This paper uses the Internet of Things and blockchain-related technologies to combine computer technology to develop a real-time monitoring system for cold chain logistics. The system can grasp the real-time dynamics of the cold chain environment of agricultural products and control them according to the dynamic conditions, which eliminates the blind spots in the cold chain logistics process and also guarantees the quality and safety of fresh agricultural products. This paper optimizes the internal resources of the blockchain system model, proposes an optimization algorithm, and combines the blockchain technology to construct a cold chain logistics model for agricultural products to obtain an embedded cold chain system. Finally, this paper designs an experiment to verify the performance of the system. According to the results of experimental research, the cold chain logistics system of agricultural products based on embedded system and blockchain constructed in this paper can effectively improve the transportation efficiency of agricultural products, and it also has a certain auxiliary effect on the monitoring of agricultural logistics transportation.
An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.
M. Sumathi, M. Rajkamal, S. P. Raja, M. Venkatachalapathy · 5 authors
Nowadays, improving a crop yield ([Formula: see text]) is an emerging and essential task to reduce food scarcity. Factors impacting [Formula: see text] improvement include rising population, water shortage, fertilizer use, climate change and unprecedented insect attacks. To resolve these issues, a smart agriculture technique is proposed in this work. Internet of Things (IoT) sensor devices are used to collect data from farms, following which the fuzzy association rule-based classification technique classifies the data into two, valuable and nonvaluable. An improved artificial neural network (IANN) algorithm is applied to identify and analyze the factors involved in monitoring [Formula: see text]’s. Thereafter, all valuable data pertaining to the type of seed, fertilizer and crop cost is stored in blocks to secure data and communication between members of the farming community. Finally, an edge computing device is used to store the blocks and transfer information. The valuable data collected is classified using the fuzzy association rule and analyzed using the IANN technique, both of which facilitate a comparison with the historical data so as to enable better decision making in terms of seed and fertilizer selection. Similarly, crop price is predicted through a comparison of present and historical yields. To overcome breaches in security, a blockchain technique is employed in this work to secure communication between farmers, investors and merchants. The investor dispatches instructions on the selection of the seed and fertilizer, as well as the crop cost, through the blockchain to the farmer and the merchant. Such secure communication bypasses third-party involvement and inconsistencies in the data. When compared to the traditional method, the proposed technique offers better accuracy and profits, right from seed selection to trading. The proposed IANN technique produced a higher yield than the traditional method with a profit of 51%, 35% and 20% for rice, bananas and flowers, respectively. Similarly, the IANN technique provides 99.15% prediction accuracy in terms of a profit analysis. The blockchain and edge computing-based transactions improve security and reduce transactional latency. The proposed system ensures sustainability and traceability in agriculture.
The development of Internet technology provides a lot of convenience for the promotion of smart agriculture. At present, smart agriculture has gradually realized unmanned and automatic management, which can realize monitoring, supervision, and real-time image monitoring. However, the data in smart agriculture system cannot be guaranteed to be complete and vulnerable to attack. Based on this, this paper studies and analyzes the application of edge computing and blockchain in smart agriculture systems. Based on the simple analysis of the development of smart agriculture, the edge computing framework and the advantages of blockchain are used to build the framework system of smart agriculture. The classical architecture of edge computing and the confidentiality of blockchain are used to realize the analysis and storage of data. In view of the shortcomings of crop image overlap detection, it is proposed to detect the overlapping area and determine the feature points to analyze the image based on the edge computing and hash algorithm. In terms of data integrity, based on the advantages of blockchain, an edge data detection method based on short signature is proposed, and experiments are designed to analyze the accuracy and effectiveness of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the image mosaic algorithm can extract the contour information of the image and realize the fast image matching. The edge data integrity calculation based on short signature can meet the requirements and shorten the response time.
Precision Agriculture (PA) can be considered one of the modern innovations in the field of agriculture where the latest technologies can be used to improve the quantity and quality of agriculture products. Whether it comes to farming or livestock, the consumer community always prefer better products. This paper looks into the models in which IoT, Machine Learning and blockchain technology can be integrated to form a network through which the concept of precision agriculture can be obtained. Deployment of feasible blockchain networks is done and transactions between the other two elements are also studied.
