One of the crucial parts of the internet is the domain name system, which works as a phonebook of the internet. The protocol is designed to be fast, reliable, and not shielded with a security mechanism, DNSSEC which adds authentication later. However, threats utilising DNS such as DoS/DDoS are increasing daily. On the other hand, blockchain-based DNS is secure by design. By reviewing and comparing it with the current DNS and its ecosystem, it is concluded that blockchain currently has challenges that need to be addressed before it can be adapted as a replacement for the existing DNS.
Bin Qu, Li-e Wang, Peng Liu, Zhenkui Shi · 5 authors
To achieve the tamper-proof, reliability and traceability of transactions in a trustless environment, the blockchain requires each peer node to store the whole global ledger. However, as transactions keep increasing over time, the storage cost of each node increases. In addition, many schemes have been proposed to boost rapid transactions which will even lead transactions to grow explosively. The problem of storage is becoming one challenge of blockchain since the storage overhead of each node increase rapidly. Reducing the storage overhead of each participant is very urgent and worthy. In this paper, we present GCBlock: a grouping overlay network storage scheme for the blockchain which can reduce the storage overhead of nodes and cut the whole storage cost of the blockchain greatly while keeping the underlying protocols. In our scheme, we try to group the nodes according to their physical fuzzy distance to reduce the overall delay when tracing. We set rules of autonomous check to deal with evil behavior within the group. To further enhance the stability of our scheme, we propose the transcript fractional repetition code which is newly constructed based on the fractional repetition code to encode data. Finally, we make a comprehensive evaluation of GCBlock and the results show that it is workable and reasonable.
An online review system is an important part of almost every e-commerce platform, especially a tourism e-commerce. However, various problems exist in the current online review systems. The review content is stored in a centralized database of each individual platform. Each platform differs in review management methods. In some cases, the review score of the same product disagrees across different platforms. Moreover, a centralized system has low transparency because it is difficult to trace individual actions within the system. As a result, some users are skeptical of the reliability of online reviews in centralized systems. This work proposes a global travel review framework based-on the blockchain technology. The incorporation of blockchain helps improve an online review system. The best practices for online review management from popular platforms, and the guidelines from trusted sources are used to develop the new system. The use of blockchain improves an online review system through its unique features of high transparency, security, and reliability. Additionally, the proposed framework relies on a community-driven environment. The accessibility level of users is controlled by using the smart contract. There is no single authoritative owner of the system. All participants in the system can exert controls on the system equally. This work illustrates the details of a blockchain-based global travel review framework. The advantages and disadvantages of such a system are discussed. The proposed framework can be easily integrated with any existing platforms since it can be accessed publicly.
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly evolving, but there is no trusted platform to protect user privacy, protect information between different IoT domains, and promote edge processing. Therefore, we integrate th... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have the potential to transform different areas of research and industry. Initially created to support a peer-to-peer electronic cash system – more commonly known as bitcoin – blockchains provide a decentralised transactions and data management technology. This decentralised technology is secure, anonymous, and transparent. Nonetheless, the blockchain protocol has a number of technical weaknesses such as power computing dependency and high power consumption. An alternative protocol proposes a democratic approach in which the computing power is not a determinant factor in user participation. The democratic protocol has three phases: hash generation, hash broadcast, and hash validation. We evaluate the performance of the hash generation phase on CPU, GPU, and cluster platforms. A considerable speedup is achieved with GPUs when using final nonce values similar to a real blockchain application. Also, it provides the best power efficiency.
Asuquo A. Okon, Ibrahim Elgendi, Olusegun Samuel Sholiyi, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani · 6 authors
Whereas 4G LTE networks have brought about an increase in data rates of mobile networks, they are unable to meet the capacity demands of future networks. Specifically, the centralized nature of the evolved packet core (EPC) makes the network non-scalable to match the exponential increase in number of wireless devices in addition to the complexities of diverse service requirements. The SDN concept has recently attracted a lot of research interest as a viable proposition for bringing about programmability and ease of network management while also offering flexibility for innovative network designs. However, current SDN implementations are not adapted to support business agreements that foster interoperability among mobile network operators (MNOs). This paper is an extended version of our earlier work and we intend to present a unified SDN and blockchain architecture with enhanced spectrum management features for enabling seamless user roaming capabilities between MNOs. Our simulation results show that users can experience no disruption in service with very minimal delay as they traverse between operators.
The explosion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications makes the existing network structure insufficient because it is split by multiple non-cooperative operators, does not scale with the future development of IoT, and calls for novel networking concepts and protocols. The need for multi-operator IoT paradigms poses some unprecedented challenges, including trust considerations. To enable a multi-operator network without shared authentication, we propose a trustworthy grant-free IoT access protocol named Hash Access by leveraging a blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) architecture. B-RAN re-organizes multiple individual radio access networks into a joint multi-operator network based on a blockchain. B-RAN can establish trust among initially trustless operators and efficiently utilize resources across networks, matching and creating values for multiple participants. Furthermore, to mitigate the loss of network efficiency caused by selfish behavior among untrustworthy IoT devices, the proposed protocol can induce IoT devices to follow an access rule and control their data traffic. The proposed framework unifies the IoT access and the underlying B-RAN to reduce confirmation delays in traditional blockchains significantly. Numerical experiments illustrate the performance edge for the B-RAN-enabled Hash Access.
