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2,631 results · page 69 of 110
Γεώργιος Σπαθούλας, Lydia Negka, Pankaj Pandey, Sokratis Katsikas
No abstract is available for this record.
Alia Asheralieva, Dusit Niyato
We propose a fully distributed system architecture and a scalable self-organized sharding scheme for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) blockchains that can guarantee system security without reducing its throughput. In the system, the IoT devices are supported by the set of blockchain peers that gather, process, verify, and store the blocks of IoT transaction records. To support communications among peers, the system is realized in the mobile-edge computing (MEC) network. We design a new consensus mechanism in which each peer votes on the outputs of each block task in its shard. The peer's voting power is computed from its reputation, i.e., trustworthiness in the system. By adopting a reputation-based coalitional game model, we formulate a novel self-organized shard formation algorithm in which each peer acts as a rational player aiming to maximize both its payoff and the coalitional reputation. We prove that the algorithm converges to the reputation-based stable shard structure, i.e., a structure that maximizes the payoff and coalitional reputation of each peer without negatively affecting other peers. The algorithm shows a superior performance in terms of system security and throughput when compared to state-of-the-art sharding schemes and reputation-based blockchains.
Sergey Smetanin, Aleksandr Ometov, Mikhail Komarov, Pavel Mašek · 5 authors
The present increase of attention toward blockchain-based systems is currently reaching a tipping point with the corporate focus shifting from exploring the technology potential to creating Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)-based systems. In light of a significant number of already existing blockchain applications driven by the Internet of Things (IoT) evolution, the developers are still facing a lack of tools and instruments for appropriate and efficient performance evaluation and behavior observation of different blockchain architectures. This paper aims at providing a systematic review of current blockchain evaluation approaches and at identifying the corresponding utilization challenges and limitations. First, we outline the main metrics related to the blockchain evaluation. Second, we propose the blockchain modeling and analysis classification based on the critical literature review. Third, we extend the review with publicly accessible industrial tools. Next, we analyze the selected results for each of the proposed classes and outline the corresponding limitations. Finally, we identify current challenges of the blockchain analysis from the system evaluation perspective, as well as provide future perspectives.
Jane O. Umekwudo, Junho Shim
The interest in the blockchain technology has been increasing since its inception and it has been applied to many fields and sectors. The blockchain technology creates a decentralized environment where no third party controls the data and transaction. Mobile apps recommendation has been extensively used to recommend apps to mobile users. For example, Android-based recommendation applications have been developed to recommend other mobile apps for download depending on user’s preferences and mobile context. These recommendations help users discover apps by referring to the experiences of other users. Due to the collection of a large amount of data and user information, there is a problem of insecurity and user’s privacy that are prone to be attacked. To address this issue the blockchain technology can be incorporated to assure cryptographic safety. In this paper, we present a survey of the on-going mobile app recommendations and e-commerce technology trend to address how the blockchain can be incorporated into the collaborative filtering recommendation systems to enable the users to set up a secured data, which implies the importance of user privacy preference on personalized app recommendations.
Hakima Khelifi, Senlin Luo, Boubakr Nour, Hassine Moungla · 6 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Shirin Tahmasebi, Jafar Habibi, Abolhassan Shamsaie
With the recent considerable developments in the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of resource-constrained devices are interconnected through the internet. Monitoring this huge number of IoT devices that are heterogeneous in terms of underlying communication protocols and data format is challenging. The majority of existing IoT device monitoring solutions heavily rely on centralized architectures. Since using centralized architectures comes at the expense of trusting an authority, it has several inherent drawbacks, including vulnerability to security attacks, lack of data privacy, and unauthorized data manipulation. Hence, a new decentralized approach is crucial to remedy these drawbacks. One of the most promising technologies which is widely used to provide decentralization is blockchain. Additionally, to ease the burden of communication overhead and computational power on resource-constrained IoT devices, fog computing can be exploited to decrease communication latency and provide better network scalability. In this paper, we propose a scalable blockchain-based architecture for monitoring IoT devices using fog computing. To demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the proposed solution, we have implemented a proof-of-concept prototype, leveraging Ethereum smart contracts. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed solution is significantly scalable and compatible with resource-constrained IoT devices.
