Abstract Blockchain technology has become a transformative solution for secure and transparent digital ecosystems. This paper explores how decentralization, cryptographic hashing, distributed consensus, and immutable ledger architecture contribute to advanced data protection in the IT industry. The study integrates findings from existing literature, evaluates blockchain’s practical applications in sectors including finance, healthcare, supply chain, and governance, and examines a proposed multi-layer blockchain framework. The research highlights blockchain’s advantages in enhancing confidentiality, integrity, availability, and auditability, while identifying its limitations such as scalability, regulatory constraints, and environmental impact. Future scope emphasizes integration with AI, IoT, Web 3.0, quantum-resistant models, and cross-chain interoperability. Overall, the study concludes that blockchain is a critical technology for advancing trust-driven IT infrastructures. Keywords Blockchain, Data Security, Transparency, Decentralization, Smart Contracts, IT Industry
<p>Existing financial systems are bloated with inefficiencies in their operation, lack of transparency and are characterized by and fallible and fragile accumulation points, whereas emerging decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms lack intelligent risk management, self-adaptive governance and provable security assurances. This paper proposes the Intelligent, Verifiable Financial Ledger (IVFL), a novel framework that harmoniously converts both Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain to counteract their core drawbacks. AI-based smart contracts of a formally verifiable character that allows the intelligent, secure and auditable automated execution of complex financial transactions an agile and informed governance system, which is represented by the use of AI enhancements to the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). Simulation analysis shows that the IVFL framework enables substantial enhancements compared to baseline models, such as detecting anomalies with over 95% accuracy, decreasing operational overhead by 40 percent and becoming less vulnerable to coordinated network attacks. Coming back to provable security and adaptive intelligence, the IVFL framework represents a credible way of creating financial systems.</p>
Blockchain technology has changed forever the concept of decentralized systems, which provide a secure, unchangeable (immutable), and distributed (shared) ledger. However, many organizations are concerned about how secure the foundations of Blockchain are because of exposed Cryptographic Vulnerabilities and Emerging Threats to Cryptography Used in Blockchain Technology. This paper analyzes these two issues. The first issue is an analysis of the different frameworks of existing blockchain technologies that are established on Cryptographic bases. The second issue addresses and categorizes the Security Threats Facing Blockchain Technology Today and into the Future. This research paper discusses Consensus Mechanisms, Encryption Algorithms, and Smart Contracts that are utilized in several of the more well-known Blockchain Technology Frameworks and notes various vulnerabilities associated with them, including Sybil Attacks, Quantum Computing Based Exploits, and Exploits associated with DeFi (Decentralized Finance). This research also found that a significant gap exists today regarding Threats to Blockchain Technology Frameworks and how those Threats may be leveraged to exploit the Vulnerability. Additionally, a Critical Need exists for the use of Proactive Threat Intelligence Processes, as well as Responsible Cryptography Practices, within the Ecosystems of Blockchain Technology.
Cross-border remittances are important sources of financial support for families, especially in developing countries, facilitating access to basic human necessities like education and healthcare. In spite of their stability through international crises like COVID-19, and India being the largest recipient in 2024, conventional remittance systems based on SWIFT and Correspondent Banking persist with high costs, lagged processing times, and low transparency. This paper suggests a blockchain-based remittance platform that overcomes these limitations by removing intermediaries, facilitating real-time peer-to-peer transfer through automation of smart contracts. The platform makes use of stablecoins to provide volatility resistance. Secure custodial wallets, as well as strict KYC/AML compliance, provide user authentication and regulatory compliance. The designed architecture improves speed, lowers the cost of transactions, and provides regulatory trust—showing a scalable, secure, and inclusive alternative to traditional remittance systems.
Hanouf Al Ghanmi, Sabreen Ahmadjee, Rami Bahsoon, Hayatullahi Bolaji Adeyemo
Blockchain smart contract technology has revolutionised various industries by automating agreements through immutable and self-executing logic, reducing reliance on third-party intermediaries. However, despite its transformative potential, existing research has predominantly focused on technical aspects—particularly security—while largely neglecting human-in-the-loop concerns. Systematic efforts to explore these concerns from a human perspective have been limited which creates a gap in the literature. This study aims to address this gap by offering a comprehensive understanding of smart contracts from a human-centred perspective. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic literature review to examine human-related issues in smart contracts and their existing solutions. We found that concerns are primarily concentrated in two stages: development and interaction. During the development stage, issues arise in relation to programming languages, including complexity, readability and expressiveness, as well as the legality of smart contracts and their ethical and social implications. In the interaction stage, concerns focus on usability, human readability, trust, governance and cost. Additionally, we identified several quality attributes frequently associated with these concerns such as transparency, accountability, understandability, simplicity, learnability, compliance and fairness. We also uncovered new human-centred quality attributes that are overlooked in existing literature, such as explainability and interpretability. This research offers valuable insights for researchers, requirements engineers and designers by examining existing efforts to address human-centric concerns and proposing future directions and opportunities to improve smart contract design.
