The sixth-generation (6G) system is widely envisioned as a global network consisting of pervasive devices that interact with each other. Besides exchanging information, these peer entities also share heterogeneous and distributed edge resources. Blockchain is a promising technology to secure resource sharing in a peer-to-peer way. However, constrained by limited transaction throughput, existing blockchain systems (e.g., Bitcoin) cannot process numerous resource transactions concurrently produced in large-scale 6G networks. To cope with this issue, we propose a blockchain scaling scheme that combines Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) with sharding. Our sharding method divides blockchain transactions into multiple mutually disjoint subsets maintained by different committees, which enables high-volume resource transactions to be processed and recorded concurrently. Additionally, all committees maintain a global DAG of blocks to resolve the security degradation raised by the sharding method. Moreover, we put forth a computation efficient consensus algorithm by leveraging miners' computing power to improve resource utilization efficiency. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves good performance in resource utilization efficiency.
In today’s modern world, distributed ledgers have become dominant in several sophisticated applications to remove the centralized controlling entity (e.g., Cloud Computing). The currents are problematic to meet the dramatic growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), for instance, Blockchain and Tangle. The former is very secure but has a very slow confirmation time, and low throughput. The latter has more throughput; however, sometimes records are getting left behind. On the other hand, the existing consensus algorithms that determine who can add new records into a ledger, are particularly energy-intensive, unfair, or deemed infeasible for resource-constrained Things. In this paper, a novel consensus algorithm based on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)-to-Blockchain is proposed in horizontal architecture to mitigate the scalability issues, in which every limited number of nodes are grouped. It consists of five permissioned nodes of different responsibilities: (i) Things send data from sensors with signature to Edge. Every interval, (ii) each Edge node chooses a random number, and auto-decrement it. The first node reaches zero, becomes the winner that can add the verified data temporally to the DAG ledger (Cobweb) depends on uniform distribution. The rest of the nodes who are waiting for the leader, rate it based on its work (rate scores from 1-to-5) after accepting Cobweb from it. (iii) Fog node is chosen randomly from Edge to send Cobweb periodically with authentication to reduce the required storage. (iv) Cloud nodes receive and add it permanently to the Blockchain ledger with global accessibility. (v) Queen node is located between Fog and Cloud, which monitors the network. The proposal is emulated and evaluated in the real-time scenario.
In this paper, we demonstrate the multiple points of innovation when combining blockchain technology with Internet of Things (IoT) and security frameworks. The deployment and use of IoT device networks in smart city environments has produced an enormous amount of data. The fact that those data are possessed by multiple sources that use independent systems for data collection, storage, and use impedes the exploitation of their value. Blockchains, as distributed ledgers, can be used for addressing the development of a universal system for data collection and distribution. Smart contracts can be used to automate all the processes of such a network, while at the same time, blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protect sensitive data through anonymity and distributed storage. An innovative and open IoT blockchain market of applications, data, and services is proposed that: (i) provides the framework upon which objects and people can exchange value in form of virtual currencies, for assets (data and services) received; (ii) defines the motivation incentives according to social and business context for humans and smart objects to interact. The specific marketplace is piloted through a cross-border trial between Santander and Fujisawa, in the context of the M-Sec project, validating thus the interoperability, efficiency, and data protection principles.
Oluwashina Joseph Ajayi, Joseph Rafferty, José Santos, Matías García-Constantino · 5 authors
The scale of Internet of Things (IoT) systems has expanded in recent times and, in tandem with this, IoT solutions have developed symbiotic relationships with technologies, such as edge Computing. IoT has leveraged edge computing capabilities to improve the capabilities of IoT solutions, such as facilitating quick data retrieval, low latency response, and advanced computation, among others. However, in contrast with the benefits offered by edge computing capabilities, there are several detractors, such as centralized data storage, data ownership, privacy, data auditability, and security, which concern the IoT community. This study leveraged blockchain’s inherent capabilities, including distributed storage system, non-repudiation, privacy, security, and immutability, to provide a novel, advanced edge computing architecture for IoT systems. Specifically, this blockchain-based edge computing architecture addressed centralized data storage, data auditability, privacy, data ownership, and security. Following implementation, the performance of this solution was evaluated to quantify performance in terms of response time and resource utilization. The results show the viability of the proposed and implemented architecture, characterized by improved privacy, device data ownership, security, and data auditability while implementing decentralized storage.
