A disruptive technology often used in finance, Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare, blockchain can reach consensus within a decentralised network-potentially composed of large amounts of unreliable nodes-and to permanently and irreversibly store data in a tamper-proof manner. In this paper, we present a reputation system for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers the users interested in traffic information as the main actors of the architecture. They securely share their data which are collectively validated by other users. Users can choose to employ either such crowd-sourced validated data or data generated by the system to travel between two locations. The data saved is reliable, based on the providers' reputation and cannot be modified. We present results with a simulation for three cities: San Francisco, Rome and Beijing. We have demonstrated the impact of malicious attacks as the average speed decreased if erroneous information was stored in the blockchain as an implemented routing algorithm guides the honest cars on other free routes, and thus crowds other intersections.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In this article, we propose a key secret-sharing technology based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) to address three major problems in the blockchain: 1) low security; 2) hard recovery of lost keys; and 3) low communication efficiency. In our scheme, the proposed network plays the role of a dealer and treats the secret-sharing process as a classification issue. The key idea is to view the secret as an image during the secret-sharing process. If the user's private key is text, we can covert the key text into an image called the original image. Specifically, we first divide the original image into original subimages by the image segmentation. Next, we encode each original subimage by DNA coding. Finally, we train the proposed network to find the key secret-sharing results. Our proposed scheme is not only a significant extension of the GANs but also a new direction for the key secret-sharing technology. The simulation results show that the scheme is secure, and both flexible and efficient in communication.
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Tu Bui, Daniel Cooper, John Collomosse, Mark Bell · 10 authors
We present ARCHANGEL; a novel distributed ledger based system for assuring the long-term integrity of digital video archives. First, we introduce a novel deep network architecture using a hierarchical attention autoencoder (HAAE) to compute temporal content hashes (TCHs) from minutes or hour-long audio-visual streams. Our TCHs are sensitive to accidental or malicious content modification (tampering). The focus of our self-supervised HAAE is to guard against content modification such as frame truncation or corruption but ensure invariance against format shift (i.e. codec change). This is necessary due to the curatorial requirement for archives to format shift video over time to ensure future accessibility. Second, we describe how the TCHs (and the models used to derive them) are secured via a proof-of-authority blockchain distributed across multiple independent archives. We report on the efficacy of ARCHANGEL within the context of a trial deployment in which the national government archives of the United Kingdom, United States of America, Estonia, Australia and Norway participated.
Digital Media Forensic Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis
This paper proposes an architecture for biometric electronic identification document (e-ID) system based on Blockchain for citizens identity verification in transactions corresponding to the notary, registration, tax declaration and payment, basic health services and registration of economic activities, among others. To validate the user authentication, a biometric e-ID system is used to avoid spoofing and related attacks. Also, to validate the document a digital certificate is used with the corresponding public and private key for each citizen by using a user’s PIN. The proposed transaction validation process was implemented on a Blockchain system in order to record and verify the transactions made by all citizens registered in the electoral census, which guarantees security, integrity, scalability, traceability, and no-ambiguity. Additionally, a Blockchain network architecture is presented in a distributed and decentralized way including all the nodes of the network, database and government entities such as national register and notary offices. The results of the application of a new consensus algorithm to our Blockchain network are also presented showing mining time, memory and CPU usage when the number of transactions scales up.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In this paper, the prototype of Thai voting sys-tem using blockchain technology (B-VoT) has been successfully designed and developed. Hyperledger Fabric was chosen to be a major blockchain infrastructure. The web-application was developed to allow voters to vote. In addition, real-time voting results will be shown on the same website after election period has passed. We connected the web-application and blockchain database together in order to store the votes as a blockchain transaction. With our Blockchain Internet Election, the voters can easily elect on the website and their votes is automatically stored in the blockchain database as a single blockchain transaction. This voting prototype can assure the data integrity because no one can modify any information or voting results. Therefore, our system could have a huge impact on the voting reliability as well as rebuild public trustworthiness in Thailand election.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Priyanka Padki, Riya Anna Sunny, N. Ramya, S Aishwarya · 5 authors
In this paper we are proposing a blockchain based video surveillance system. The proposed framework includes a collection of blockchain, with trusted internal managers. The video metadata is registered on the blockchain's distributed ledger thus preventing the possibility of data forgery. Proposed designs encrypt and collects footages, generates a license and exports video inside the blockchain. Because the blockchain's private database manages the decryption key for the film, the internal manager does not leak it without the consent of the owner. Also, the admin can securely maintain and send the footages by sending it to the DRM-applied video player the license created in the blockchain.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
