Blockchain Papers

Yang Li, Jin Xu, Jianming Zhu, Xiu‐Li Wang

No abstract is available for this record.

Amogh Gupta, Shivani Trivedi

The Non Fungible Tokens are assets that have exploded wisely in recent years. One area where NFTs are yet to impact is in pet's life. Therefore, an NFT Marketplace for pets can be created so that pets can be embraced. This marketplace allows customers to list, sell, and buy NFTs. Marketplace will contain images or videos of pets as NFTs, that will be uploaded by the owner of the pet. There will also be a listing amount that can be mentioned by the owner and also it will have a minimum value of 0.01ETH. This value can be increased by the owner according to his/her interest. There will be several benefits to using NFTs as pets will get a secure environment and health care. The user can register to the marketplace with his Web3 wallet. This paper explains that these NFTs can be used to store and track important information about pets, such as their health records, and ownership. Owners or users will be able to develop their interest in the marketplace as it provides a gamified view. This marketplace will help in maintaining transparency and help owners to get informed about their pet's related vital information.

K R Varalakshmi, T R Mahesh, Akhilendra Pratap Singh

wireless sensor system technology has made it possible for ubiquitous sensing, which affects many aspects of contemporary life. Indicators of environmental health, from sensitive ecologies as well as biodiversity to urban settings, may now be measured, inferred, and understood. The Internet of Things is enabled by the extensive utilization of these devices in a network that facilitates communication and action. In this network, the actuators and sensors smoothly interact with our environment as data is exchanged across platforms to provide a unified operational view. Near field communication (NFC) is the upcoming technology that will enable the transformation of the worldwide web into a fully integrated Future Internet. This technology is being advanced through the adoption of variousenabling device methods, such as tags, audience members, encased sense and actuators nodes, and nodes for near field interaction. The demand for data-on-demand, using complex and straightforward queries, increases significantly as studies transition from web to web2 to web3. This study presents a cloud-centric vision for the worldwideimplementation of the Internet of Things. The future of IoT research is expected to be influenced by many significant technology enablers and their corresponding application domains, which are emphasized. A cloud architecture based on the interplay of public as well as private clouds and employing Aneka is shown. Study conducted elaborate on the need of unity, the global web, and distributed processing in our last section of our IoT vision for the community of technical researchers.

Han Woo Park

The ROSA Journal focuses on three primary areas: (1) the examination of blockchain and Web3 research within societal contexts; (2) the application of quantitative methodologies in the fields of the humanities and social sciences; and (3) the provision of research-driven reviews of current social, political, and economic issues. We support the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration between individuals from the natural sciences and the social sciences in order to produce a body of scientific knowledge that exceeds the capacity of a conventional academic journal.

Bogdan Țigănoaia, George-Madalin Alexandru

Blockchain technology contributes to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Education for sustainable development (ESD) is UNESCO’s education sector response to the urgent and dramatic challenges the planet faces. The traditional way of donating money to charitable causes, such as education, has been through centralized methods and organizations that lack transparency, and donors often do not have a clear understanding of how their contributions are being utilized. Blockchain technology, particularly, platforms like Ethereum and Polygon, has the potential to address the issues associated with traditional donation systems. This paper proposes a decentralized web3 application that utilizes blockchain technology to enhance transparency and efficiency in educational donations in the context of sustainable development. The platform leverages decentralized protocols and smart contracts to ensure secure and transparent transactions, enabling donors to track the utilization of their contributions and ensuring their funds reach their intended beneficiaries. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the platform, highlighting its features and potential for transforming the landscape of charitable donations. This software application can be used in education, and a demo plus some scenarios/work cases are presented/analyzed. The main results and contributions open other future research directions for not only authors.

