well-established e-commerce website. Overall, we conducted the first massive evaluation of THNs solutions over four temporal heterogeneous network datasets on two different future link prediction tasks using a fair newly introduced evaluation setting that considers the evolving nature of the data. Based on the limitations of existing solutions, we develop a new model that combines working techniques from previous models and leverages a new embedding update scheme. Experiments show the prediction power of our model compared to current solutions for link prediction in temporal graphs. Moreover, the experimental evaluation highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the different solutions and shows the effectiveness of our framework design.
Leonhard Balduf, Maciej Korczyński, Onur Ascigil, Navin V. Keizer · 7 authors
Interplanetary Filesystem (IPFS) is one of the largest peer-to-peer filesystems in operation. The network is the default storage layer for Web3 and is being presented as a solution to the centralization of the web. In this paper, we present a large-scale, multi-modal measurement study of the IPFS network. We analyze the topology, the traffic, the content providers and the entry points from the classical Internet. Our measurements show significant centralization in the IPFS network and a high share of nodes hosted in the cloud. We also shed light on the main stakeholders in the ecosystem. We discuss key challenges that might disrupt continuing efforts to decentralize the Web and highlight multiple properties that are creating pressures toward centralization.
Web3 predstavlja revolucionarnu promjenu internetskog okruženja, s fokusom na decentralizaciji, sigurnosti i korisničkoj kontroli. Ovaj rad istražuje osnovne aspekte Web3, uključujući glavne tehnologije, vrste aplikacija koje se razvijaju, trenutne zabrinutosti i izazove. Analizom tih elemenata, rad će osvijetliti kako Web3 oblikuje budućnost interneta i kako može poboljšati digitalna iskustva, ali i istražiti potencijalne rizike i izazove.
Geordan Shannon, Alix Faddoul, Alexander Lai, Tony Lai · 7 authors
Planet.Health addresses imagination and coordination challenges for planetary health through innovative approaches to social organising. This report presents the findings from the inaugural Planet.Health event in 2022, including the Planet.Health unconference. An unconference is a participant-driven event format that provides flexibility for emergent ideas and connections. In this (un)conference report, we share the challenges, achievements, and lessons learned during the initial year of activities in the leadup to and following the Planet.Health unconference event. We also discuss how the intersection of web3 and planetary health—a major focus of the first year—provides an alternative lens for envisioning, innovating, and coordinating beyond conventional social and institutional frameworks. We explore the potential impact of web3 technologies and decentralised social, economic, and financial networks and highlight the implications of these approaches for addressing planetary crises and supporting a flourishing human–environment relationship. As a new contribution to the planetary health field, this work emphasises the importance of building decentralised systems to foster creative actions and inspire global engagement for planetary wellbeing. The report concludes with some practical insights on how we begin to build and sustain decentralised social networks, including a discussion of the benefits and limitations of these approaches.
Rad istražuje problem scalpinga u kontekstu preprodaje ulaznica za događaje i predstavlja rješenje putem web3 aplikacije. Scalping, praksa brze preprodaje ulaznica s ciljem ostvarivanja profita, postala je široko rasprostranjena pojava koja negativno utječe na kupce i ozbiljno narušava integritet industrije događanja. Ova web3 aplikacija koristi pametne ugovore na Ethereum blockchainu i koncept nedjeljivih žetona (eng. non-fungible token) kako bi stvorila transparentno i pošteno tržište ulaznica.
Blockchain technology binds the idea of distributed ledgers and decentralization of assets into providing secure and fully ensured transparency of the data history. This technology consists of a P2P or peer-to-peer architecture of nodes that keeps a copy of the blockchain thereby enabling them to validate every transaction that is taking place in the network and has influenced developers and enthusiasts alike to adopt a decentralised mechanism. It is a robust architecture and makes hacking impossible. Consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, gas fees, different security protocols, Web3 wallets, oracles are some of the concepts and features that make blockchains immutable and secure. This chapter covers major contemporary concepts and terms profoundly. Ethereum blockchain network is dealt as the basic and foundational example that can be explained comfortably with it. Content and examples are related to solidity programming language so that even a novice can write his or her first smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain.