V Akshita., Dhanush J. S, Dikshitha Varman. A, V. Krishna Kumar
Immunization is all about using Block chain for managing and tracing the vaccine stocks, logistics and transparent distribution. Immunization gives you continuous visibility and enables actionable insights to track vaccine distribution and ensure a fair and equitable distribution. Immunization allows you to book your vaccination appointments and will also allow you to keep track of the vaccine being distributed. Block chain helps in maintaining the integrity and transparency of the whole process right from inception of the vaccine.
In the face of the rapidly growing number of users and the demand for real-time access in the 6G era, the central allocation method in traditional spectrum management will encounter processing bottlenecks, and this paper proposes a distributed spectrum management scheme based on the federated chain. Firstly, a distributed spectrum management architecture is established and distributed ledger storage technology is adopted to ensure the integrity and security of user transaction data; secondly, different nodes are described and the specific transaction process is analyzed in this management scheme; the security of the whole management scheme can be guaranteed by the characteristics and mechanism of blockchain itself; finally, the main reasons affecting user transaction time and the relationship between block generation time and transaction time are analyzed through simulation experiments. Finally, the main reasons affecting the user transaction time as well as the block generation time are analyzed through simulation experiments.
Luka Omrcen, Hrvoje Leventić, Krešimir Romić, Irena Galić
In the past decade, the digitalization of the health-care industry and electronic healthcare records (EHR) rises rapidly. The concept of smart health gradually gains momentum as information technology advances. Smart healthcare transforms and improves traditional medical systems in efficiency, service and personalization by integrating technologies like the internet of things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI). On the other hand, smart healthcare systems are highly prone to security breaches and various malicious attacks. Blockchain technology has recently emerged as a promising solution for improving data management, access control, and integrity inside healthcare systems. This paper presents a survey of research on the latest blockchain solutions combined with AI technologies for improving and innovating new technical standards for the healthcare ecosystem related to medical diagnostics and electronic health records sharing, with a special focus on medical imaging.
As an indispensable part of Hyperledger Fabric application system, smart contracts are mostly developed in general-purpose programming languages such as Golang. However, these smart contracts often have potential risks that cause serious problems such as failed transactions or sensitive information leakage on the ledger. Although there are already some detection tools for potential risks, e.g., Chaincode Scanner and Chaincode Analyzer, the accuracy and coverage of them are limited. In response to the above problems, this paper summarizes 16 potential risks in smart contracts, including three type risks: Non-determinism Risk, Logical Security Risk, and Private Data Security Risk. In order to detect them, we propose a new static analysis method based on Abstract Syntax Tree Analysis, Package Dependency Analysis, and Functional Dependency Analysis. Based on the new method, a detection system is designed that can detect 16 potential risks in smart contracts developed using Golang language more accurately and provide development suggestions to eliminate these risks.
Recently evolving blockchain technology for eHealth will promote a network of record management that is safe, transparent and patient-driven. This emerging technology, however, RPM (Remote patient management) settings can not support the storing of data produced from smart Internet of Things equipment. since This framework requires a system of rapid consensus, key control and better privacy policies. In this chapter, We propose a distributed e - healthcare system consisting of three layers collateralized by Blockchain.: 1) Sensing network-Body Region Sensor System-works include intelligent clinical sensors usually transmitting data to a mobile on or inside a patient body. 2) The NEAR processing layer-Edge Networks consists of single-hop equipment's built by using IoT devices for data sensing. 3) Cloud or other large computing services compose the Fast processing layer-Core networks). A replicated Patient Agent processes medical data To ensure constant, safe and private connectivity through the three layers. The Patient Agent runs a lightweight Blockchain consensus system which uses a Blockchain-leveraged job-offloading mechanisms to maintain patient safety when outsourcing assignments. Performance review of the decentralized e - healthcare framework was performed to prove the feasibility of the scheme in the collection and storing of Remote Patient Management information.
Blockchain, a system of connected blocks, originally used as a distributed, immutable, decentralized and peer to peer database but has advanced over the years and many use cases are now seen in the market. To put more simply, blockchain offers a peer-to-peer transactions kept out in open so that everyone can see each of the transactions. These transactions are secured by the cryptographic hashes which are unique for every block formed. Each transaction is timestamped and linked to the prior event, making it exceedingly resilient to malicious activities by making alter the extremely difficult but not impossible. In addition to financial services, blockchain has also developed many use cases in fields like voting, real estate, supply chain management and most essentially in healthcare. The current work compares two most common algorithms i.e. proof of work (PoW) and Proof of Stake for Infant Care Applications. In addition to this the work also includes development of cryptocurrency with its applications and numerous functions. This work also highlights on how startups are benefited from this in terms of easy crowd funding and how this implementation will bring a boom in the Indian Startups. Further this work also the concept of Initial Coin Offering to ERC-20 token standard contract using Solidity Programming Language.