Jingyi Yang, Yibei Li, Yvonne Lai, Mingzhe Liu

Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a carrier of unique identity as a virtual currency. Its indivisible, unique, and verifiable characteristics can truly reflect personal assets and virtual assets to a certain extent. It is widely applied by users in art, games, collectibles and other areas. NFT is stored on the blockchain. The user's digital signature is embedded into the NFT record, which is distributed through a smart contract and verified by the blockchain consensus mechanism, thus solving the problem of identity confirmation in digital asset transactions. This paper makes a review of the main processes and key technologies in NFT applications. First, it introduces the life of NFT: minting, distribution, storage and circulation. Then, the key technologies of NFT are explained, including the blockchain smart contracts and consensus mechanisms in NFT distribution and transaction, the token standards that the minting and transaction process of NFT needs to use, and the important role of NFT in the field of web3. Finally, through the evaluation system of NFT, the problems existing in the current NFT applications and the future research direction are drawn out.

Stephen Pihlaja

This chapter focuses on how digital communication has impacted on the development of religious language and communities over the previous 30 years, tracing the development from the early use of the world wide web, through social media, and into Web3. Focusing on how religious groups have used the internet to present their own beliefs and interact with those who hold different beliefs and no belief, the chapter will show how technology continues to impact how religious belief changes over time and how people come to hold beliefs and form communities around those beliefs. The chapter will then explore the development of Web 2.0 interaction over 15 years using YouTube as a case study. The chapter will show how the changes in rules, moderation, and other affordances on the site contributed directly to the relationship between religious and political identities in the Trump Era and how responses to political extremism related directly to further divisions in how people of faith and faith groups presented themselves. The chapter will then suggest ways forward for analysis of religious belief and positioning in networked and digitised interaction, particularly as they relate to blockchain technologies, NFTs, and the commodification of manufactured scarcity.

Martin Kaloev, Georgi Krastev

This paper guides deploying smart contracts and digital ecosystems for institutions and academia. Exploring Web3 and blockchain technologies, it outlines a plan for tailored digital ecosystems with transparent transactions. Focused on smart contract implementation, it exemplifies rules for secure token flows, accommodating diverse user needs. Tailored for academia, the guide bridges traditional and digital systems, enhancing financial stability and transparency.

Aniket Kate, Easwar Vivek Mangipudi, Siva Maradana, Pratyay Mukherjee

Web3 applications based on blockchains regularly need access to randomness that is unbiased, unpredictable, and publicly verifiable. For Web3 gaming applications, this becomes a crucial selling point to attract more users by providing credibility to the "random reward" distribution feature. A verifiable random function (VRF) protocol satisfies these requirements naturally, and there is a tremendous rise in the use of VRF services. As most blockchains cannot maintain the secret keys required for VRFs, Web3 applications interact with external VRF services via a smart contract where a VRF output is exchanged for a fee. While this smart contract-based plain-text exchange offers the much-needed public verifiability immediately, it severely limits the way the requester can employ the VRF service: the requests cannot be made in advance, and the output cannot be reused. This introduces significant latency and monetary overhead.

Ryan Zarick, Bryan Pellegrino, Isaac Zhang, Thomas Kim · 5 authors

We present ColorFloat, a family of O(1) space complexity algorithms that solve the problem of attributing (coloring) fungible tokens to the entity that minted them (minter). Tagging fungible tokens with metadata is not a new problem and was first formalized in the Colored Coins protocol. In certain contexts, practical solutions to this challenge have been implemented and deployed such as NFT. We define the fungible token coloring problem, one specific aspect of the Colored Coins problem, to be the problem of retaining fungible characteristics of the underlying token while accurately tracking the attribution of fungible tokens to their respective minters. Fungible token coloring has a wide range of Web3 applications. One application which we highlight in this paper is the onchain yield-sharing collateral-based stablecoin.

Dmitry Ivanov, P. M. Pashkov

The article deals with the topic of trust architecture in apparel supply chains in the context of the transition to WEB3 protocols. The authors analyze the possibilities of blockchain technologies and decentralized systems to improve management and interaction processes, increase transparency and traceability of goods, reduce costs and risks. Special attention is given to the creation of a trustworthy environment for all participants in the supply chain through a trust architecture.