With the considerable exploration of blockchain in various industrial fields, the storage architectures of mainstream consortium blockchains exhibit significant performance limitations, which can't meet the requirements of efficient data access with massive data storage in enterprise-level business scenarios. In this paper, we creatively divided the underlying data of the consortium blockchain into two categories: continuous data and state data and proposed a new storage architecture to store and operate these two types of data efficiently. For continuous data, we designed a specialized index-based storage engine. For state data, we proposed a multi-level cache mechanism with a secure and integrated data persistence policy. In addition, a pluggable Client/Server mode is employed to achieve flexible distributed extension. A series of experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of our architecture. Compared with mainstream consortium blockchain storage architecture based on LevelDB, the average time-consuming decreases 81.85%/82.47% for reading/writing continuous data and 22.21%/48.99% for reading/writing state data. Compared with the storage architecture based on distributed database TiKV, the time-consuming decreases more significantly. This storage architecture has been integrated into the enterprise-level consortium blockchain platform Hyperchain, which has supported the efficient running of dozens of large-scale commercial blockchain projects with massive data.
The massive scale, heterogeneity and distributed nature of Internet-of-Things (IoT) presents challenges in realizing a practical and effective security solution. Blockchain empowered platforms and technologies have been proposed to address aspects of this challenge. In order to realize a practical Blockchain deployment for IoT, there is a need for a testing and evaluation platform to evaluate performance and security of Blockchain applications and systems. In this paper, we present a Blockchain simulator that evaluates the consensus algorithms in a realistic and configurable network environment. Though, there are several Blockchain evaluation platforms, they are either wedded to a specific consensus protocol and do not allow evaluation in a configurable and realistic network environment. In our proposed simulator, we provide the ability to evaluate the impact of the consensus and network layer that will inform practitioners on the appropriate choice of consensus algorithms and the impact of network layer events in congested or contested scenarios in IoT. To accomplish this a generalized representation for consensus methods is proposed. The Blockchain simulator uses a discrete event simulation engine for fidelity and increased scalability. We evaluate the performance of the simulator by varying the number of peer nodes and number of messages required to find consensus.
Distributed energy trading has become an essential part of the energy trading market and provides a useful supplement to traditional centralized energy trading, but there are still problems such as opaque trading information and asymmetric user data. The blockchain technology has the advantages of traceability, trade openness, and data transparency, which is naturally suitable for distributed energy transactions. The electricity information data transmission represented by distributed energy transaction has the characteristics of real-time, which has a high-efficiency requirement on the selected blockchain technology. The consensus algorithm is the core of blockchain technology and affects the efficiency of the blockchain system. The efficiency of the existing consensus algorithms for energy transaction-oriented blockchain still needs to be improved. In this paper, a consensus resource slicing model(CRSM) is designed to meet the requirements of consensus efficiency in energy trading scenarios. Specifically, CRSM divides consensus nodes into different consensus domains for concurrent consensus, and the storage domain only stores block information without consensus. By building an experimental platform, the efficiency of CRSM was verified, the communication pressure of the blockchain system was reduced, and the consensus speed was effectively improved.
The inseparable internet requirements and the endless stream of cyber-attacks have led to strong demand for trusted IP addresses. However, the existing collaborative DNS security schemes have the defects of low credibility and imperfect incentive mechanism. Enlightened by the Consortium blockchain technology, we propose a novel DNS Cache Resources Trusted Sharing Model, which can improve the credibility of DNS resolution results by establishing a complete chain of trust. Firstly, the consortium blockchain is introduced as the carrier of the peer-to-peer network to reduce the impact of illegal access and complicity tampering on the DNS cache credibility; Secondly, the evaluation index of the node credibility in the DNS cache sharing model is proposed, and the trust-based incentive mechanism is designed to reduce the impact of free-riding behavior and on the trusted performance of the system. The two indicators of node abnormal behavior similarity and roundtrip time between nodes are used to comprehensively evaluate the degree of recommendation of the node and serve as the basis for dynamic scheduling; Finally, we use the stochastic distributed decentralized storage mechanism to solve the problem of low efficiency in the consortium blockchain. The simulation results show that the model has certain advantages in ensuring the credibility of domain name resolution results, and maintains the ideal efficiency while ensuring trust.
The rise of decentralized applications (DApps) have received great attention over the recent years due to the surge of attention towards blockchain technologies. Motivated by these recent disruptions, this paper introduces a blockchain based bug bounty program named Bountychain. This DApp utilizes an Ethereum based smart contract system and an interplanetary file system (IPFS) storage paradigm intended to be used by companies, industries, and testers. The smart contract model provides a safe, secure, and transparent platform for a bug bounty program. Testers will submit bugs via the blockchain, and companies will accept or reject the defect via the blockchain. Thus, testers will automatically get paid via the in-built smart contract system on a web interface, which will allow the tester to gain recognition and status no matter which company's bugs they find. The transactions on the chain will serve as a persistent and transparent record of software bugs, and IPFS will serve as a long-term storage system for bug details.
As Internet-of-Things (IoT) infrastructure has significantly dominated our life such as smart homes, hospitals, vehicles, and farms, efficient and secure IoT data management have been a new challenge to handle massive volumes of data and a myriad of IoT devices. To solve these problems, blockchain has become a critical technology to create a decentralized and publicly accessible network for immutable and verifiable data transaction for IoT. This paper proposes an efficient and secure data management system by using the blockchain technology to issue certificates for IoT devices and to retrieve data by using the certificates in any locations. The certified IoT devices in blockchain provide user privacy and data integrity for users while giving efficient data storage and retrieval through our blockchain-based IoT certificate management system. The certificates issued to the IoT devices hold data generated by the device and store it on the blockchain. We evaluate our proposed system on Ethereum to measure transaction cost and speed by issuing and verifying certificates according to the amount of data stored.