Shirin Tahmasebi, Jafar Habibi, Abolhassan Shamsaie
With the recent considerable developments in the Internet of Things (IoT),\nbillions of resource-constrained devices are interconnected through the\ninternet. Monitoring this huge number of IoT devices that are heterogeneous in\nterms of underlying communication protocols and data format is challenging. The\nmajority of existing IoT device monitoring solutions heavily rely on\ncentralized architectures. Since using centralized architectures comes at the\nexpense of trusting an authority, it has several inherent drawbacks, including\nvulnerability to security attacks, lack of data privacy, and unauthorized data\nmanipulation. Hence, a new decentralized approach is crucial to remedy these\ndrawbacks. One of the most promising technologies which is widely used to\nprovide decentralization is blockchain. Additionally, to ease the burden of\ncommunication overhead and computational power on resource-constrained IoT\ndevices, fog computing can be exploited to decrease communication latency and\nprovide better network scalability.\n In this paper, we propose a scalable blockchain-based architecture for\nmonitoring IoT devices using fog computing. To demonstrate the feasibility and\nusability of the proposed solution, we have implemented a proof-of-concept\nprototype, leveraging Ethereum smart contracts. Finally, a comprehensive\nevaluation is conducted. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed\nsolution is significantly scalable and compatible with resource-constrained IoT\ndevices.\n
Arne Meeuw, Sandro Schopfer, Anselma Wörner, Verena Tiefenbeck · 7 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Jianhong Zhou, Gang Feng, Yao Sun, Hongxin Luo
In legacy blockchain based systems, each involved node has to store a complete blockchain to ensure the system security without any central authoritative controller. However, it is usually impossible for a wireless IoT node to store a complete blockchain, especially for those simple sensor nodes without sufficient storage and computing resources. In this paper, we propose a block assignment scheme for blockchain based wireless IoT systems with aim to tackle the blockchain storage problem. Specifically, we propose to maintain a complete blockchain by a set of IoT nodes in a collaborative way on the premise of ensuring that each node can check every transaction. On the other hand, we should save the storage space of IoT nodes to the greatest extent for saving more blocks so as to maximize the lifetime of IoT nodes. We formulate this optimal block assignment problem as a 0-1 mixed integer-programming problem. We propose to incorporate Chaotic optimized algorithm into Genetic algorithm to provide an efficient near-optimal solution. Compared with the brute-force and conventional Genetic algorithms, our proposed algorithm can achieve the minimum storage occupancy to store blocks. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm has the lowest computational complexity.
Abdelhakim Baouya, Salim Chehida, Saddek Bensalem, Marius Bozga
The expected exponential growth of IoT devices in future years arises management issues to be resolved. Cloud computing may not be adequate for a massive scale while fog computing brings the ability to manage the distribution of controllability and manageability. Besides, such decentralized architecture is not sufficient to handle sensitive transactions, blockchain-based technology has raised hypes in implementing applications in trust-less environments. This paper proposes a blockchain-based architecture for scalable control of IoT devices. Moreover, smart contracts are developed to facilitate the ledger update process. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture is capable of providing trust on-demand changes with a negligible effect on IoT resources.
Mohammed Amine Togou, Ting Bi, Kapal Dev, Kevin McDonnell · 7 authors
5G technology is expected to enable a plethora of new applications with distinct requirements. Provisioning resources to accommodate such applications implies having a flexible network infrastructure that can be tailored to the specific needs of each application. This can be achieved through network slicing. Still, several applications might request network slices, but their request may not be fulfilled due to lack of resources or lack of coverage and provisioning such resources is a cumbersome task. This paper describes an architecture that facilitates the dynamic leasing of resources among network operators to support cross-domain services. The cornerstone of this architecture is a brokering layer, called DBB, that relies on a blockchain-based bidding system to request resources and evaluate resource provisioning offers. The paper also presents a simulation-based use case scenario that illustrates the need for DBB and which was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture.