Dipankar Sarkar

The advent of Web3 has ushered in a new era of decentralized digital economy, promising a shift from centralized authority to distributed, peer-to-peer interactions. However, the underlying infrastructure of this decentralized ecosystem often relies on centralized cloud providers, creating a paradoxical concentration of value and power. This paper investigates the mechanics of value accrual and extraction within the Web3 ecosystem, focusing on the roles and revenues of centralized clouds. Through an analysis of publicly available material, we elucidate the financial implications of cloud services in purportedly decentralized contexts. We further explore the individual's perspective of value creation and accumulation, examining the interplay between user participation and centralized monetization strategies. Key findings indicate that while blockchain technology has the potential to significantly reduce infrastructure costs for financial services, the current Web3 landscape is marked by a substantial reliance on cloud providers for hosting, scalability, and performance.

Xinxin Fan, Lei Xu

Decentralized physical infrastructure network (DePIN) is an emerging research topic in Web3 and blockchain. By combining blockchain, IoT and tokenomics, DePINs are expected to disrupt existing IoT business models and enable Web3 communities to build innovative, machine-driven and decentralized IoT networks and applications. Due to the characteristics of DePINs such as the large number of smart devices and network scale as well as the interactions with blockchain, scalability remains to be one of the key challenges. In this position paper, we outline the core ideas and components for building a rollup-centric scalable architecture for DePINs. The proposed architecture takes a modular design approach and leverages off-chain computing and zero-knowledge proofs to address the scalability challenge. This work is expected to highlight the importance of this new research direction and shed some light on potential solutions.

Madis Järvekülg, Indrek Ibrus, Ulrike Rohn

Blockchains have inspired imaginaries of a new iteration of the internet, hailed as Web3, where the power of centralized platform companies would be limited and the ownership of personal data and content could be retained by their individual owners and creators. Web3 is expected to facilitate the emergence of novel protocols and platforms that enable decentralized coordination of data and digital assets. This article examines critically the experiences and imaginaries of creators working on two blockchain-based video-sharing platforms: Theta.tv and Odysee. Building on the studies of creator culture and institutionalist blockchain economics and based on open-ended interviews with the early adopters of these platforms, the paper investigates how the creators experience these decentralized social media applications in terms of their processes of governance, community creation, and career development. We show how the affordances of blockchains and creator expectations can result in further convergence of community management and career-building functions potentially benefiting creators. We also show that the new wave of decentralization, against optimistic blockchain visions, has not yet led to the distributed ‘ownership’ of social media networks. Rather, while blockchains seem to have increased creator autonomy and added career opportunities, novel forms of platform governance and power have also introduced new perceptions of precarity among creators.

Lo‐Yao Yeh, Jun-Qian Jian, Jen-Wei Hu

Due to the impact of the pandemic and globalization, many governments worldwide have begun to replace paper voting with electronic voting systems. This is primarily intended to increase voting efficiency and reduce personnel costs. However, electronic voting is usually centralized, which creates difficulties in ensuring the integrity of the voting process and protecting voter privacy. As a solution, we propose an efficient and anonymous web3-based voting system that provides incentives. The use of blockchain technology ensures that voting results are stored in a decentralized manner, reducing the possibility of tampering and ensuring vote integrity. To protect voter privacy, our system incorporates stealth addresses to conceal ballot content and lightweight ring signatures to verify voter validity without the risk of double voting. Furthermore, our voting system utilizes smart contracts to encourage voting and self-tallying, resulting in improved transparency. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme outperforms several existing e-voting systems, thus providing a robust and secure alternative for governments seeking to improve their voting systems.

Eduardo Jorge Lira Antunes da Silva, Cristina Souza de Araújo, Jucimar Maia da Silva Júnior, Roberto Junio Rodrigues Gomes · 5 authors

The importance of developing software that keeps pace with Web3 technologies is crucial in fostering discussions about their utilization in the current scientific landscape. Within this context, this research aims to present the development of a "criptogame" that utilizes blockchain technology to incorporate NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) into its mechanics. The text addresses fundamental concepts of Web3, making references to relevant literature. Subsequently, the development process is described, including specific methodologies and models. The obtained results consist of a puzzle game that incorporates NFTs as playable characters and enables the transfer of these assets between digital wallets.

Klevis Shkembi, Petar Kochovski, Thanasis G. Papaioannou, Caroline Barelle · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Stefan Kambiz Behfar, Jon Crowcroft

Web3 systems expose a fundamentally different security landscape from centralized platforms, characterized by composability, pseudonymous identities, decentralized governance, and rapidly evolving attack strategies that span social, application, and protocol layers. Existing security mechanisms, such as static smart contract analysis, blacklist-based phishing detection, and network-level mitigation, operate in isolation and assume fixed threat models, limiting their effectiveness against adaptive, cross-layer adversaries. This position paper argues that securing Web3 requires a shift from static, tool-centric defenses to learning-driven security primitives capable of continuous reasoning, adaptation, and actuation. We introduce AI-powered smart certificates as a new security abstraction: programmable, continuously updated trust artifacts that integrate on-chain verifiability with off-chain machine learning signals derived from user behavior, transaction dynamics, and social context. Unlike traditional certificates or audits, these certificates maintain state, learn under distribution shift, and support automated policy enforcement and revocation in response to evolving threats. We argue that existing paradigms, formal verification, threat modeling, and isolated anomaly detection, are structurally limited in capturing the non-stationary and socio-technical nature of Web3 attacks. We outline an architecture in which AI-powered smart certificates serve as cross-layer sentinels that coordinate heterogeneous security signals in real time, and position smart certificates as a research direction, raising questions around learning under partial observability, adversarial adaptation, and trustworthy ML deployment in decentralized systems.

Wei Ma, Chenguang Zhu, Ye Liu, Xiaofei Xie · 5 authors

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a prominent application of smart contracts, representing a novel financial paradigm in contrast to centralized finance. While DeFi applications are rapidly emerging on mainstream blockchain platforms, their quality varies greatly, presenting numerous challenges, particularly in terms of their governance mechanisms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of governance issues in DeFi applications. Initially, we collected 3,165 academic papers and numerous industry reports. After thorough screening, we selected 44 academic papers and 11 industry reports for detailed analysis. Drawing upon insights from industry reports and academic research articles, we develop a taxonomy to categorize these governance issues. We collect and build a dataset of 4,446 audit reports from seventeen Web3 security companies, categorizing their governance issues according to our constructed taxonomy. We conducted a thorough analysis of governance issues and identified vulnerabilities in the governance design and implementation, e.g., voting sybil attack and proposal front-running. Our statistical analysis indicates that a significant portion (35.48%) of governance-related issues is classified as severe. Within these, ownership-related problems constitute the largest share (65.38%). Despite DeFi governance being essential for the long-term success of DeFi projects, our data shows that both auditors and development teams have not fully grasped its significance. Based on audit reports, we also analyzed common vulnerabilities and issues in the governance domain. Our research identifies two primary categories of DeFi governance issues: technology-centric and human-centric. Technology-centric issues can be addressed through technology updates and iterations, whereas human-centric issues are influenced not only by the development team's technical skills but also by their understanding of DeFi governance. Data analysis reveals that design and implementation issues are frequently overlooked; although not directly associated with vulnerabilities, these issues can impact the equitable distribution of project benefits. Furthermore, our analysis of 104 projects’ tokenomics configurations, including 15 collected from DeFi platforms, uncovered 27 inconsistent configurations, with only two projects exhibiting no issues. This suggests that such issues are relatively common. We therefore advise project teams to ensure consistency between their tokenomics design and the actual code. Our study culminates in providing several key practical implications for various DeFi stakeholders, including developers, users, researchers, and regulators, aiming to deepen the understanding of DeFi governance issues and contribute to the robust growth of DeFi systems.

Anant More, Vedant Poddar, Shrestha Sarda

Technology has advanced and with it, cybercrime has become a reality. The rise of Web3 technology aims to decentralize the internet and create a trustless network of smart contracts, leading to the limitation of conventional identification systems. Blockchain technology provides a solution to security concerns by instilling trust in end-users' minds. In this project, a blockchain-based identification system will be created using SoulBound Tokens. These NFT-like tokens cannot be transferred after minting, making them immutable and secure. Third parties can request users' credentials, which can be easily verified through the blockchain's transparent chain of custody. This approach creates a secure and reliable identification system that protects users' data and assets from malicious actors. This concept extends to finance, healthcare, and government services. By leveraging the power of blockchain technology, we can create a more secure environment for individuals and institutions.

Davide Costa, Lucio La Cava, Andrea Tagarelli

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have emerged as the most representative application of blockchain technology in recent years, fostering the development of the Web3. Nonetheless, while the interest in NFTs rapidly boomed, creating unprecedented fervour in traders and creators, the demand for highly representative and up-to-date data to shed light on such an intriguing yet complex domain mostly remained unmet. To pursue this objective, we introduce a large collection of NFT transactions and associated metadata that correspond to trading operations between 2021 and 2023. Our developed dataset is the most extensive and representative in the NFT landscape to date, as it contains more than 70 M transactions performed by more than 6 M users across 36.3 M NFTs and 281 K collections. Moreover, this dataset boasts a wealth of metadata, including encoded textual descriptions and multimedia content, thus being suitable for a plethora of tasks relevant to database systems, AI, data science, Web and network science fields. This dataset represents a unique resource for researchers and industry practitioners to delve into the inner workings of NFTs through a multitude of perspectives, paving the way for unprecedented opportunities across multiple research fields.

Germán Abu Arab, Juan Ignacio Cogliatti, Cristina Mayr, Juan Abu Arab · 6 authors

The advent of Web3 technologies and blockchain has opened new avenues for exploring decentralized solutions to pressing environmental issues. A blockchain-based Web3 application for the management of CO2 absorption rights could be a very effective solution to combat climate change. Blockchain technology allows the creation of permanent and transparent records of transactions in a decentralized network, which makes it an ideal tool for monitoring and managing CO2 absorption rights. The rights could be registered in the blockchain and transferred through smart contracts, which would guarantee the validity and traceability of these transactions. In addition, the Web3 application would allow greater accessibility for users, since it could be accessed from anywhere without the need to have proprietary systems installed. Decentralized applications could also be used to verify CO2 emissions and removals by users, which would increase transparency and trust in the system. This paper presents the development of a novel Web3 application that leverages blockchain technology for managing CO2 absorption rights using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). The proposed application allows for the secure, transparent, and efficient management of CO2 absorption rights, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of carbon offsetting initiatives.

Anirudh Adithya B S, M. R., Sai Madhavan R P, M Kirubanithi

Abstract:-The traditional insurance industry has long struggled with inefficiencies, too much paperwork, and complex processes for handling policies and claims. This often means waiting a long time for claims to be sorted out because of all the go-betweens involved. To solve these issues, we're putting forward a new web3 solution that uses Blockchain technology. Our plan uses smart contracts to make managing policies and processing claims simpler, and we don't need all those middlemen. This change has lots of good points like stopping fraud, making everything more transparent and trustworthy, and making things happen faster. Instead of sticking with the old ways of doing insurance, we're bringing Blockchain into the mix and keeping track of policies and transactions using smart contracts. This shift means fewer middlemen and a much more efficient system overall. We've tested our idea with an experimental model in the web3 framework, and it's shown that our plan works and is cost-effective and quick. Keywords: Insurance Blockchain · Smart Contract · web3 Insurance System· Quick Claims Processing · Cost Effective web3 Insurance

Peihao Li

Web3 and AI have been among the most discussed fields over the recent years, with substantial hype surrounding each field's potential to transform the world as we know it. However, as the hype settles, it's evident that neither AI nor Web3 can address all challenges independently. Consequently, the intersection of AI and Web3 is gaining increased attention, emerging as a new field with the potential to address the limitations of each. In this article, we will focus on the integration of web3 and the AI marketplace, where AI services and products can be provided in a decentralized manner (DeAI). A comprehensive review is provided by summarizing the opportunities and challenges on this topic. Additionally, we offer analyses and solutions to address these challenges. We've developed a framework that lets users pay with any kind of cryptocurrency to get AI services. Additionally, they can also enjoy AI services for free on our platform by simply locking up their assets temporarily in the protocol. This unique approach is a first in the industry. Before this, offering free AI services in the web3 community wasn't possible. Our solution opens up exciting opportunities for the AI marketplace in the web3 space to grow and be widely adopted.