S. Vijayalekshmi, Sithandiwe Twetwa-Dube, Divya Vinoth-Kumar, Sibukele Gumbo
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR or Industry 4.0), combines developments in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), Web3, blockchain, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies. It is the driving force for the delivery of variety of goods and services that are quickly turning into necessities for modern living. The 4IR represents a fundamental shift in the way we work and live. By serving as test beds for innovation and educating the next generation, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) highlight their role in influencing technology use. In order for HEI to provide future generations with the appropriate 4IR knowledge and skills, it is crucial to consider how these skills are delivered within these institutions, in terms of teaching and learning. This work evaluates the scientific output of 4IR delivery in HEI from 2020 to 2023 from the Web of Science (WoS) database using a bibliometric perspective. We retrieved 193 documents from the WoS database and analyze them. We also noted that Mexico emerges as the leader in 4IR skills development in HEIs.
Online merchandising plays an important role in internet users’ behavior. With the advent of Web3.0 and blockchain technologies, online markets can be adapted to these new changes. In traditional online markets, buying and selling are performed in a centralized manner, which, in addition to the problems of centralized systems, also brings the challenge of users’ trust. One of the challenges in online markets is maintaining the privacy and not revealing the exchanged file to unauthorized entities. Another challenge is to have a mechanism to detect fraud in the market. If the wrong file or key is sent by the seller, the fraud detection mechanism guaranties that the smart contract will be informed and the buyer will be refunded. On the other hand, the seller will be paid if a correct file and its corresponding key have been sent.Blockchain network is not suitable for file storing. Therefore, there are centralized or decentralized methods to store files in building a blockchain based file sharing market. In this work, we selected a distributed file system storage called IPFS (InterPlanetary File system). We integrated IPFS network with a suitable smart contract which is deployed on Ethereum blockchain. We provided a decentralized dispute resolution mechanism to resolve any dispute that happens between market users.
The rapid growth of blockchain technology hasintroduced newsecurity challengesin decentralized systems.In this paper, we present Block-AD, a Blockchain Attack-Defense Capture The Flag (CTF) competition aimed at improving smart contract security skills and addressing evolving security threats in Next-Web3 environments. Unlike traditional CTF competitions, participants engage in attack and defense actions to exploit vulnerabilities and protect their smart contract services. This game-based approach concludes with rewards distributed from the competition’s vault and the allocation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as proof of participation. This approach aims to provide a fun and engaging way to improve the security skills of all participants, as well as to identify and fix vulnerabilities in smart contracts. By combining blockchain technology, CTF methodology, and Next-Web3 security, Block-AD provides a unique and innovative approach for enhancing cybersecurity skills in decentralized systems and smart contracts.
A blockchain-based electronic health record (EHR) system has been proposed to manage patient data and maintain computerized records across different healthcare institutions. The main objective of this system is to provide immediate access to patient health information while addressing concerns about privacy and security. It is developed on the Ethereum network using programming languages, tools, and technologies such as Ganache, Solidity, and web3.js. The system uses smart contracts to provide security and privacy, and transactions are verified and propagated to the entire decentralized network. The system includes a cryptocurrency wallet (MetaMask) with a centralized privacy system that allows authorized parties to access and secure records quickly. The proposed system aims to achieve several objectives such as allowing users to receive the same data simultaneously, increasing efficiency, building trust, and reducing barriers. It secures data storage by restricting user access and enables the secure transfer of patient medical records. The solution allows for better transparency and ownership of sensitive data, which can be recorded and safeguarded via blockchain technology, therefore assisting the healthcare sector. This paper describes a medical record system and a new protocol that can be used quickly and safely, paving the way for more secure and efficient healthcare systems. Overall, the proposed system offers potential solutions to the challenges associated with traditional EHR systems and has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry.
<sec> <title>UNSTRUCTURED</title> This paper explores the relationship between the development of the internet and health care, highlighting their parallel growth and mutual influence. It delves into the transition from the early, static days of Web 1.0, akin to siloed physician expertise in health care, to the more interactive and patient-centric era of Web 2.0, which was accompanied by advancements in medical technologies and patient engagement. This paper then focuses on the emerging era of Web3—the decentralized web—which promises a transformative shift in health care, particularly in how patient data are managed, accessed, and used. This shift toward Web3 involves using blockchain technology for decentralized data storage to enhance patient data access, control, privacy, and value. This paper also examines current applications and pilot projects demonstrating Web3’s practical use in health care and discusses key questions and considerations for its successful implementation. </sec>
We present an implementation of a Web3 platform that leverages the Groth16 Zero-Knowledge Proof schema to verify the validity of questionnaire results within Smart Contracts. Our approach ensures that the answer key of the questionnaire remains undisclosed throughout the verification process, while ensuring that the evaluation is done fairly. To accomplish this, users respond to a series of questions, and their answers are encoded and securely transmitted to a hidden backend. The backend then performs an evaluation of the user's answers, generating the overall result of the questionnaire. Additionally, it generates a Zero-Knowledge Proof, attesting that the answers were appropriately evaluated against a valid set of constraints. Next, the user submits their result along with the proof to a Smart Contract, which verifies their validity and issues a non-fungible token (NFT) as an attestation of the user's test result. In this research, we implemented the Zero-Knowledge functionality using Circom 2 and deployed the Smart Contract using Solidity, thereby showcasing a practical and secure solution for questionnaire validity verification in the context of Smart Contracts.
In this paper we analyze how and why new emerging technologies originally developed outside security fields such as Blockchain and Large Language Models (LLMs) can and may impact the development of cybersecurity. It proposes a security framework to deal with security challenges in Web3.
Ethereum is a major public blockchain. Besides being the second-largest digital currency by market capitalization for its cryptocurrency, the Ether (Ξ), it is also the foundation of Web3 and decentralized applications, or DApps, that are fuelled by Smart Contracts. At the time of this writing, Ethereum still uses Proof of Work (PoW) consensus algorithm to ensure the integrity of the blockchain and to prevent double spend. PoW requires the participation of miners, who are incentivized to assemble blocks of transactions by being rewarded with cryptocurrency paid by transaction originators and by the blockchain network itself via newly minted Ξ. Network fees for transaction submissions are called gas, by analogy to the fuel used by cars, and are negotiable. They are also highly volatile and hence it is critical to predict the direction they are heading into, so that one can time transaction submissions, when feasible. There have been several efforts to predict gas prices, including usage of large Mempools, analysis of committed blocks, and more recent ones using Facebook's Prophet model [Taylor, S. J., & Letham, B. (2017). Forecasting at scale. PeerJ Preprints, 5, e3190v2. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3190v2]. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach that employs the DeepAR [Salinas, D., Flunkert, V., Gasthaus, J., & Januschowski, T. (2020). Deepar: Probabilistic forecasting with autoregressive recurrent networks. International Journal of Forecasting, 36(3), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.07.001] model, known for its superior forecasting accuracy over conventional methods by virtue of its ability to learn from multiple related time series. This methodology not only offers immediate advantages but also holds promise for ongoing enhancements. We substantiate our claims through empirical testing, utilizing data extracts from the Ethereum blockchain and cryptocurrency price feeds. This document is an extended version of our ICCS 2022 paper on the same topic. In this paper, we dive deeper into the internals of DeepAR forecasting algorithm [Salinas, D., Flunkert, V., Gasthaus, J., & Januschowski, T. (2020). Deepar: Probabilistic forecasting with autoregressive recurrent networks. International Journal of Forecasting, 36(3), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.07.001], analyse the correlation between the on-chain/off-chain sample data, and describe additional experiments that empirically prove our findings and, finally, perform a comparison of our outputs with those from the Prophet [Taylor, S. J., & Letham, B. (2017). Forecasting at scale. PeerJ Preprints, 5, e3190v2. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3190v2] model.