In the last decade, cryptocurrency has emerged as a major financial and technological phenomenon. This research explores the use of Bitcoin in Yemen. Yemen is a country currently facing a severe humanitarian and economic crisis. The study aims to analyze the opportunities offered by Bitcoin. These opportunities could help overcome traditional financial constraints. The research also examines the challenges that hinder its spread and use. An analytical descriptive methodology was used. The study looked at economic, legal, and social aspects. The results showed that Bitcoin provides real opportunities. It can facilitate financial transfers and offer alternatives to broken banking systems. However, it also faces significant challenges. These include the absence of a legal framework. Other challenges are weak infrastructure and the risks of security breaches and fraud. The research also addressed the legal stance towards these currencies, which remains unclear. The study concludes with recommendations. It provides suggestions for relevant authorities and users. The goal is to maximize benefits and reduce the risks of cryptocurrencies. It emphasizes the need for effective regulations. This will ensure safe and sustainable use.
Blockchain technology has become a foundational innovation in digital systems, offering unique features that address trust, transparency, and security in decentralized environments. Despite its increasing application across diverse fields such as supply chain, finance, and e-government, the academic literature reflects inconsistency in defining and operationalizing blockchain’s core characteristics. This study conducts a semi-systematic review to synthesize and classify the commonly cited characteristics of blockchain. Drawing from academic sources across multiple domains, the review categorizes these characteristics into core (e.g., decentralization, transparency), peripheral (e.g., privacy, scalability), and technical (e.g., programmability, tokenization) traits. The paper highlights areas of convergence and divergence and proposes a taxonomy to guide future research and instrument development. The findings offer a clearer conceptual foundation for evaluating blockchain systems and support the creation of standardized measurement tools for empirical investigations.
The paper highlights the critical need to ensure the reliability of smart contracts and also security of smart contracts, which are agreements execute on their own and have terms that are directly encoded in the code. Smart contracts have transformed a number of industries by offering automated and secure transaction solutions. However, this innovation brings its own set of challenges, including security vulnerabilities and execution errors leading to serious economic and functional consequences. This survey aims to comprehensively address these issues by examining recent research on smart contract security and correctness verification. To lower the risks associated with smart contracts, the framework incorporates efficient techniques and technologies.The survey categorizes and analyzes key vulnerabilities, evaluates existing verification techniques, and proposes best practices for secure smart contract development. Additionally, it identifies research gaps and future directions to enhance the security of smart contracts. By guiding researchers and practitioners toward building more secure and reliable smart contract systems, this effort not only fortifies the backbone of blockchain technology but also encourages the scalability and resilience of decentralized systems in the fast-paced digital age of today with its wide range of use cases
Due to the high rate of fragmentation, India's healthcare system is faced with stagnant patient data that is isolated in silos involving thousands of clinics and healthcare centers. This disunity is linked to significant gaps in patient care, as individuals carry actual documents and medical professionals struggle to obtain a comprehensive clinical history when necessary. In this study, the authors analyze how blockchain can be used to resolve the healthcare interoperability crisis in India. Compared to the traditional centralized databases, blockchain establishes a distributed ledger, through which records between patients remain securely shared within approved healthcare networks. Immutable feature maintains data integrity and the decentralized system offers high security against cyber-attacks that are being perpetrated more commonly on healthcare institutions. There are three main benefits to the implementation of a blockchain identified in the study. One is increased security due to distributed storage of data that removes single-point failover which hackers usually target. Second, the enhanced interoperability will enable the easy flow of information among the public and private healthcare providers eliminating repetitive tests and delays in care. Third, greater transparency allows the patients more influence on their healthcare data, as well as improves the ability to track clinical trials and outcomes. Nevertheless, a number of problems make the adoption of blockchain in the Indian healthcare industry difficult. The cost of implementation is still extremely high in many institutions especially the smaller clinics and the rural health care providers. The current electronic health records systems have to be upgraded significantly to connect to the blockchain networks. The regulatory frameworks will have to change, such as the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2020 in India, and ensure that they support decentralized data management alongside standards of compliance. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the implementation of blockchain requires the joint work of governmental institutions, healthcare facilities, and technology corporations. Though there exist some technical and financial obstacles, the capability of blockchain to build a single, safe ecosystem in the healthcare industry may bring incredible changes in patient outcomes of the wide variety of healthcare in India.