Furqan Jameel, Muhammad Nabeel, Muhammad Ali Jamshed, Riku Jäntti
Blockchain is a special type of data structure in which data, usually termed as transactions, is linked together using cryptographic techniques. Because of these modular features, the applications of blockchain are being investigated in myriad domains such as cybersecurity, finance, transportation, and Internet-of-things (IoT). Although the applications of blockchain in IoT networks have much potential, many research challenges need the attention of researchers from both academia and industry. One of the open research challenges is the frequent occurrence of forking events in blockchain-based IoT networks. The forking of a blockchain can not only lead to potential security attacks but also poses excessive overhead in the largescale IoT networks. To tackle this inefficiency of blockchain-based IoT networks, this paper employs deep learning to minimize forking by reducing the transmission delays. Specifically, a deep neural network is used to reduce the transmission delay by improving the transmission rate. The deep learning approach is also compared with other benchmark techniques to show the superiority of the proposed method. We anticipate that this foundational work on blockchain-based IoT networks would pave the way for researchers to upscale the study into real-world implementations.
Loïc Dalmasso, Florent Bruguier, Achraf Lamlih, Pascal Benoit
Since the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), connected devices became smart and autonomous. Their exponentially increasing number and their use in many application domains result in a huge potential of cybersecurity threats. Taking into account the evolution of the IoT, security and interoperability are the main challenges, to ensure the reliability of the information. The blockchain technology provides a new approach to handle the trust in a decentralized network. However, current blockchain implementations cannot be used in the IoT domain because of their huge need for computing power and storage utilization. This paper provides a lightweight distributed ledger protocol dedicated to the IoT application, reducing the computing power and storage utilization, handling the scalability and ensuring the reliability of the information.
Ismaeel Al Ridhawi, Moayad Aloqaily, Azzedine Boukerche, Yaser Jaraweh
Diversified Internet of Things services are becoming more complex and strictly user-defined. Traditional cloud solutions proved to be both costly in terms of resources and time efficiency. To overcome such a burden, researchers developed fog solutions for faster service responsiveness. Fog-to-Fog communication and cooperation was then introduced to compose services on-the-go for user-specific requests with the aid of mobile edge devices. This paper introduces a blockchain-based decentralized service composition solution for complex multimedia service delivery to cloud subscribers. The proposed work dynamically creates user-defined services without requiring any intermediary service or network provider entities to authenticate and deliver composite services. The composition process uses a reinforcement learning technique to construct secure and reliable composition paths. Participants are rewarded by cloud and fog entities for solving complex composition processes. Simulation results conducted on the system show that by adapting the proposed technique, fog and cloud entities require less resources and reduced power usage with increased service delivery success rates to cloud subscribers.
Seyed Mehdi Fattahi, Adetokunbo Makanju, Amin Milani Fard
Predicting the performance of a blockchain application during the design phase is difficult and evaluation after it is built could be expensive. The ability to simulate a blockchain network during the design stage in order to evaluate it is therefore a necessity. In this paper, we present a simulator for blockchain applications, called SIMBA (SIMulator for Blockchain Applications). SIMBA extends an existing simulator by adding the Merkle tree feature to blockchain nodes to improve efficiency and allowing more realistic evaluations not possible with the base tool to be performed. Results of our experiments show that the inclusion of Merkle trees has a high impact of up to 30 times reduction in the verification time of block transactions without an impact on block propagation delay. Since block verification is a critical part of the computational load of nodes on the network, this performance improvement significantly affects the overall performance of each node and consequently the entire network.
Patrícia R. Sousa, João S. Resende, Rolando Martins, Luís Antunes
Purpose The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of blockchain for identity management (IdM) in the context of the Internet of things (IoT) while focusing on privacy-preserving approaches and its applications to healthcare scenarios. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the most relevant IdM systems focusing on privacy preserving with or without blockchain and evaluates them against ten selected features grouped into three categories: privacy, usability and IoT. Then, it is important to analyze whether blockchain should be used in all scenarios, according to the importance of each feature for different use cases. Findings Based on analysis of existing systems, Sovrin is the IdM system that covers more features and is based on blockchain. For each of the evaluated use cases, Sovrin and UniquID were the chosen systems. Research limitations/implications This paper opens new lines of research for IdM systems in IoT, including challenges related to device identity definition, privacy preserving and new security mechanisms. Originality/value This paper contributes to the ongoing research in IdM systems for IoT. The adequacy of blockchain is not only analyzed considering the technology; instead the authors analyze its application to real environments considering the required features for each use case.
Yaodong Huang, Yiming Zeng, Fan Ye, Yuanyuan Yang
Edge computing is becoming pervasive in our daily lives with emerging smart devices and the development of communication technology. Resource-rich smart devices and high-density supportive networks make data transactions prevalent over edge environments. To ensure such transactions are unmodifiable and undeniable, blockchain technology is introduced into edge environments. In this paper, we propose a hybrid blockchain system in edge environments to enhance the security for transactions and determine the incentive for miners. We propose a Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) hybrid consensus blockchain system utilizing the heterogeneity of devices to adapt to the characteristic of edge environments. We raise the incentive assignment problem that gives the corresponding PoW miner when a new block generates. We further formulate it into a two-stage Stackelberg game. We propose an algorithm and prove that it can obtain the global optimal results for the incentive that the miner will receive for a new block. Numerical simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can give reasonable incentive to miners under different system parameters in edge blockchain systems.
Jelena Mišić, Vojislav B. Mišić, Xiaolin Chang
Compact blocks and compact block protocol are a recent addition to the Bitcoin (BTC) data propagation protocol that aims to reduce bandwidth requirements and, possibly, reduce latency as well. In this work we have evaluated improvement of operation of BTC network under a mix of regular and compact block traffic in low-bandwidth mode. We have performed queuing analysis of the BTC network and obtained performance descriptors of block and transaction delivery times as well as forking probability. Although compact block size is more than an order of magnitude smaller than regular block size, improvement of delivery times is within bounds of 0% to 20%. Forking probability shows highest improvement of 25%. However, further analysis shows that compact block protocol requires high transaction traffic in order to prevent transaction pool deficit which causes further interaction among the peers.
Meet Shah, Mohammedhasan Shaikh, Vishwajeet Mishra, Grinal Tuscano
Abstract: Because of its accessibility and ease of use, cloud storage has become the most widely used type of storage on the market in recent years. However, the privacy and data security of cloud storage are at risk. The protection of data security and privacy is the main topic of this essay. We suggest a blockchain-based decentralised storage system. Since blockchain is a distributed peer-to-peer system, any processing node connected to the internet can join and build peers' networks, maximising resource usage. Blockchain protects data security. The user's file is encrypted and shared among a number of network peers in the proposed system utilising the IPFS (Interplanetary File System) protocol. Hashes are generated by IPFS. The path of the file is indicated by the hash value, which is kept on the blockchain. This project is focused on decentralised secure data storage, high data availability, and effective storage resource usage.
Vasilios A. Siris, Michalis Tsenos, Dimitrios Dimopoulos, Nikos Fotiou · 5 authors
Combining multiple Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) that include public and private/permissioned ledgers can allow different tradeoffs in terms of performance, cost, privacy, and transparency. However, multiple DLTs must be interconnected in a way that securely binds transactions on different ledgers and allows reliable and trusted transfer of information across the ledgers. We present decentralized interledger gateway architectures for IoT authorization scenarios that include the interconnection of two ledgers: an authorization ledger and a payment ledger. The proposed architectures differ in their complexity, transaction cost, and ability to handle transactions involving multiple ledgers.