With the public key being the parameter users are mostly addressed by on blockchain network, an intruder can connect transactional patterns to the public key and make a probable revelation of the identity of the user. Due to the diversity in approaches in achieving privacy, integrating the principle of transparency in any blockchain - edge computing platform will present some structural security challenges. Thus, an attempt should be made to achieve confidentiality whilst not eliminating a key principle of blockchain - transparency. Based on elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), we present a privacy-aware scheme that preserves the privacy details of the user in a blockchain-edge computing environment based on a combination of randomly generated public keys and digital signatures. The resilience and practicality of our scheme were tested on AVISPA and NS2 respectively. The results indicated our scheme was robust against attacks, efficient and low on computation resources of edge devices.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain emerges as a novel distributed digital ledger with consensus of a majority scheme for economic transaction. Recently, major implementations across different sectors that includes the education projects, technology projects, smart contracts, and supply chain management systems. In addition, any other digital data that needs to executed, stored, verified and continually update among participating parties with security, privacy, trust, and transparency without a central authority having control can be relying on Blockchain technology. Blockchain could be new revolution in information technology. This research aimed to conduct an overview of Blockchain attributes and its applications and challenges that encounter during the implementation. Our objective is exploring number of common Blockchain technology applications to highlight of how transparency, anonymity, tamper resistant, and secure decentrality helps to get rid security breaches compromising the current model, in which third parties collect and control massive amounts of critical data. In contrast, number of factor observed as issues that affect deploying Blockchain technology such as majority attack, fork problems, scale, and others issues. The future works must be concerned the proposed solutions in many real world verity environments and explore the characteristics, benefits, and evaluation their effectiveness.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Ordinos is a novel verifiable tally-hiding e-voting system. At its heart, a homomorphic encryption scheme and secure multi-party computation (MPC) are used to tally votes and securely determine the voting result, without necessarily revealing the full tally (e.g., the number of votes per candidate)The proof of concept implementation of Ordinos is based on a threshold variant of the Paillier encryption scheme and two MPC protocols for the comparison of encrypted numbers (greater-than and equality). Due to the threshold construction, the decryption key is shared among a set of trustees. The MPC protocols for comparison require precomputed encrypted randomness of certain shape. Formerly, a trusted party was employed to generate the key shares and randomness and distribute them to the trustees. In this thesis, the trusted party was replaced by MPC protocols that allow to generate the key shares and randomness among the trustees. The protocols provide security against malicious parties in the honest-majority setting. The key generation follows a proposal by Nishide and Sakurai (2010) that is based on verifiable secret sharings and zero-knowledge proofs for committed values. We introduce a few adaptations to reduce its runtime using mostly standard techniques. The generation of randomness is based on the Paillier encryption scheme as an arithmetic black box and standard zero-knowledge proofs for Paillier encrypted values. The protocols were implemented and their performance was evaluated in a local network. Most notablythe implemented key generation protocol for threshold Paillier showed an expected average runtime around 95 minutes for generating 2048-bit keys among 3 trustees with a threshold of 2. Since existing implementations provide security only in the semi-honest setting, this is the first time that an approach with security against malicious parties was implemented and evaluated. Overall, the distributed generation of both key shares and randomness takes considerably more time compared to the use of a trusted party, but avoids security risks and trust problems that occur with trusted parties.
Open access
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The emergence of e-commerce has changed the way people trade. However, merchants are charged high fees for their use of the platform and for payment services. These costs are passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. Blockchain technology can provide lower transaction fees with high security and privacy level but is incapable of delivering the number of transactions per second demanded by real e-commerce. Establishing a layer above the blockchain to manage transactions which we called Blockchain Layer2 technology, has the potential to solve these issues. In this article, we focus on the effect that layer2 technology can provide in reducing fee costs and improving transaction volumes. We introduce the problems that the e-commerce industry is facing currently and how blockchain layer2 technology can help to address these issues. We list and describe the main layer2 mechanisms based on the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. We discuss issues that arise when applying layer 2 technology to e-commerce. We analyse the costs associated with difference e-commerce payment network topologies and investigate the funds-capacity needed to support high levels of value transfer.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain systems are designed to produce blocks at a constant average rate. The most popular systems currently employ a Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm as a means of creating these blocks. An unfortunate limitation of all deployed PoW blockchain systems is that the time between blocks has high variance. For example, Bitcoin produces, on average, one block every 10 minutes. However, 5% of the time, Bitcoin's inter-block time is at least 30 minutes.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques