This project presents independent research on enterprise blockchain adoption, implementation frameworks, architecture models, smart contract integration, governance considerations, and emerging trends across industries. The repository is intended as a reference for researchers, technology professionals, and organizations evaluating distributed ledger technologies.
This article analyses the impact of smart contracts on family law, specifically examining how these digital contracts can simplify and improve the drafting, implementation and enforcement of family agreements. The analysis examines the advantages, examples of application, challenges and limitations of smart contracts in family law, explains their ability to enhance efficiency and transparency in relevant cases, and considers ethical aspects and potential risks. The article notes that most legal systems have not yet adapted to blockchain technology. The legal validity of smart contracts, particularly in the context of personal relationships, is the subject of lively debate in practice. Family law is complex and often requires human judgement, which smart contracts currently lack. Family law varies significantly across different jurisdictions, making it difficult to create a universally recognised marriage contract on the blockchain. Both parties to the marriage contract must understand the functionality of smart contracts, including potential risks such as coding errors. Despite the transparency, storing highly sensitive data on a public blockchain may raise privacy concerns for some couples. Ultimately, smart contracts have the potential to transform family law by offering families a more efficient and secure way to manage legal transactions in today’s world. The transparent nature of blockchain records poses risks to the confidentiality of spouses’ property and financial information. The immutable characteristics of smart contracts hinder their adaptability to changing circumstances, such as the birth of children or fluctuations in income, whilst judicial oversight of their enforcement is largely absent. From a pragmatic point of view, smart contracts can be effectively used in various aspects of regulating property relations within marriage. A marriage contract utilising a smart contract can clearly define the procedure for the distribution of digital assets – in particular cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens or tokenised real estate – in the event of divorce, ensuring the automatic execution of this distribution following the legally recognised event of divorce, thereby eliminating protracted legal disputes over these assets. Furthermore, a smart contract can be integrated with the couple’s joint digital wallet, ensuring the automatic deduction of a set share from each partner’s income and the subsequent automatic payment of joint obligations – such as rent, utility bills, etc. – thereby minimising the risk of conflicts regarding the management of joint finances. Smart contracts currently function most effectively in the field of decentralised finance and digital assets, serving as a complement to traditional legal instruments rather than a complete replacement for them.
This article analyses the impact of smart contracts on family law, specifically examining how these digital contracts can simplify and improve the drafting, implementation and enforcement of family agreements. The analysis examines the advantages, examples of application, challenges and limitations of smart contracts in family law, explains their ability to enhance efficiency and transparency in relevant cases, and considers ethical aspects and potential risks. The article notes that most legal systems have not yet adapted to blockchain technology. The legal validity of smart contracts, particularly in the context of personal relationships, is the subject of lively debate in practice. Family law is complex and often requires human judgement, which smart contracts currently lack. Family law varies significantly across different jurisdictions, making it difficult to create a universally recognised marriage contract on the blockchain. Both parties to the marriage contract must understand the functionality of smart contracts, including potential risks such as coding errors. Despite the transparency, storing highly sensitive data on a public blockchain may raise privacy concerns for some couples. Ultimately, smart contracts have the potential to transform family law by offering families a more efficient and secure way to manage legal transactions in today’s world. The transparent nature of blockchain records poses risks to the confidentiality of spouses’ property and financial information. The immutable characteristics of smart contracts hinder their adaptability to changing circumstances, such as the birth of children or fluctuations in income, whilst judicial oversight of their enforcement is largely absent. From a pragmatic point of view, smart contracts can be effectively used in various aspects of regulating property relations within marriage. A marriage contract utilising a smart contract can clearly define the procedure for the distribution of digital assets – in particular cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens or tokenised real estate – in the event of divorce, ensuring the automatic execution of this distribution following the legally recognised event of divorce, thereby eliminating protracted legal disputes over these assets. Furthermore, a smart contract can be integrated with the couple’s joint digital wallet, ensuring the automatic deduction of a set share from each partner’s income and the subsequent automatic payment of joint obligations – such as rent, utility bills, etc. – thereby minimising the risk of conflicts regarding the management of joint finances. Smart contracts currently function most effectively in the field of decentralised finance and digital assets, serving as a complement to traditional legal instruments rather than a complete replacement for them.
Contract Model and the Future of Programmable Contract Law Smart contracts promise certainty through automated execution, yet contract law is fundamentally organised around adaptation. Contracts are routinely amended, suspended, interpreted, terminated and subject to judicial or arbitral intervention. This article argues that the principal limitation of contemporary smart contracts does not lie in their legal validity but in their inability to accommodate the legal life-cycle of contractual relationships. It identifies a conceptual confusion between ledger permanence and contractual permanence and argues that immutability should be understood as an infrastructural property rather than a contractual ideal. In response, the article develops the Principle of Programmable Contractual Continuity, proposes a Modular Smart Contract Model (MSCM) based on successive legally coordinated contractual modules, and introduces the Smart Contract Legal Adaptability Test (SCLAT). Through a commercial case study, it demonstrates how programmable contracting can integrate amendment, suspension, adjudication and restitution while preserving traceability, accountability and legal certainty.
K Venkatesh K Venkatesh, Gorre Bharath, Jannu Subhas Chandra Boss
ABSTRACT The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled billions of interconnected devices to exchange data across smart cities, healthcare systems, industrial automation platforms, and intelligent transportation networks. Despite its transformative potential, IoT environments remain highly vulnerable to cyberattacks due to limited device resources, centralized architectures, weak authentication mechanisms, and insecure communication channels. Traditional security frameworks often struggle to provide scalable trust management and tamper-resistant data protection in large-scale IoT deployments. This paper proposes a Blockchain-Based IoT Security Architecture that integrates distributed ledger technology, smart contracts, edge computing, and zero-trust authentication mechanisms to enhance security, privacy, and system reliability. The proposed framework enables decentralized device authentication, immutable transaction recording, secure data sharing, and automated access control through blockchain networks. Smart contracts dynamically enforce security policies and verify device identities before granting network access. Experimental evaluation demonstrates improvements in attack resistance, data integrity, authentication efficiency, and network trustworthiness compared with conventional centralized security approaches. The proposed architecture provides a scalable and resilient security solution for next-generation IoT ecosystems. Keywords: Blockchain, Internet of Things, Cybersecurity, Smart Contracts, Zero-Trust Architecture, Edge Computing, Distributed Ledger Technology, IoT Authentication.
Abstract A smart contract fundamentally consists of code deployed on the blockchain, noted for its transparent and unchangeable execution. These characteristics, however, also expose it to attackers once any weaknesses are present. In recent years, attacks targeting smart contracts have caused substantial financial losses, highlighting the importance of robust vulnerability detection approaches. Conventional detection techniques, which rely on contextual semantics or symbolic execution, often face limitations in efficiency. Although neural network-based approaches have enhanced detection speed, they frequently compromise accuracy. This study introduces a framework for identifying and repairing vulnerabilities in smart contracts by utilizing multi-relational graphs combined with a pre-trained model. Initially, a Multi-Relational Graph (MRG) is constructed to represent the multi-dimensional aspects of execution logic and data dependencies by integrating multiple program feature graphs. To reduce interference from extraneous code, contract slices are then generated according to node and edge types defined within the MRG. These vectorized slices are subsequently processed by a pre-trained model called SCCodeBERT for both detection and repair of potential vulnerabilities. Experiments show that SCCodeBERT achieves an average accuracy of 96.06% and an F1-score of 90.90% on mainstream vulnerability datasets. Moreover, it reaches an average repair effectiveness of 86.42%, significantly outperforming current baseline approaches. This work presents a highly effective automated solution for enhancing smart contract security, offering notable theoretical and practical contributions.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting has become an important mechanism for organisations to communicate their environmental, social, and governance commitments to stakeholders. Although recent regulatory initiatives have sought to improve the consistency and reliability of CSR disclosures, concerns regarding transparency, data integrity, and reporting of credibility remain. In response to these challenges, blockchain technology has gained attention as a potential tool for strengthening CSR reporting practices. This study explores the role of blockchain in CSR reporting through a systematic review of 21 publications covering blockchain technology, smart contracts, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Drawing evidence from academic, technical, and industry sources, the review examines how these technologies can support greater transparency, accountability, and stakeholder trust while highlighting current implementation challenges and research gaps. The findings suggest that CSR reports can be recorded and verified as NFTs on a blockchain network, offering a secure and traceable approach to reporting. Unlike conventional NFTs used for digital assets, CSR-related NFTs possess distinctive characteristics, including non-transferability and the need for regulatory oversight during their creation and validation. This study contributes to the emerging literature by proposing a blockchain-based CSR reporting architecture that integrates smart contracts and NFT standards while recognising the roles of companies, verifiers, and regulatory authorities. The proposed framework also advances understanding of the practical and conceptual considerations associated with CSR-focused NFTs, providing a foundation for future research and implementation.
Purpose — Both Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Holacracies are positioned as alternatives to managerial hierarchy, yet they remain largely uncompared in the organizational theory literature. This paper asks: in what ways do DAOs and Holacracies converge and diverge as decentralized governance structures, and under what organizational conditions is each model more effective?Design/methodology/approach — This paper employs a conceptual comparative methodology, synthesizing organizational theory, open strategy scholarship and blockchain governance literature to map both structures across six governance dimensions: authority distribution, decision mechanism, membership and inclusion, accountability system, transparency and adaptability. Three theoretical propositions are developed.Findings — Although DAOs and Holacracies share a commitment to decentralized authority, they differ fundamentally in governance architecture. Holacracy achieves decentralization through formalized role-based consent governance; DAOs rely on algorithmic enforcement via smart contracts and token-weighted voting. These differences produce distinct failure modes — role ambiguity and cultural resistance in Holacracy; plutocratic concentration and voter apathy in DAOs.Practical implications — Organizations considering decentralized governance can use the typology developed here to match governance model to organizational context. High-formalization environments benefit from Holacracy's constitution-based approach; open, distributed communities may favor DAO architectures, provided token-concentration mechanisms are counteracted.Originality/value — This is the first paper to systematically compare Holacracy and DAO governance through an integrated organizational theory lens, connecting open strategy scholarship with blockchain governance research. Three falsifiable propositions and a governance typology are contributed.
Digital-asset custody has been built on threshold multi-party approval: no operation proceeds unless $t$ of $n$ parties approve, and fewer than t compromised parties can neither authorize nor learn the authorization secret. Threshold signature schemes (TSS) have been the standard mechanism, but the post-quantum transition disrupts this model: standardized hash-based signatures resist efficient threshold signing, and lattice-based threshold protocols remain an emerging research track. We present a dual-gate architecture that separates member authentication from threshold authorization. Each member signs its approval with an ordinary signature under any EUF-CMA scheme; the quorum jointly produces a threshold seal from Shamir-shared secrets bound to the operation. The seal is the base instance of a programmable authorization computation: simple quorum is the minimal policy, while richer policies can evaluate secret-shared state without making the member-signature scheme part of that computation. The signature scheme is a deployment parameter: migrating from ECDSA to SLH-DSA or ML-DSA is a key rotation, not a protocol redesign, and members holding keys in commodity HSMs participate through the standard sign API. The architecture can be deployed wherever the asset-control path supports programmable verification, such as smart contracts, vault modules, or HSMs guarding a master key, and produces an enforcement-layer authorization rather than a native chain signature. Below-threshold secrecy is information-theoretic; an adversary holding $\geq t$ signing keys but no coefficient shares still cannot produce the seal.
Ravindran Kandasamy, Chandan Chavadi, H. Chittoo, Nidhi Shukla
Online commerce, despite its infinite development possibilities, now raises the specter of global security. A huge amount of personal data is at risk from cyberattacks, such as hacking and identity theft, that harm companies and consumers alike. The traditional way of keeping everything in one place leads to unauthorized access and manipulation, thus requiring stronger security measures. The same decentralized, unbreakable encryption and immutable record keeping that give these barter platforms strong protection against fraud are also features of distributed ledger technology. Decentralization removed control from one single source, making it less likely that there will be any tampering and deception will become slim. Blockchain networks featuring “smart contracts” that make the terms of a deal transparent and enforce contracts without the need for go-betweens. This chapter provides an analysis of how the blockchain can enhance e-privacy in e-commerce, with a focus on the foundations and attributes of blockchain to overcome current threats. As the technology becomes widespread, real cases are proving to revolutionize data security. New Use Cases And Research Using Distributed Ledgers For Enhanced Security.
The Al-Rakhawy Document for Digital Sovereignty (EPSA) presents a complete engineering blueprint for encrypted machine learning. It integrates Federated Learning, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, and Smart Contracts across five layers. Key innovations include Pedersen Commitments for lightweight edge processing and the Al-Rakhawy Equation, which calculates fair rewards based on marginal impact. This system ensures absolute data privacy, breaks central monopolies, and provides users with immediate, mathematically guaranteed economic returns.
Zico Junius Fernando, Mas Putra Zenno Januarsyah, Firdaus Arifin, Vidyadhara Prawiratama Nugraha · 5 authors
Metaverse has transformed virtual assets into economically valuable objects that challenge conventional concepts of property under Indonesian private law. Although virtual assets such as cryptoassets, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and metaverse property are widely traded, their legal status remains uncertain, creating ambiguity regarding ownership, transfer, and legal protection. This study examines the normative basis for recognizing virtual assets as objects of property rights within Indonesia's civil law system. Using a normative juridical method with a comparative approach, the study analyzes Indonesian private law alongside developments in England and Wales, Singapore, Japan, and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that virtual assets satisfy the defining characteristics of intangible property, including identifiability, exclusive control, transferability, and economic value, making them capable of recognition as objects of proprietary rights. The study further argues that blockchain-based transfers and smart contracts can operate as legally valid mechanisms for transferring ownership when supported by appropriate legal recognition. To strengthen legal certainty, Indonesia should recognize virtual assets as a distinct category of intangible property, adapt property law to digital transactions, strengthen proprietary remedies, and modernize dispute resolution and cross-border enforcement. These reforms would provide a coherent legal framework for protecting virtual assets and support the development of Indonesia's digital economy.
To make the payment system robust and user friendly, decentralized based Scan and Pay system need to be designed. This paper integrates the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) of India with the Solana-based Blockchain to make the payment system decentralized. Solana offers a high throughput and low-cost based decentralized infrastructure which is combined with the simple and reliable UPI system. So, the proposed system enables cryptocurrency transactions linked to UPI while maintaining user friendliness, scalability, and regulatory compliance. The designed method uses a secure architecture powered by smart contracts and modular design. It offers a viable bridge between centralized financial networks and emerging Web3 ecosystems. Proposed Solana-based UPI is compared with the Non-Solana based UPI which is using Blockchain. Results show that there is improvement of 91% in transaction latency and 95% in transaction cost as compared to the Non-Solana based UPI system.
Blockchain systems are undergoing a fundamental transition from decentralized ledgers for digital assets to general-purpose trust infrastructures for verifiable computation, decentralized physical resources, and automated infrastructure management. Meanwhile, the limitations of the Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) model stem from a common structural problem: outsourcing control of infrastructure to third-party service providers inevitably involves a systemic surrender of trust, flexibility, and data sovereignty. RISC-V, with its open, modular, and extensible design, provides a general-purpose computing foundation for public blockchains that is open, low-level, compileable, verifiable, and scalable. Inspired by the development and characteristics of eSIM, the embedded Blockchain infrastructure management (eBIM) is defined as a software-hardware collaborative paradigm for blockchain infrastructure management with RISC-V. This study aims to provide a comprehensive survey on eBIM supporting research and technologies, to answer the following research questions (RQs): RQ1 What is eBIM? RQ2 How does eBIM work? RQ3 What can eBIM do? By introducing the concept of eBIM, this paper establishes a foundational reference for researchers, hardware architects, and protocol designers in this rapidly evolving landscape, including cryptographic acceleration, trusted execution environments, zero-knowledge virtual machines, and smart contract execution engines. The prospects of the proposed e-BIM and its future research directions are indicated in this paper.
Smart contract compilers are critical to ensuring the correctness of public blockchains whose defining characteristics are open-source and immutable code. We created SolSmith, a semantics-aware differential fuzz testing tool, to improve the quality of the Solidity compiler -- the most popular compiler for the Ethereum blockchain -- and spent over three years finding compiler defects that produce incorrect code. We call these defects miscompilation bugs. During this time period, we have discovered 25 miscompilation bugs that went unnoticed, some for multiple years. Our first contribution is to make compiler testing more rigorous. SolSmith achieves this goal by generating valid test programs that are likely to stress test code generation and optimization components. This helps SolSmith find bugs missed during routine testing that could potentially have serious implications for smart contracts and their users. Our second contribution is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of miscompilation bugs that we found in the Solidity compiler. We classify miscompilation bugs found by SolSmith based on their nature, root-causes, and impact on end-users. This sheds light on some pitfalls of optimizing compilers.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are two of the most transformative technologies of our time, each facing distinct challenges. Blockchain struggles with scalability and efficiency, while AI depends on the integrity of the data it consumes. Yet their proximity in the data value chain enables them to complement one another: AI can optimize blockchain systems through fraud detection, smart contract auditing, or enhanced analytics, while blockchain provides AI with secure, verifiable data crucial for accuracy. The technological convergence of AI and blockchain already reshapes industries such as supply chain management, finance, healthcare, energy, and intellectual property. Emerging solutions—ranging from decentralized data infrastructures to autonomous AI agents—illustrate the growing importance of this technological synergy. Companies implementing AI–blockchain solutions demonstrate enhanced performance, new data monetization opportunities, and even revenue growth. However, convergence raises challenges such as interoperability, reliance on trusted oracles, decentralized data inefficiencies, or regulatory uncertainty. This chapter builds on theories of technological convergence and disruptive innovation to assess the potential of AI–blockchain integration. Drawing on case studies and expert insights, it provides practical frameworks and roadmaps for decision-makers aiming to leverage this convergence as a driver of the next wave of digital transformation.
This chapter examines the ways in which blockchain smart contracts and responsible artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming many sectors. At the moment, typical contracts in industries like manufacturing or supply chains face several inefficiencies, delays, and the possibility of errors or even fraud. The issue is that those smart contracts lack the intelligence required for real-world scenarios where things are constantly changing, even though blockchain has helped by making things more automated and transparent. The idea here is to make blockchain contracts less rigid by incorporating AI and real-time data analysis. Contracts would adjust in response to events rather than simply adhering to predetermined guidelines. Additionally, the chapter explores how smart contracts are established by fusing AI tools, data feeds from services like Chainlink, and platforms like Ethereum. In general, it involves creating systems that are responsible and intelligent, which seems to be the only viable option at the moment. This chapter examines the evolution of AI in industrial contexts, analyzing its role before and after the integration of smart contracts. It presents relevant industrial case studies, applies responsible AI principles to the development of blockchain-based smart contracts, and underscores the adoption of international frameworks and standards to promote ethical, transparent, and accountable implementation across industries.
Este artículo analiza la naturaleza jurídica y la eficacia obligacional de los smart legal contracts (slc) en el ámbito del derecho comercial internacional. Ante la ausencia de un marco regulatorio específico, el estudio examina si los instrumentos vigentes —tales como los marcos normativos europeos (Reglamento Roma I), el sistema interamericano (Convención de México) y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías (cvcim)— ofrecen criterios idóneos para resolver los conflictos de leyes derivados de la tecnología blockchain. A través de una metodología cualitativa con enfoque analítico y teórico-jurídico, se aborda la distinción doctrinal entre Smart Code Contracts y Smart Legal Contracts, contrastando la inmutabilidad del código con la exigibilidad del acuerdo legal. La investigación concluye que, pese a los desafíos técnicos, la validez y ejecutabilidad de los slc pueden sustentarse en los principios generales del derecho internacional privado, particularmente mediante el ejercicio de la autonomía de la voluntad conflictual. El artículo sistematiza los criterios esenciales para dotar de seguridad jurídica a esta modalidad de contratación en el escenario transfronterizo.
In the previous research of the authors, the dynamics of cryptocurrency using blockchain technology have been studied. The chapter captures the present state of research on legal challenges related to the applicability of cryptocurrency in India by providing a critical review. An overview of pre- and post-pandemic transactions by investors in digital currency has been discussed and reviewed. In the current study, the author(s) try to examine the impact of blockchain technology on trading and business, with an emphasis on the growth and sustainability of the business. The business process will benefit from effective tracking, visibility, security improvements, and cost savings as a result ( Pal et al., 2021 ). Therefore, to ensure the legitimacy of such items, trust and confidence are factors that need to be considered (Loebbecke and Lueneborg, 2018). Through a systematic review of the literature, the application in various aspects of different types of businesses is explored, identifying the challenges in 24 blockchain implementation and looking for future trends along with the regulatory framework of trading and business in India. This chapter is important for scholars, researchers, and even entrepreneurs to understand the pedagogy behind using any technology with safe and secure transactions in business.
This replication package contains the curated Solidity benchmark, prompt templates, experiment scripts, and saved outputs used to reproduce the study on LLM-based smart contract vulnerability detection. It includes the ground-truth annotations, raw model predictions, evaluation metrics, and post-processing utilities.
INTRODUCTION:The distributed digital economy, characterized by decentralization and cross-entity data flow, improves factor allocation efficiency but increasingly raises concerns over data security and privacy abuse. OBJECTIVES: Unlike the conventional digital economy, which often centers on centralized platforms (e.g., e-commerce, cloud computing), the distributed digital economy in this paper specifically refers to an economic system where data—as a production factor—is stored, computed, and circulated across multiple independent nodes without a central coordinating authority, relying on technologies such as blockchain, distributed ledger, edge computing, and peer-to-peer networks. Its core governance features include decentralized data control, consensus-based verification, and peer-to-peer economic activities. METHODS: This paper studies data security and privacy protection in the distributed digital economy from two aspects: economic impact and governance mechanism. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2018 to 2023, this paper uses the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, a two-way fixed effects model, a mediation effect model, and a spatiotemporal heterogeneity model to empirically test the economic impact and transmission mechanism of data security and privacy protection on the distributed digital economy. RESULTS: The empirical analysis results show that the level of data security and privacy protection significantly and positively promotes the development of the distributed digital economy, with each unit increase leading to a 0.412 unit increase in the development index. Blockchain smart contracts, privacy computing standards, and cross-border data flow rules play significant mediating roles, accounting for 93.7% of the total mediating effect. This positive economic effect exhibits significant spatiotemporal differences, increasing year by year, and is significantly higher in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. CONCLUSION: Based on empirical analysis results, optimization paths are proposed from four levels: collaborative governance, technology empowerment, regional balance, and institutional improvement, in order to improve the level of data security and privacy protection in the distributed digital economy.