Blockchain Papers

Mahmoud Abdel-Salam, Mohamed Elhoseny, Ibrahim M. El‐Hasnony

No abstract is available for this record.

Ting Guo, Yineng Chen, Qingshan Ren, Di Li · 6 authors

The traditional food information model cannot guarantee the traceability of food quality and safety information. In response to this problem, blockchain has garnered significant attention from the food industry, because it can ensure food quality in the food traceability system. However, a trusted traceability system covering the full supply chain, with characteristics of systematic, accountable, and user‐friendly, is important for food quality and safety. Utilizing blockchain and intelligent Internet‐of‐Thing (IoT) technology, the architecture of the trusted traceability system is designed with a physical layer, IoT layer, and blockchain layer. Taking the Fabric alliance chain as the underlying platform, adopting a distributed management mode, and establishing nodes to upload accurate data from each link in the food supply chain, we design traceability information nodes for five organizations (namely, production, processing, distribution, sale, and supervision) and form traceability events at all levels of nodes to form a traceability chain. In addition, the key attributes and functions of the smart contract between institutions are designed, and the transfer parameters of the execution function are constructed so that the organic food node can activate them. Next, the trigger function is constructed to notify the institutional nodes to conduct transactions, thereby realizing the execution process of the three main smart contracts (namely, production–processing organizations, processing–distribution organizations, and distribution–sale organizations). Finally, we implemented a trusted food traceability system for organic grapes. The results show that the system can meet the demand for food traceability.

A. Chandrasekar, G Anitha, Vigneswaran Narayanamurthy

No abstract is available for this record.

Devraj V. Rajput, Pavankumar R. More, Preeti A. Adhikari, Shalini S. Arya

The current status of the global food supply chain offers several challenges, particularly those related to traceability, transparency, and sustainability.

Jihene Khoualdi, Ilheme Abedlmoula, Hella Kaffel, Donia Bensedrine

No abstract is available for this record.

Yahaya Saidu, Shuhaida Mohamed Shuhidan, Izzatdin Abdul Aziz, Md. Mahmudul Alam · 7 authors

The integration of Blockchain (BC) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative solution for addressing traceability challenges in logistics, offering enhanced transparency, data security, and operational efficiency. This study presents a systematic review of the current state of BC-IoT integration for logistics traceability, focusing on its motivations, deployment strategies, technical implementations, and evaluation approaches. A total of 1,619 records were initially retrieved from IEEE Xplore, MDPI, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, from which 61 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 were selected and analyzed. The selection process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure a rigorous, transparent, and high-quality synthesis. Only studies explicitly addressing the convergence of BC and IoT within logistics traceability contexts were included. Key findings reveal that BC-IoT systems significantly enhance traceability and transparency across logistics networks but face persistent challenges such as scalability, latency, energy efficiency, and security. The review categorizes various deployment architectures including cloud, edge, fog, and hybrid models, and examines their implications for data responsiveness and system reliability. Additionally, it evaluates popular BC platforms (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, Solana) and consensus mechanisms (e.g., RAFT, PBFT, PoS) based on their suitability for logistics applications. Emerging research directions emphasize the need for cross-chain interoperability, domain-specific frameworks, and decentralized traceability models, particularly in sectors such as humanitarian logistics and regulatory compliance. This review consolidates fragmented knowledge and provides actionable insights for developing scalable, secure, and transparent BC-IoT systems to support next-generation logistics operations.

Tejashwini Matolli, Dnyanashree Mutalik, Veeresh Bharamade, Bharathi. S · 5 authors

The proposed blockchain-based product authentication system successfully addresses the growing challenges caused by fraud and unauthorized products. By integrating Metamask, Ganache, smart contracts and, the system ensures secure, transparent, and tamper-proof product verification across the entire supply chain. The decentralized architecture eliminates the need for third-party verification agencies, thereby reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing user trust. The inclusion of QR-code–based real-time authentication enables consumers, manufacturers, and sellers to easily verify product legitimacy through a web interface. Experimental testing conducted with both genuine and fake product entries demonstrates that the system consistently provides accurate and reliable results. Overall, the system proves to be highly effective with an authentication accuracy of approximately 86%, showing strong potential for large-scale adoption across various industries. With its scalable database support and user-friendly interface, the framework can be further expanded to include advanced features such as supply-chain traceability, multi-factor authentication, and integration with public blockchain networks. This work highlights how blockchain can be a powerful tool in combating product fraud while ensuring consumer safety and protecting brand integrity.