Mathieu Chanson, Nils Martens, Felix Wortmann
The formation of IT companies and even of entire new technological ecosystems depends heavily on external financing. Consequently, the IS community has intensely studied various financing sources such as venture capital, initial public offerings or debt. Blockchain technology has led to the emergence of a system of decentralized finance (DeFi) which includes decentralized versions of equity and debt financing. In particular, equity-like fundraisings referred to as initial coin offerings (ICO) have received serious traction. In this paper, we investigate the role of user-generated content (UGC) for ICO success. Specifically, we leverage signaling theory to analyze how the activity on blogs and discussion forums is related to the amount of capital raised and the valuation in ICOs. We analyze data of 216 ICOs and provide first results indicating the importance of discussion forum activity for ICO success. Furthermore, we find that blogs seem less relevant than in traditional finance.
Ghiath Shabsigh, Tanai Khiaonarong, Harry Leinonen
Major transformations in payment and settlements have occurred in generations. The first generation was paper-based. Delivery times for payment instruments took several days domestically and weeks internationally. The second generation involved computerization with batch processing. Links between payment systems were made through manual or file-based interfaces. The change-over period between technologies was long and still some paper-based instruments like checks and cash remain in use. The third generation, which has been emerging, involves electronic and mobile payment schemes that enable integrated, immediate, and end-to-end payment and settlement transfers. For example, real-time gross settlement systems have been available in almost all countries. DLT has been viewed as a potential platform for the next generation of payment systems, enhancing the integration and the reconciliation of settlement accounts and their ledgers. So far, experiments with DLT experimentations point to the potential for financial infrastructures to move towards real-time settlement, flatter structures, continuous operations, and global reach. Testing in large-value payments and securities settlement systems have partly demonstrated the technical feasibility of DLT for this new environment. The projects examined analyzed issues associated with operational capacity, resiliency, liquidity savings, settlement finality, and privacy. DLT-based solutions can also facilitate delivery versus payment of securities, payment versus payment of foreign exchange transactions, and efficient cross-border payments.
Changhyun Kim, KwangSup Shin
Due to the great advances in e-Marketplace and changes in type of items purchased from the online market, it has been dramatically increased the demand of the storage and transportation under the special conditions such as restricted temperature. Especially, the cold chain needs the way to transparently measure and monitor the entire network in realtime because it has a very complicated structure and requires totally different criteria at the every different steps and items. In this research, it has been presented the performance evaluation metrics to make contract using service level agreement (SLA), the way to apply the smart contract based on blockchain, the structure of blocks, service platform and application in order to build cold chain which can prevent the risk factors by measuring and sharing information in realtime using block chain technology. In addition, we have proposed the way to store the measured performance and reputation of each player in the block using smart contract based on SLA. With the presented framework, all players including service providers as well as users can secure the information for making the rational decisions. When the service platform is actually built and operated, it seems possible to secure the information in transparently and realtime. Also, it is possible to prevent the risk factors or prepare the preemptive plans to react on them.
Murat Karakuş, Evrim Güler
A Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture and OpenFlow can help network administrators to provide end-to-end (E2E) Quality of Service (QoS)-guaranteed paths for flows among networks while providing finer-granular flow management along with global network view. In this context, we introduce a proof-of-concept for a blockchain-enabled QoS-based inter-Autonomous System (AS) routing framework, RoutingChain, that blends a QoS-concerned routing model and blockchain technology. This study's contributions can mainly be stated in five-fold: (i) Competitors-tailored routing coordination framework, (ii) eliminating centralized mediators while coordinating QoS-based inter-AS routing, (iii) an emerging use-case for blockchain technology in networking, (iv) reducing the number of QoS signaling-based message overhead, and (v) mitigating privacy/security concerns in inter-AS routing. Experimental results indicate that the blockchain technology can be applied on E2E QoS-based routing among networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploiting the merits of blockchain technology to establish a novel coordination framework for QoS-enabled inter-AS routing in SDN.