Rural and underprivileged areas continue to grapple with the availability of affordable and dependable healthcare funding.Community based health insurance mechanisms are rife with inefficiencies including long delays in claim processing, fraudulent reporting, lack of transparency, and weak guardrails.This paper suggests a smart village-focused blockchain-based system on community health insurance.The platform is built on top of permissioned blockchain, smart contracts, and decentralized identity management to secure policy issuance, transparent premium collection, automated claims settlement, and community-based network governance.A prototype was implemented based on Hyperledger Fabric with off-chain storage of medical data and a mobile app for rural access.A simulation study was implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework on a synthetic claim data, which have shown to significantly decrease the claim processing time, increase the rate of fraud detection, and raise the trust perception by all the involved users.Contribution -The proposed study aims to contribute towards designing and implementing (blockchain-enabled) healthcare financing models to pave the way for the promotion of sustainable healthcare for equitable benefits in rural smart village ecosystems.
Soleti Navya, Pankaj Bharati, S. Sree Hari Raju, Anil Kumar G · 6 authors
Blockchain technology is popular for its safe and decentralized architecture that help build digital contracts, supply chain management, and financial services applications. The key features of this technology is that smart contracts automatically perform agreements when certain predefined conditions are met. Coding errors or design flaws make them vulnerable to security attacks. People with malicious intent may exploit these flaws, resulting in significant financial losses and a decline in trust in blockchain technology as a whole. With help of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms this paper identifies anomalies in smart contracts and increase blockchain security by its mitigation. The machine learning algorithm is trained to identify anomalies that deviate from standard norms by analyzing patterns and behavior. The paper focuses on identifying common vulnerabilities that attackers may exploit like overflows, unauthorized access channels and re-entrancy bugs using a gradient boosting classifier. Developers and other stakeholders can be informed about possible security vulnerabilities before they become serious threats by using anomaly detection to generate early alerts. The primary goal of this research is to create a strong and reliable security tool that will significantly improve blockchain security and guarantee that smart contracts operate as intended and increase public confidence in blockchain technology.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
The insurance sector is being transformed through the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies. This study proposes the AI-Blockchain Hybrid Smart Contract Model (AIBSCM), which combines AI-based fraud detection with blockchain-based smart contracts to allow for automated insurance claim processing. A synthetic dataset of 1,000 insurance claims was used to train a random forest model, which achieved 92% accuracy on training data; however, real-world testing revealed difficulty in detecting fraudulent claims from under-represented categories. A blockchain simulation was conducted to demonstrate the secure storage and automated execution of claims, with smart contracts giving transparency and immutability. The architecture integrates decentralised oracles, zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), federated learning, and a DAO governance mechanism to provide a privacy-conscious, decentralised, and robust solution for the insurance business. Subsequent study will look at real-world deployment and integration with regulations. The integration of these technologies seeks to address traditional insurance systems' issues, such as data privacy concerns and a lack of transparency. By investigating real-world deployment and regulatory compliance, this model has the potential to transform the insurance business by delivering a safe and efficient method for dealing with false claims. This innovative method has the potential to boost client trust while also streamlining insurance company operations. Overall, the combination of blockchain and privacy-conscious technology might result in increased reliability and a transparent insurance sector.
UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) enhance sustainability by enabling precise and efficient environmental monitoring with minimal ecological disruption. This study looks at how integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with blockchain technology can increase operational independence, scalability, and security of UAV systems. Blockchain technology is all about being decentralised and unchangeable, which means it keeps UAV operations secure and reliable by ensuring that data remains intact and preventing any unauthorised changes. Moreover, this research in the importance of blockchain consensus algorithms -Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), specifically for UAV applications. AI integration improves the optimization of processes on the fly and helps to make smarter decisions, leading to plausible improvements in transaction validation and overall network efficiency. The experimental results show how effective the AI-augmented PoS and DPoS algorithms are, highlighting that they are a great fit for scalable and self-sufficient UAV applications.
Rakan B Aldosari, Farah Kalmey, Abdullah T Alanazi, Ashraf A’aqoulah
Background: Blockchain is a cutting-edge innovation being applied to offer innovative solutions in various fields, including healthcare. The healthcare industry uses blockchain networks to store and distribute patient data across hospitals, physicians, diagnostic labs, and pharmaceutical firms. Blockchain applications are essential in the healthcare industry for identifying crucial fallacies that might be fatal. The effectiveness, security, and transparency in exchanging medical data may thus be improved in the healthcare industry. This technology may also aid medical institutions in procuring information and analysing patient data. Aim: To examine the published papers that discussed the ability of utilization and probable challenges of blockchain technology in KSA's healthcare supply chain management. Methods: Until February 10, 2023, the prime databases: Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of science, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched. Published studies (except case reports), commentaries, editorials, reviews, and meta-analysis reporting on the use of blockchain technology in healthcare supply chain management were included and a Preferred Reporting Items of systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram was used to present the process. To assess risk of bias and the quality of the included studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical evaluation tools were implemented. Results: A total of 22 studies were included and most of them used blockchain in technology for ensuring transparency, security, and storage of electronic health or medical records. Patients benefited from seamless electronic health records provided by a multi-level blockchain eHealth system. It was observed that blockchain technology effectively addresses clinical trial misconduct, and its potential in this area is to boost data productivity for the healthcare sector. The distinctive data storage pattern of blockchain offers a high-security standard that potentially reduces concerns about data tampering. It provides flexibility, accountability, connection, and data access authentication. Blockchain helps the healthcare sector avoid certain risks and offers decentralized data protection. In our study, we observed that the most preferred network for integrating the healthcare authority, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, and service was Ethereum (ETH). Conclusion: Healthcare policymakers should implement blockchain in Healthcare Supply Chain Management. Moreover, they need to be aware that the primary issues with blockchain technology in the healthcare industry are the lack of practical applications, the high rate of failed initiatives, and the requirement for collaboration between diverse stakeholders. However, there is a lack of studies on how to evaluate the acceptability and assist healthcare organisations in using blockchain.
This Research Paper examines the implementation of blockchain-based decentralized applications (DApps) for the secure sharing of student credentials. The study begins by defining DApps and exploring how blockchain technology can enhance security and transparency in credential verification. Key aspects of blockchain technology, such as distributed ledger systems and consensus mechanisms, are discussed, along with their advantages, including immutability and decentralization. The implementation of the DApp is then reviewed, covering client-server communication interfaces and integration with existing credential systems. Additionally, the design and functionality of smart contracts are analyzed, emphasizing their role in automating processes and reducing security risks in credential sharing. Various real-world applications and use cases are presented, highlighting successful implementations. The analysis further explores the benefits and applications resulting from these implementations, as well as the challenges and limitations of adopting blockchain for credential sharing, including technical, legal, and privacy concerns. Finally, the study considers future applications of blockchain technology in education and its potential integration with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT).
Sep 4, 2025·2025 IEEE 13th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS)
Blockchain technology is increasingly adopted in Internet of Things (IoT) logistics to enhance data security, scalability, and real-time transparency. The security threats and data silos in IoT logistics networks forces the adoption of blockchain technology since its tamper-proof distributed ledger system provides secure and scalable tracking capabilities. Blockchain-based system performance and operational suitability for time-sensitive operations depends heavily on the chosen consensus algorithm. The research evaluates five blockchain consensus methods (Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Raft, and HotStuff) for IoT logistics operations. The research utilized Ethereum for PoW/PoS testing and Hyperledger Fabric for PBFT/Raft and HotStuff prototype testing and measured throughput and latency through standard tools. The results demonstrate that traditional Proof of Work and Proof of Stake systems provide poor performance in terms of transaction speed and high latency that makes them unusable for real-time data processing requirements. In contrast, the permissioned consensus algorithms PBFT, Raft and HotStuff demonstrate higher transaction rates and faster confirmation times compared to traditional mechanisms. HotStuff provides stronger fault tolerance and scalable performance compared to traditional PBFT. Raft demonstrates the highest performance in normal operating conditions. The research demonstrates that consortium or private blockchains using Byzantine fault-tolerant or crash fault-tolerant consensus within restricted environments are better suited for realtime logistics IoT systems than public blockchains based on PoW/PoS.
With the growing digitalization of financial services and the exponential rise in the transfer of sensitive data across digital and decentralized networks, cybersecurity has assumed an important role in the field of financial technology (FinTech). However, conventional security paradigms are vulnerable to centralized attacks, data integrity attacks and lack of transparency in large-scale financial marketplaces. To overcome these limitations, the immediate interconnections between blockchain and security has provided a reliable solution pertaining to transaction integrity, maintaining confidentiality in the communication and the stability of the environment. We examine innovation and development of blockchain-based cybersecurity systems, cashed to be used to secure financial transactions and provide consistent data sharing. This paper presents an architecture considering the characteristics of blockchain (i.e., decentralization, immutability, cryptographic hashing, and consensus protocols), preventing unauthorized access to data or tampering of transaction data, and providing enhanced traceability and auditability to financial institutions. In addition, the paper shows how smart contracts can automate compliance and real-time anomaly detection, thereby mitigating against human error and lowering operational risk. The approach uses both qualitative and quantitative methods, and consists of the system modeling, simulation testing, and comparative analysis with a traditional system of cybersecurity. Results reveal that blockchain-based applications drastically mitigate potential threats including double-spending, man-in-the-middle and contract violation attacks. The system also has improved performance with respect to trust establishment, peer authentication, and end-to-end data security. Finally, this work helps to dialogue towards secure digital finance by introducing an effective and scalable cybersecurity countermeasure. It emphasizes the potential of blockchain technology for securing financial infrastructure and offers practical guidance for security and policy makers, developers, and organizations that are interested in adhering to the next generation of cybersecurity attributes for the decentralized finance (DeFi) environment.
The IoT has changed the way we employ data-driven automation in a big way, but it also poses big risks to users privacy and security. Blockchain technology is appealing for a number of reasons, including its decentralisation, immutability, and use of smart contracts. This article is about how blockchain technology can make Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems safer. We provide a safe architectural foundation for the Internet of Things (IoT) using cryptographic protocols and hardware security modules (HSMs). Then, we look at the literature on the subject, point out problems, and evaluate blockchain systems that are suitable for the IoT. A prototype implementation shows that it works by using Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus and SHA-256 hashing. The study looks at performance and dependability, and it also employs simulation to test the method.
Blockchain (BC) and smart contract (SC), known for their decentralized and secure frameworks, have been successfully applied across industries to enhance security, efficiency, and transparency in technical and engineering aspects such as automated transactions, data management, and supply chain monitoring. In recent years, the construction industry has seen significant advancements in adopting BC and SC. This review paper examines the latest BC and SC prototypes, case studies, and technical applications published over the past four years, focusing on how these academic developments can be transitioned into industry practice. By categorizing the collected studies using Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and conducting an in-depth analysis, the paper seeks to identify strategies for accelerating the adoption of these technologies in the construction sector. Reviewing recent advancements, this paper uncovers key trends, benefits, and challenges associated with implementing BC and SC in construction. The findings suggest that these technologies can significantly enhance project efficiency, contract management, and supply chain transparency while fostering trust among stakeholders. While these technologies offer significant potential, critical challenges, including scalability, privacy, and integration complexities, hinder their widespread adoption. Moreover, specific limitations, such as the difficulty in establishing regulatory compliance and technical barriers in data management, remain unresolved. By providing actionable insights and highlighting pathways to bridge the adoption gaps, the paper aims to accelerate the integration of BC and SC into the construction industry, driving innovation, transparency, and operational efficiency.
S. Raghavendrachar, Gagan Shivanna, V. Aditya, H. N. Karthik · 5 authors
Financial transparency is a persistent challenge for NGOs, leading to trust issues, inefficiencies, and fund mismanagement. Trust Block is a blockchain-based web application designed to enhance accountability by enabling real-time tracking of donations and fund allocations through Ethereum blockchain, smart contracts, and decentralised ledgers. Built with React.js, Node.js, and MongoDB, and secured using Ganache and Solidity, the system automates financial processes, minimises human intervention, and ensures immutable transaction records. By providing real-time insights to donors and regulatory bodies, Trust Block fosters trust and financial integrity in the NGO sector, demonstrating the power of Web3 technologies in creating secure and transparent transactions.
Mohamad Abdul Kadar, Suthari Yugandhar Reddy, Prakruti Parmar, Jobanpreet Kaur · 6 authors
The expansion of critical applications using distributed systems has established significant worries about protection of data and security throughout networks. Conventional protective methods struggle to gain control of decentralized network environments because trust and control distribution occurs among multiple participants. This study investigates how blockchain technology with machine learning approaches creates better data protection and system defense in distributed environments. Through blockchain technology users gain an unchangeable open ledger system which maintains data purity and through machine learning they get sophisticated analytic methods for spotting irregularities and forecasting security threats coupled with optimal security enhancement. The research examines existing approaches followed by a framework description for blockchain integration and their dual effects on security protocol enhancement. The paper demonstrates how blockchain and machine learning combine to solve modern distributed system security requirements as well as privacy protection and safe sharing in financial and healthcare sectors and IoT systems through an extensive assessment. The last part examines both research obstacles and contractions for the developing sector of study.
Lei Yang, Qiaoming Hou, Zhu Xin, Lu Yang · 5 authors
Supply chain financing can alleviate the financial constraints of small and medium-sized enterprises, blockchain can optimise supply chain financing strategies. The unique natural language processing capabilities of large language models have broad application prospects in supply chain financing decision-making. We innovatively introduce large language models to explore their application in blockchain-driven supply chain financing platforms. It is found that the excellent information processing capabilities of large language models significantly improves users’ financing efficiency. This study highlights the application potential of large language models and provides decision-making reference for managers.
A smart contract is a computer protocol for creating or improving a contract. A smart contract allows for the creation of valid transactions without the need for an intermediary. With the advent of blockchain technology, the idea of smart contracts has received more attention and has found a wide range of applications. Privacy, digital assets, and data encryption are three important factors in the benefit of blockchain-based smart contracts. This article examines the impact of a blockchain-based approach on smart contracts in the development of e-commerce using data mining. The research method is descriptive with a data mining approach and regression computation, decision trees, and neural networks. The main objective of this research is to determine the impact of blockchain on smart contracts in the development of e-commerce using data mining. The predictive power of smart contracts based on blockchain is 55%, which shows a level higher than 0.5. Therefore it can be said that the proposed model has appropriate predictive power for examining smart contracts.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
Digital identity management that incorporates blockchain technology provides a safe and effective way to enhance safety systems. Typical issues with older methods of managing identities include data breaches, identity theft, and unauthorized access. This encrypted, decentralized, and irreversible blockchain method ensures 100% accurate identification verification by eliminating any weak points and consolidating power. By further automating the authentication process, smart contracts aim to boost transparency while lowering fraud risks. This paper focuses on how safety-critical settings may leverage blockchain-based digital identity management systems to provide data accessibility, integrity, and privacy. In addition to assisting corporations in meeting and exceeding security laws, blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, gives individuals more control over their data. The suggested method discourses problems like interoperability, scalability and regulatory constraints, paving the way for a more secure and reliable structure. The primary emphasis of this research is on the revolutionary potential of blockchain technology as it pertains to identity management. Therefore, current safety systems will have enhanced dependability, security and efficiency.
Adimas Agus Ahmad Asy’arie, Arlinta Prasetian Dewi, Binti Nur Asiyah
This paper proposes a conceptual blockchain-based Sharia accounting model designed to enhance transparency and trust within Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). The research addresses the growing yet challenged Islamic finance industry by leveraging blockchain's inherent features, including immutability, decentralization, and smart contracts. The model aims to improve accountability, reduce fraud, and strengthen Sharia compliance by providing real-time, verifiable financial records. This approach offers a novel contribution by systematically integrating advanced technology with Islamic ethical principles, leading to more robust and reliable financial reporting for all stakeholders.
Rozina Chohan, Gulshan Naheed, Dr Khakoo Mal, Muhammad Jalil Afridi · 6 authors
The growing popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) networks has called out a growing need in sound and scalable security. The blockchain technology and its features of decentralization, immutability, and transparency can offer an effective solution to manage key security vulnerabilities, namely, authentication, data integrity, and privacy. This paper discusses the use of blockchain to IoT security, namely: decentralized authentication systems, data integrity management, and the challenge of scalability of large IoT networks. The findings indicate that despite the fact that blockchain can greatly improve security by guaranteeing data integrity and scheme-level device authentication, the performance of blockchain faced with output times of heightened issuance, slow transaction processing, and network constraints only emerge as network sizes rise. It has been proven that Proof of Stake (PoS) performs better than Proof of Work (PoW) regarding energy consumption, transaction latency, and time of recovery after failures due to attacks. Nonetheless, the paper underlines that streamlining blockchain protocols can help to mitigate performance stalls during massive IoT usage. The paper shows that, despite blockchain offering a secure basis to IoT, refinements in autonomous agreements, privacy safety nets, and scalability methods are required to make it an opportunity with broad IoT implementations.
Bharat Bhasker, Patruni Muralidhara Rao, P. Vidhya Saraswathi, S. Gopal Krishna Patro · 8 authors
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) sector has advanced rapidly in recent years, and security and privacy are essential considerations in the IoMT due to the extensive scope and implementation of IoMT networks. Machine learning (ML) and blockchain (BC) technologies have dramatically improved the functionalities and services of Healthcare 5.0, giving rise to a new domain termed Smart Healthcare. A proactive healthcare system may prevent long-term harm by recognizing issues early. This would improve patients' quality of life while alleviating their worry and healthcare expenses. The IoMT facilitates several capabilities in information technology, including intelligent and interactive healthcare. Consolidating medical information into a singular repository to train a robust ML model engenders apprehensions around privacy, ownership, and adherence to regulatory standards due to increased concentration. Federated learning (FL) addresses previous challenges using a centralized aggregate server to distribute global learning models. The local participant controls patient data, ensuring data confidentiality and security. Hence, this study proposes the Federated Blockchain-IoT Framework for Sustainable Healthcare Systems (FBCI-SHS) for a secure health monitoring system. Additionally, this paper presents the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a tool for healthcare network intrusion detection, allowing doctors to track patients' vitals using medical sensors and anticipate when they could become sick so they can take preventative steps. The suggested system proves that the method is well-suited for medical monitoring. In contrast, the high prediction accuracy for intrusion detection and the high efficiency in disease detection achieved by the proposed FBI-SHS healthcare 5.0 system. The proposed method achieves data privacy and security by 98.73%, intrusion detection efficiency by 97.16%, disease detection accuracy by 96.425, proactive healthcare management by 98.37%, and interoperability by 96.74%.