Recently, serious damages have occurred in e-commerce applications due to rapidly increasing data leaks and end-user vulnerabilities. Although the source of the vulnerabilities is different, attacks result in the theft of unsafe data. In particular, the theft of credit card information reveals a financial loss. In this study, a blockchain-based secure storage model has been developed in order to prevent the theft of credit card information in e-commerce applications as a result of a possible data leak. In the sample e-commerce application developed with ASP.NET, data other than credit cards are stored. Credit card data is transmitted to the blockchain over the API with SSL protection in the e-commerce application. The blockchain model was developed using MongoDB with the BigchainDB framework. The data in each block of the blockchain is encrypted with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256 bits. The data integrity of the block is provided by the SHA256 algorithm. it is aimed to protect credit card data from a possible data leak with the proposed BigchainDB-based blockchain model.
Healthcare IoT (HIoT) is experiencing exponential growth in research and industry, but it still suffers from privacy and security vulnerabilities. Blockchain is distributed immutable ledger without a central authority have been used recently to provide security and privacy in peer-to-peer networks with similar topologies to HIoT. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based framework for healthcare IoT applications which provides an efficient privacy-preserving access control mechanism and securing the patient sensitive data. This framework combines two robust technologies of our time healthcare IoT (HIoT) and blockchain technology to help creating secure patient diagnosis just like a classical medical report but digitally like an E-health card. Through this model, patients can wear the IoT healthy pi kit device to measure their vitals' information. Then, the flow of patient sensitive data will be secure by applying the blockchain technology. Moreover, we proposed two storage locations off-chain database and IPFS network which will create two points of storage while achieving consistency, integrity, and availability through HIoT blockchain network.
The most reliable all-together cryptosystem is Blockchain technology that gives a framework for safe transactions across networks expect to its immutability and unchanging features. Blockchain technology has attracted the attention of various startups, developers, and administrators as a decentralized infrastructure. This system protects all supplies from fraud and provides a tracking tool to track all previous network activities. The Online Medical Record (OMR) system allows patients to share information and control the health status of specific people. Unable to grant emergency personnel access to patient OMR in case of any emergency. In addition, the patient needs a history record management system of OMR, which displays a large amount of personal data. This paper proposes a framework for medical healthcare record management that engages Blockchain network to provide a defensive protection system and consider secure policies. These components involved the detection, protection, and monitoring of extensible access control in an urgent condition. The suggested model supports higher efficiency than related refined healthcare systems related to privacy, accessibility, data auditing in trials, and access control in an emergency situation.
With the popularity of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Blockchain platforms such as Ethereum, Blockchain has attracted significant attention in many aspects. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, high security, high transparency, high autonomy and non-tampering, which can play a great role in constructing programmable cryptocurrency system and large-scale financial system. Through the analysis of the Blockchain, this paper expounds on the technology of Blockchain, analyzes the existing problems of Blockchain, and introduces the development trend and application scenarios of Blockchain in the future.
Esmaeel Rezaee, Ali Mohammad Saghiri, Agostino Forestiero
With the increasing growth of different types of data, search engines have become an essential tool on the Internet. Every day, billions of queries are run through few search engines with several privacy violations and monopoly problems. The blockchain, as a trending technology applied in various fields, including banking, IoT, education, etc., can be a beneficial alternative. Blockchain-based search engines, unlike monopolistic ones, do not have centralized controls. With a blockchain-based search system, no company can lay claims to user’s data or access search history and other related information. All these data will be encrypted and stored on a blockchain. Valuing users’ searches and paying them in return is another advantage of a blockchain-based search engine. Additionally, in smart environments, as a trending research field, blockchain-based search engines can provide context-aware and privacy-preserved search results. According to our research, few efforts have been made to develop blockchain use, which include studies generally in the early stages and few white papers. To the best of our knowledge, no research article has been published in this regard thus far. In this paper, a survey on blockchain-based search engines is provided. Additionally, we state that the blockchain is an essential paradigm for the search ecosystem by describing the advantages.