Analyn N. Yumang, Arianne I. Rojas, Clark Joshua R. Viray
Nowadays, as modern cryptocurrency machines operate faster and hotter, the fans are insufficient to cool constant CPU and GPU usage. The researchers built specialized Mining Rig Cases for these machines to withstand excessive heat. Aside from temperature, another environmental factor that affects the performance of Cryptocurrency machines is relative humidity. The researchers created an IoT-based Monitoring system to regulate and monitor the Cryptocurrency machines as excessive heat and humidity can decrease the lifespan of these machines. The Infrared camera used color mapping and Otsu’s Segmentation Algorithm for image processing. Otsu Segmentation Algorithm separates the background and foreground of the image while Color Mapping Algorithm converts colors of the image into temperature. The researchers also tested the power consumption and data sizes to determine the efficiency of the monitoring system. Using Convolutional Neural Network, the researchers trained 300 images to assess the state of the Cryptocurrency Mining rig. Additionally, a two-tailed T-Test will determine any significant difference between the two algorithms. Upon training the images, the results obtained show that the two-tail P-value of temperature and humidity is 0.35 and 0.2566, respectively, which affirms no significant difference. However, the power consumption and data size had a substantial difference with P-values of 0.0004 and 3E-06, respectively. Moreover, it shows that the application of Otsu reduces the data size and consumes more power due to deep learning.
Andi Arniaty Arsyad, Irawan Widi Widayat, Mario Köppen
For more than a decade, various farm-specific models have been developed by collaborating and integrating sensing technologies as a step toward successful data-farm documentation and effective decision-making. However, the stored and gathered data continues to rely on cloud infrastructure or centralized platform control, which is particularly vulnerable to threats such as data tampering, data distortion, confidentiality, and manipulation, which caused the farm product data difficult to trace to its provenance. In this paper, we propose a farm transaction model by demonstrating a flow of farm transaction simulation implicated by MBC sensing instrument with an array of sensors, controllers, networking hardware, computing equipment, and internal memory functions to enhance data integrity and security farm object. Based on the proposed model, a proof-of-concept experimental system called Encapsulating Block Mesh (EBM) integrates blockchain technology with the specific application case of cocoa production has been implemented. Results have shown that farm objects represented by MBC take turn recording information on the process of generating, transacting, and consuming a farm product and encrypting it into a block was validated and linked in the EBM with the hash of transaction data that connected to each cocoa farm object in a simulation environment.
Blockchain empowered agricultural knowledge discovery system provides the secured environment for the people to store and exchange agricultural data. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain technology, and edge computing supports the agricultural fields to increase crop productivity and reduce the usage of natural resources. The smart decision support system provides efficient data management to the farmer to make the best decision to increase crop productivity and profit. In the agriculture field, different sensors and devices collect different data about the land then it can be sent to the server in the cloud environment. These data are highly sensitive and need to be securely stored and protected against unauthorized access. The farmers can communicate with the intelligent decision support system using the mobile app and web applications to get information about the land from domain experts. The proposed system used blockchain technology to provide privacy, security, easy accessibility, and availability of information to the people to use natural resources effectively and reduce the effect of soil and water pollution by using pesticides and fertilizer based on data stored in the knowledge base. We have implemented a knowledge discovery system using the platform hyperledger for efficient storage and sharing of sensor data which provides security and data privacy. Precision agriculture with IoT and Edge computing allows people and devices to be connected anywhere, anytime in a smart cloud environment to provide intelligent service to the farmers.
The elevated version of the Agricultural Traceability System dealing with food production holds utmost significance in not only assuring food insecure, smart contracts and agri-insurance to farmers but also guaranteeing insurance to them during natural disaster. The proposed and improved system for food cultivation traceability deals with agri-crops and farmers that hires the Blockchain technology guarantee at par safety, agreement, distributed ledger, immediate payment, de-centralization and thereby achieving the goal of minimizing the cost incurred in the food processing system and building trust. Smart contracts play a pivot role in the field of agricultural insurance. Agricultural insurance based upon Blockchain comprises of major weather incidents and associated payouts enlisted on a smart contract, connected to the mobile wallets with timely weather updates notified by the field sensors and interrelated with data from proximity weather stations would enable prompt payout during any natural calamity such as flood or drought. A panel of advisers in the decentralized system which is professionally governed and managed by certain retired officers makes the traceability system more trustworthy. These professionals can offer wise suggestions to the planters aiding them to acquire productive outcome.
The Sandbox metaverse LAND non-fungible token (NFT) prices increased by than 300 times (in USD) between December 2019 and January 2022, but when measured in its native utility token (SAND), the increase is only 3 times. Depending on how prices are denominated, investment returns and effective transaction prices vary. We analyze more than 71,000 transactions and find that users are willing to pay 3-4% more when transactions are settled in SAND, and 30% less when settled in wETH (a smart contract version of ETH) when compared to ETH, so unit of account matters. Our results contribute to the discussions of blockchain-based, virtual economy management and the digitalization of money (Brunnermeier et al., 2019).
Internet of things (IoT) plays a major role in every field. It helps in transforming the way with the use of sensors, edge devices and its infrastructure. As sensors are major source of information gathering which is stored on the cloud and relevant information is being retrieved. Information is passed at various levels of IoT ecosystem, which takes security into consideration. With the growth of interconnected devices, data security is becoming increasingly complex. The necessity arising for building a secure and smart structure leads in combining blockchain technology with IoT based system in precision agriculture. With the use of blockchain, traditional methods utilized for collecting and sharing agriculture data are replaced with transparent, reliable and decentralized data storage methods. This combined approach helps us in maintaining an autonomous precise agriculture system and managing in more secure and optimized ways. This paper presents a comprehensive approach on highlighting the importance of integrating blockchain technology with smart agriculture. This paper also proposes novel approach to blockchain models which are used as alternate solutions for challenges faced by IoT based smart agriculture. Various sub sectors like food supply chain, livestock grazing, and crops overseeing are also managed using blockchain platform. Later section of the paper focuses on open challenges and issues while developing blockchain based IoT system used in precision farming.
The welfare of farmers has been the agenda for elections in world’s largest democracy since 1947. Political parties made fortunes by exploiting the fragile economic status of farmers and making promises of farmer dare in every election, just to repeat them in next election, but with nothing changing for farmers. Urban workers earn eight times more than agricultural worker in India. Technology can bring prosperity to Indian farmers and reduce poverty. Blockchain is a distributed ledger of transactions and digital events shared among the participating parties. Blockchain technology and financial technology (fintech) can provide cost effective accessibility of finance, insurance, smart contracts, e-payments, weather updates, land registrations, supply chain, and future trading solutions. An enhanced income for farmers offers a multiplier effect by boosting the demand for products, services, and investment. Better supply chains will reduce supply shocks and control inflation. This chapter reviews the synergy of existing information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure in India, stable and technologically well informed central government, predominantly young demographic profiles and an emerging start-up culture for transition to Agriculture 5.0 by developing blockchain and fintech solutions for the agriculture sector. Blockchain is relatively unexplored technology in India. Blockchain is hard to implement due to complexity and lacks regulatory clarity. Political will and vision can make blockchain and economic prosperity a reality for Indian farmers. A care model is proposed to enhance the adoption of technology in India for Agriculture 5.0.
Chunchu Suchith Kumar, B. B. Nayak, Neroju Manasa, Sanjeev Kumar
The World Economic Forum marked Blockchain technology (BCT) as one of the seven revolutionary technologies of the future. It is a distributed ledger system ensuring transparency, security, immutability, interoperability, and provenance. This article tries to understand the technological aspects, working mechanism and explore different areas where BCT can be applied in agriculture. Data in BCT is stored in a series of blocks contains the hash value (previous and the current), timestamp, and difficulty details, secured cryptographically with a symmetric or asymmetric digital signature to avoid data tampering and fraud. Traceability (supply chain), using Smart contracts (in Agricultural insurance, Crop finance, Land records) achieved by the BCT and the companies (Carrefour, Trace harvest), states (Telangana, Andhra Pradesh), and countries (Kenya, European Union) practicing are discussed. The Farmer producer company- Sahyadri farms keen implementation of blockchain fetched benefits to farmers amid Covid times. Finally, addressing the barriers in practicing the BCT in India- Technology maturity, energy cost, and education. The massive potential of BCT is yet untapped, to reach up to the farmer level, which will flourish in the coming years.
J. Nandhini, K. Anuratha, K Sangeetha, K. A. Jaswant
Deforestation is the major cause for the loss of habitats for animals. Commercial usage of wood is one of the main reasons behind deforestation. Due to the overutilization of these resources, many exotic species of wood varieties like sandalwood, rosewood, teak wood, etc. are on the endangered list. The main reason behind the loss of those exotic species is due to over-exploitation by various means like smuggling, illegal trading, etc. There is no existing proper mechanism to check whether the varieties of trees are been saved and not over exploited. To overcome it, we propose an idea and mechanism where the usage of those trees is tracked and observed. We are using image processing and block chain technology to overcome this problem. At first, the actual number of trees in a particular area is detected using a top view image of the trees which then, the number of trees is calculated using image processing algorithms. Then smart contracts are developed to store the details of the cut down trees. These contracts are deployed into the block chain network. UI is created to seamlessly interact with the block chain network for various stakeholders. Then this UI is embedded with the block chain network to complete the module.
Despite what the media can have us to think, blockchain has a broad range of applications outside of cryptocurrencies. From health resources to regulation, real estate, and finance, innovation is poised to transform a wide variety of industries. In any case, agriculture is a little-studied industry that blockchain might completely transform. Our general public is supported by this massive sector, which does not be as appealing as banking or medical facilities. More importantly, it has a slew of issues that need to be addressed right away. With the use of information technologies, we expect the agricultural sector can become more secure, transparent, trustworthy, and constructive. The proposed model combines AI, IoT, and Blockchain to develop a smart and futuristic agricultural system that provides farmers with a secure and open transaction approach to rich, new, and effective decision support that can specifically create the scope of greater agricultural process productivity and help farmers maximize their benefits. And we believe that the agricultural sector will benefit from the benefits of information technology.
Lanci opskrbe hranom vrlo su složeni, postoje određeni zakoni, standardi kao i centralizirani načini praćenja sljedivosti hrane no to nije dovoljno da bi se izbjegla izbijanja bolesti i pronašli njihovi uzroci. Jedno od mogućih rješenja ovog problema je primjena tehnologije distribuirane glavne knjige koja nam pruža decentraliziranu i sigurnu mrežu, kao i transparentan i trajan način zapisa podataka u glavnu knjigu. Također potrebno je potaknuti sve dionike lanca na digitalizaciju strojeva i primjenu senzora kojima bi prikupljali podatke o uzgoju i skladištenju hrane, a korisnik mora biti u mogućnosti ovakvo rješenje koristiti na jednostavan i brz način. Ovaj rad koristi distribuiranu glavnu knjigu IOTA koja je namijenjena uređajima interneta stvari, a sve podatke zapisuje u strukturu usmjerenog acikličkog grafa zvanog Tangle. Još jedna od značajki IOTA-e je MAM protokol koji dionicima lanca omogućuje zapis podataka u javne, ali i ograničene kanale kojima se ne može pristupiti bez autorizacijskog ključa. Koristeći navedene značajke IOTA-e, u sklopu rada implementirano je rješenje praćenja sljedivosti u lancu koji se sastoji od farmera, proizvođača i prodavača. Svaki od dionika svojim poslužiteljem u Tangle zapisuje podatke vezane uz proizvod, korijeni transakcija zapisuju se u QR kod na proizvodu, a korisnik kod može skenirati razvijenom aplikacijom CQRN i na pregled dobiti sve informacije koje su dionici zapisali u Tangle.
M. Sangeetha, Goriparthi Thejaswini, A Shoba, Snehal Gaikwad · 6 authors
Abstract In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT) based Crop Monitoring and Classification system is proposed for automated sensing, storing, and monitoring real-time parameters that play an important role in determining a crop’s quality and yield. Sensors are placed in-situ in the field and the warehouse to monitor the crop. The long-Range wide area network (LoRa) module is used for communication between the sensing unit placed at the field, warehouse, and data processing unit. The yield is classified based on qualitative analysis posed by the imperative sensor data. Further, to enable an equitable gateway of resource sharing between the distributor and the farmer, a Blockchain-based transaction is taught to enhance trust and security. This proposed method aims to eliminate intermediaries in the trade, thereby helping farmers get the price for their product details stored in an immutable database, which also displays the farmer’s quality of the crop reaped.