Joel Curado, Manila Bhandari, João C. Ferreira, Ana Martins

The maritime supply chain plays a vital role in global trade, but it continues to face major challenges, including transparency issues, fraud, and data privacy concerns. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to make the supply chain more secure, efficient, and trustworthy across the system. However, it still encounters limitations, especially regarding privacy and the handling of large volumes of data. To address these issues, Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) offer a viable solution, enabling the validation of documents and transactions without revealing sensitive information. This helps maintain confidentiality while meeting regulatory requirements, such as those set by the eFTI regulation. This paper investigates blockchain adoption in maritime supply chains with a focus on ZKP integration for secure document verification, fraud mitigation, and regulatory compliance. It evaluates computational overhead, scalability, and adoption barriers, and proposes a framework supported by simulation-based validation using Ethereum and ZoKrates to assess feasibility and performance. By combining ZKPs with blockchain, this approach enhances a secure, transparent, and efficient trade ecosystem, optimising resources and reducing risks. Future research directions are outlined to advance sustainable maritime logistics.

Giovanni Farina, Gianluca Brunori, Stefano Chessa, Alexander Kocian · 16 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahmoud Said Rashed, Shaimaa Fakhry, Radwa Satour, Shivani Pathania

No abstract is available for this record.

Yahaya Saidu, Shuhaida Mohamed Shuhidan, Dahiru Adamu Aliyu, Izzatdin Abdul Aziz · 5 authors

The need for sophisticated traceability systems has become essential in increasingly complex and globalized supply chains. The convergence of Blockchain (BC), Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies offers promising solutions to enhance traceability systems across various sectors, particularly supply chain management (SCM). This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric and systematic literature review to explore emerging trends, research patterns, and methodologies in integrating BC, IoT, and AI into traceability systems. In the study, 530 documents from the SCOPUS database for bibliometric analysis were examined, alongside a detailed review of 43 selected articles from multiple databases. The findings highlighted a significant increase in research output in recent years, with a dominant focus on agricultural supply chains and SCM. Notably, India and China lead the field in publications and citations. Furthermore, key authors and influential journals significantly contributed to advancing the research. The analysis also revealed a predominance of experimental and hybrid research methodologies, with Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric emerging as the most widely adopted platforms for system implementations. The study identified critical research trends, including the growing role of AI-driven analytics, the importance of real-time IoT data collection, and the critical need for secure, tamper-proof data provided by BC. However, challenges, such as interoperability, scalability, and standardization, remain hindering the widespread adoption of these technologies. The paper proposes a four-layer conceptual framework for integrating BC, IoT, and AI into future traceability systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance transparency, security, and efficiency across various application areas. The paper concludes by offering directions for future research, highlighting the need for more empirical studies, industry-specific frameworks, and standardization to overcome existing limitations.

K. Geetha, N. Sasikaladevi, S. Aarthi

No abstract is available for this record.

Mengzhen Kang, Xiaolong Liang, Puyi Guo, Jian Yang · 7 authors

In smart-agriculture, AI is held back by fragmented, hard-to-access datasets. To address this problem, we propose a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) that couples a consortium Product-Chain (P-Chain) for data custody with a Value-Chain (V-Chain) for decentralized trading. P-Chain registers raw, processed data and model artefacts; V-Chain runs transparent auctions where researchers, farmers, label-service providers and start-ups exchange data, labels or trained models as reusable digital products. Smart-contract pricing and random-validator consensus guarantee authenticity, privacy and fair value flow while preventing collusion. A weed-eradication case study shows that buying ready-made data, labels and models on the platform cuts development cost by 76% compared with in-house collection and training. The architecture thus lowers entry barriers, accelerates AI model iteration, and paves the way for sustainable, data-driven precision agriculture.

Addou Kamal, Mohammed Yassine El Ghoumari

Traceability in food supply chains is crucial for ensuring safety, enabling effective quality control, and maintaining consumer trust. However, traditional paper-based or digital tracking systems often prove too slow and opaque during food safety incidents or investigations into fraud. To address these limitations, this paper presents a modular Web3 architecture that integrates Ethereum blockchain smart contracts, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and machine learning (ML) to achieve end-to-end traceability and sustainability in agrifood supply chains, and to support auditable, partially automated decision-making. The system design separates concerns into layers: an on-chain layer of Ethereum smart contracts for tamper-proof event logging and automated business logic, and an off-chain layer for secure storage of detailed sensor data and documents, linked by crypto-graphic hashes to ensure data provenance. Low-cost IoT sensors are deployed from farm to distributor, continuously monitoring environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, geolocation) and uploading signed, time-stamped summaries to the blockchain. In addition, ML models perform predictive quality control by estimating expected conditions, detecting anomalies, and scoring the conformity of product batches, which enables smart contracts to automatically trigger state transitions (acceptance or dispute escrow of shipments) based on real-time data. Using Ethereum smart contracts, a prototype that manages the life cycle of a specific food product was implemented, and two cases (conformant vs non-conformant shipments) were studied to demonstrate how cryptographically verifiable data and events make decisions transparent and trustworthy.

Duc Tran, Filisia Melissari, Samuel Le Féon, Andreas Papadakis · 9 authors

• The blockchain traceability system caused inconsiderate environmental impacts. • Using blockchain system is profitable if consumers pay more for traceable products. • Blockchain-based traceability systems can be applied to different production scale. • Energy consumption for a mixed (private and public) blockchain is not high. The implementation of blockchain (BC) technology in food traceability has attracted the attention of both scholars and practitioners because this technology enhances transparency and efficiency. While previous studies have attempted to assess the technical performance of BC-based applications, comprehensive economic and environmental assessments of BC-based food traceability systems are lacking. This study performs a technical, environmental and economic assessment of BC-based food traceability using a private BC (Quorum) and a public BC (Ethereum). The case study is the production of protected designation of origin feta cheese in Greece. The proposed BC-based system was found to have insignificant environmental impacts when compared to the existing impacts of feta production. Furthermore, the implementation of BC-based food traceability was found to be profitable for dairy producers when consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium for BC-based traceable products is taken into account. Sensitivity analyses under different scaling-up scenarios, from a purely technical perspective (i.e. increase in transaction volume and frequency) to scaling production, emphasised the potential benefits of BC-based food traceability from a scalability perspective.

Rouwaida Abdallah, Robert Istrate, Óscar Ansótegui Adarve, García García Ruben · 14 authors

This document establishes a comprehensive framework for digital traceability in the critical raw materials (CRM) supply chain, focusing on secure, verifiable data management to ensure transparency, accountability, and sustainability. It outlines the implementation of a Digital Product Passport (DPP), leveraging blockchain, distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to meet regulatory and industry standards. Key topics include CRM certification, environmental compliance, material fingerprinting, risk assessment using the P.A.S.T.A. methodology, and the creation of a unified Digital Materials Passport Data Model.

Duc Bui Tien, Bang K. Le, Triet M. Nguyen

The transition from paper-based to digital records has significantly enhanced healthcare practices, including the management of farm animal health.Electronic Health Records (EHRs), referred to as Animal Medical Records (AMRs), are essential for improving clinical workflows, supporting evidence-based decisions, and advancing veterinary research.However, the adoption of digital records introduces challenges related to data security, quality, and interoperability.This paper explores the use of blockchain technology to address these challenges.We propose a blockchain-based system for managing AMRs that leverages Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and smart contracts to ensure data integrity, transparency, and accessibility.The system is evaluated through a proof-of-concept deployment on four EVM-supported platforms: BNB Smart Chain, Celo, Fantom, and Polygon.Our findings indicate that blockchain technology can enhance the security and efficiency of managing electronic health records for farm animals.

Neha Dhirendra Sirur, Uma M Hiremath, Srajana Naik, Vats Mishra

The widespread issue of counterfeit products in India's food supply chain poses significant threats to product quality, food safety, and consumer trust. The study proposes a robust solution by combining blockchain technology with Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to enhance security, transparency, and traceability in the food industry. By integrating a web-based verification tool with the Ethereum blockchain, the system establishes a tamper-proof, decentralized ledger that meticulously tracks the origin of products. A comprehensive web application is developed to facilitate product authentication through QR code technology. Key stakeholders, including the central government (CG), state governments (SG), and district-level Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs), utilize this platform to verify product authenticity at every stage of the supply chain, ensuring high data integrity and transparency. The system enables the central government, state governments, and APMCs to interact with the blockchain by adding their respective transaction blocks without modifying others' blocks. Contracts for each of these entities are developed and implemented, with Ganache utilized for local testing on a private network. The user interface, designed using React, leverages Web3.js to facilitate interactions with the Ethereum blockchain, MetaMask serves as the wallet for accessing the blockchain, with Ganache accounts imported for seamless integration. The CG logs in to generate a Quick Response(QR) code for each product and enters relevant product information. The SG scans the QR code to verify the product's authenticity and ensure it meets standards. The district APMC conducts the final verification, checking that the product's supply chain history aligns with its physical location. Blockchain technology improves counterfeit detection by providing a secure and transparent record of product provenance.

Rakesh G. Nair, Pankaj Kumar Detwal, M. Muthukumar

The agri-food system, involving fertile terrains and thriving livestock farms that sustain our planet, plays a dominant role in achieving the goal of global food security. However, the intricate nature and involvement of multiple stakeholders in the agri-food supply chain pose a distinct challenge to maintain transparency and inclusive traceability. This study explores the potential of blockchain technology to shed light on this enigmatic sector, paving the way for an agri-food system characterized by unprecedented transparency and verifiable sources. This article uncovers the transformative capabilities of blockchain, a distributed ledger technology that records transactions immutably. We intricately demonstrate how blockchain can be seamlessly integrated into the agri-food supply chain, enabling meticulous tracking and verification of every stage in the food journey. To further elucidate the real-world applications of blockchain, we present a compelling case study of TE-FOODS, an innovative agri-food enterprise that has successfully leveraged blockchain technology to facilitate traceability from farm to table. The agri-food supply chain, which is vital to our population, calls for a shift toward verifiable provenance and enhanced transparency by embracing the disruptive potential of blockchain technology.

Milind Rane, Prit Prasad Mali, Mantesh Bhimashankar Mhetre, Aayush Govind Mor · 6 authors

Indian economy is highly dependent on its agricultural sector which is a diverse sector and the present supply chain of agricultural products is divided with multiple people involved causing inefficiency and lack of transparency. The work involved aims to build a supply chain which addresses the traceability and transparency issues. For tracking product right from its origin to market a blockchain-based platform helps with secure transactions with every intermediary involved in the supply chain. Each product is assigned a unique code with which the customer can track the entire journey of the product and will be able to verify whether the product is authentic. The novelty of the solution is the use of blockchain technology which ensures end to end transparency. The solution enhances data integrity, reduces fraud and builds trust among the customers for the product they are purchasing. For successful implementation performance parameters such as transaction speed which ensures timely updates, data integrity and security which protects against unauthorized access and tampering are looked after. The approach is relevant to real-world scenarios by providing consumers with reliable information about product origins and handling. The goal is to establish a distributed ledger that will increase transparency by being available to all network users.

Boubakeur Annane, Adel Alti, Abderrahim Lakehal

Ensuring food security is crucial for maintaining food quality and enhancing consumer services by guaranteeing both safety and satisfaction. However, traditional methods to ensure food security are often susceptible to various forms of fraud and require significant processing overhead, making them inefficient for the evolving demands of modern food supply chains. To address these shortcomings, blockchain technology has emerged as a robust and efficient solution to enhance food security. This paper presents a novel lightweight blockchain-based signature mechanism designed for the rapid detection of food fraud. It also includes a domain-specific ontology to serve as a structured knowledge model, allowing systematic analysis and detection of different types of fraud within the food supply chain. This approach uses smart contracts built on lightweight blockchain technology to initiate and manage transactions related to food fraud. Then, semantic rules are applied to detect and identify fraudulent activities. Once fraud is detected, associated transactions are encrypted and tracked, ensuring visibility and traceability among consortium members. Experimental results based on large-scale transaction data demonstrated ~7.5× speed improvement over iterative search algorithms while maintaining high transaction traceability and significantly reducing storage costs.

Soma Prathibha, Saiganesh V, Lokesh S

The security, safety, and authenticity of food are major issues in the modern world. Despite being extensive, the global food supply chain faces several difficulties, including phoney labels, the possibility of contamination, and unsustainable practices. Consumer health and environmental sustainability are at risk as a result of these problems. The demand for a safe and open food supply system has increased along with the world population's steady rise.As a creative solution to these problems, "FQAChain" pioneers the integration of blockchain and IoT technology. This method effortlessly combines the transparency and immutability of blockchain technology with real-time monitoring and data collecting using IoT devices. Its key elements are the thorough documentation of product information, the involvement of blockchain in assuring data immutability, and the development of distinctive Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to validate each food item. 'FQAChain' empowers customers by providing real-time product information through user-friendly interfaces, ensuring product authenticity while boosting responsibility across the supply chain. It enables customers to make knowledgeable decisions and acts as a driver for improvement in the food business. 'FQAChain' represents a paradigm-shifting step towards a more safe, open, and environmentally conscious food supply chain by making it easier to assess the environmental effect and sustainability of food production and distribution. It goes beyond simple innovation, successfully meeting the urgent demands of our time and providing benefits to producers, consumers, and the environment.

Fabio Scanu, Giovanni Farina, Silvia Bonomi

This paper reviews the application of distributed ledger technologies (DLT) in food traceability systems, noting the benefits and growing adoption of DLT despite limited details on implementation and architecture. The study addresses this gap by analyzing the hardware, software, and DLT platforms discussed in the scientific literature. Most projects are in early development, focusing on proof-of-concept stages, with Ethereum and Hyperledger as the dominant platforms. However, the rationale for these choices is often unclear. The findings suggest significant potential for DLT in food traceability, although the sector is still nascent and requires more rigorous methodological approaches to improve effectiveness and scalability.

A.R Baku, Emmanuel Amadi, Udoka Felista Eze, G. A. Chukwudebe · 5 authors

The agri-food industry faces increasing demands for transparency and accountability due to concerns over product safety and sustainability. Current traceability systems often fall short due to fragmented data, potential inaccuracies, and limited scalability. This research proposes a novel blockchain-based framework to address these challenges. The proposed framework features a multi-layered architecture, dividing the system into distinct layers for data storage, consensus mechanisms, and user interactions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using academic databases (e.g., Scopus, Web of Science) and industry reports to identify existing research on blockchain technology, agri-food supply chains, and traceability. Key search terms included "blockchain," "agri-food," "traceability," "transparency," and "privacy." The identified research was analyzed to identify the key challenges and opportunities in agri-food traceability. A detailed analysis of the existing systems was conducted to understand their limitations and potential improvements. Based on the analysis, a blockchain-based framework was designed. The framework incorporates a multi-layered architecture, including a data layer, consensus layer, and application layer. Parallel side chains and zero-knowledge proofs were integrated to enhance scalability and privacy. The proposed framework was modeled using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to visualize the system's components, relationships, and interactions. Microsoft Visio was used as a modeling tool to create diagrams and visualize the system's architecture. Key Contributions includes a robust and scalable blockchain-based framework for agrifood traceability, a multi-layered architecture that addresses the specific needs of the agri-food industry, the use of zero-knowledge proofs to enhance privacy and trust and a comprehensive system design based on a rigorous methodology. Keywords: blockchain, agri-food supply chain, traceability, transparency, privacy, zero-knowledge proofs, OOAD, system design.