Decentralized finance (DeFi) uses smart contracts to automate payments, lending, and asset management, but current blockchains often suffer from slow, expensive, and energy-hungry execution. In this project, I explore a quantum-enhanced optimization framework for smart contract–based financial services. The main idea is to treat gas use, transaction ordering, and resource allocation as optimization problems that can be tackled by hybrid quantum–classical algorithms. Using a conceptual model, I map smart contract execution to cost functions suitable for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE). I then compare, at a qualitative level, how these quantum-inspired approaches differ from classical heuristics in terms of expected throughput, latency, and cost. A focused literature review on quantum computing, blockchain scalability, and quantum-safe cryptography provides context for these ideas. The results suggest that quantum-enhanced optimization could reduce gas fees, improve transaction scheduling, and support more efficient consensus under heavy load. The project also discusses the need for post-quantum security so that future quantum computers do not undermine blockchain trust. Overall, the work outlines how quantum computing might contribute to faster, safer, and more sustainable automated financial systems.
C. Sathiyamoorthy, Mohammad Musa Al-Momani, Suseendran Surendran, J Adilakshmi · 6 authors
The blockchain technology is now widely accepted as an innovation in various areas such as finance, healthcare, logistics, and supply chain domain. Nevertheless, the interconnection of diverse blockchains is still an existing problem, which contributes to the impedance of seamless data and asset exchange between multiple blockchains. This paper proposes a new paradigm of the Protection of Communication Between Chains by Intelligent Translation Protocols system using Artificial Intelligence to achieve secure, efficient and scalable cross-chain interaction. Utilizing smart translation algorithms based on machine learning the system adapts to the underlying consensus rules, data structures and messaging patterns on multiple blockchains without any security or data integrity implications. This approach focuses on adaptive learning for multiple evolving chain standards, real-time verification to stop forged translations, and smart routing to maximize cross-chain transaction paths. Experimental results confirm that the AI-based interoperability tier achieves lower latency, higher translation accuracy, and less computation costs than the bridge-based access layer. They also include secure communication and cryptographic protection for the data in transit inter chaining. The findings of this research further the technological frontier of blockchain interoperability, while also presenting a foundational solution for developing the next-generation of decentralized applications (dApps) that can run across multiple blockchains. We conclude that intelligence protocol translation is a promising approach to secure, scalable and robust integration of blockchains with the Web3.
Grounded into Innovation Diffusion Theory and Technology Acceptance Model, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of AI-powered financial services on financial access in the Saudi Arabian fintech sector. To achieve this aim, the research employed SEM analysis on the collected data from 194employees working in the departments related to AI-based services, staff members of fintech firms, and owners of small enterprises who use digital financial solutions in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. The results reveal that AI-based robo-advisory platforms, fraud detection, and credit scoring servicessignificantly improved financial access demonstrating that AI adoption in financial services can play a transformative role in promoting inclusion and reducing barriers for underserved populations whereas AI-based personalized banking solutions showed insignificant impact suggesting that while personalization may enhance user satisfaction or loyalty, it does not directly translate into increased access to financial services. In practical terms, the findings imply that fintech companies and financial institutions should prioritize AI-enabled services as a means of expanding access to professional financial advice which requiresa multi-stakeholder approach, where fintech firms, regulators, and policymakers collaborate to maximize the benefits of AI-powered financial services while minimizing associated risks. Furtherresearch should be carried out adopting longitudinal design and mixed methodology to study the role of emerging technologies such as blockchain-based identity verification, AI-driven insurance, or decentralized finance platforms on financial access.
Crowdfunding websites tend to have centralized escrow infrastructure, which can create concerns over the lack of transparency, security threats, and fraud vulnerability. The proposed system, a hybrid blockchain–AI architecture, combines Ethereum-based smart contracts and machine learning-based fraud detection to result in a decentralized and transparent crowdfunding space. The blockchain layer ensures accountability with controlled release of funds based on milestones, limiting the tendency to spend funds more due to the cryptocurrency nature with the AI module detecting fraudulent activity based on analysis of textual, transactional, temporal, and reputation data. Experimentation proves that the proposed system promotes higher trust, reduces transaction cost, and signifies a robust fraud detection model compared to conventional crowdfunding models. The results suggest creating a combination of the immutability of blockchains with the analytical power of AI as a potential route to safer and more effective decentralized finance apps.
Mohd. Sultan Ahammad, Maisha Maliha, Nilufa Easmin Nila, Md Shofiqul Islam
Blockchain technology is revolutionizing industries by fundamentally transforming data management and storage practices. Traditional banking systems, however, continue to face challenges such as dependency on intermediaries, lack of transparency, vulnerability to fraud, and restricted accessibility. To overcome this limitation, we propose an innovative blockchain framework built on the Ethereum platform to enhance security and efficiency in banking. The proposed system eliminates intermediaries by using Ethereum-based smart contracts to enable secure, automated peer-to-peer (P2P) deposits, withdrawals, and transfers while incorporating a user-friendly interface with MetaMask and custom wallets for accessibility. The architecture was implemented and tested on the Sepolia Ethereum Testnet using Solidity, Ether.js, and React.js, ensuring seamless interaction between the smart contract and the user interface. Our experimental evaluation demonstrated significant improvements in transaction speed, transparency, and operational efficiency compared to traditional systems, with near real-time processing and automated verification. Performance benchmarking showed competitive latency and throughput, while gas cost analysis highlighted trade-offs in transaction expenses compared to conventional banking. These findings suggest that our blockchain framework has strong potential to address long-standing inefficiencies in the financial sector. While challenges remain, including scalability and regulatory considerations, this work offers a concrete and impactful step toward the practical adoption of blockchain in mainstream banking.
A. Ammupriya, Chris Laurel S, H Vaishnavi, Aarthi N · 6 authors
Decentralized finance systems with lower costs, faster turnaround times, and a lower risk of fraud could enable crossborder financial transactions. By their very nature, these organizations possess inadequate fraud detection measures and opacity. Through the use of smart contracts and decentralized ledgers, the blockchain-based solution offers a means of eliminating middlemen, which can reduce processing times and costs. Additionally, the proposed system utilizes machine learning (ML) algorithms for instant fraud detection and employs cryptography for security. The results suggest that the proposed system is superior in terms of decision accuracy, with a decision accuracy of 94.2%, a decision time of 5 minutes, and only 20% of the need for human interaction. These are in comparison to the various existing systems that require human involvement, which can reach up to 85%. In addition, it outperforms the existing systems with 96.5% compliance and 91.6% anomaly detection, leading to enhanced risk identification, better governance, and increased compliance. It improves the efficiency, security, and transparency of crossborder payments.
Prajakta Sudhir Khade, Aarushi Santosh Gode, Rajeshkumar U. Sambhe
The exponential rise of cyber threats has revealed the vulnerabilities of centralized security systems, including susceptibility to insider attacks, single points of failure, and regulatory inefficiencies. This paper investigates blockchain as a transformative backbone for cybersecurity, focusing on its potential to ensure data integrity, decentralize trust, and mitigate advanced cyber risks. Beginning with a comprehensive literature review, the study examines the fundamentals of blockchain technology—distributed ledgers, consensus mechanisms, and cryptographic primitives—that enable tamper-proof, transparent, and secure digital ecosystems. The challenges of centralized systems are contrasted with blockchain’s resilience, highlighting its role in eliminating bottlenecks and enhancing trust. Applications across identity management, IoT security, supply chains, and e-governance are analyzed alongside a proposed methodology that integrates blockchain with artificial intelligence, IoT, and quantum-resilient models. Real-world case studies demonstrate blockchain’s adoption in healthcare, government, and industrial systems, while challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and compliance are critically assessed. Collectively, this study underscores blockchain’s pivotal role in shaping next-generation cybersecurity architectures.
The emergence of blockchain technology represents a revolutionary breakthrough that specifically transforms computer networking operations. Security is strengthened by integrating blockchain technology with networking infrastructure, and decentralization functions become more effective and efficient. The paper examines recent developments that unite blockchain with FL (Federated Learning) through an analysis of ways blockchain technologies support FL functions while resolving its operational obstacles. The research examines how innovation develops through methods of decentralization coordination, along with incentive systems, solutions for privacy protection and scalability, and models of governance. The review paper investigates the responsibility of security adaptation and decentralized knowledge for enhancing blockchain-based networking systems. The research examines major obstacles along with the advantages and outlines prospective research pathways. Academic researchers with expertise in computer science evaluated blockchain, and it received evaluations from specialists in finance and healthcare as well as supply chain management fields.
Blockchain technology has revolutionized digital transactions by offering decentralization, transparency, and immutability. However, its inherent transparency often conflicts with the need for user privacy and anonymity, raising significant concerns regarding accountability, especially in regulatory and legal contexts. This study explores the delicate balance between anonymity and accountability in blockchain systems, proposing a framework that ensures both privacy and compliance with regulatory requirements. The research addresses key challenges in balancing these two aspects, evaluates the effectiveness of existing privacy-preserving technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs and ring signatures, and introduces the Privacy-Accountability Balanced Blockchain (PABB) Framework. This framework integrates Selective De-Anonymization, Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), and the Adaptive Privacy-Accountability Control (APAC) Algorithm to dynamically adjust privacy levels based on regulatory conditions. Through theoretical analysis, mathematical modeling, and empirical validation, preserving privacy for 92% of transactions while enabling selective de-anonymization in high-risk cases, the study demonstrates that the APAC Algorithm effectively balances privacy and compliance needs. The findings suggest that privacy-conscious blockchain systems can coexist with accountability mechanisms, paving the way for ethical and legally sound blockchain applications. The study concludes that the PABB Framework offers a practical and scalable approach to achieving this balance, fostering trust among users and regulators alike.
Blockchain technology is rapidly becoming one of the most groundbreaking technologies for revolutionizing supply chain management with unprecedented security, transparency, and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of blockchain and its applications in leading industries such as transportation, manufacturing, food and beverage, and healthcare. Blockchain applies distributed ledger technology to secure tamper-evident record-keeping, which significantly enhances traceability and provenance verification across complex supply chains. By integrating smart contracts, IoT connectivity, and decentralized financial services, blockchain can solve significant challenges, such as counterfeiting, supplier management, and enforcing sustainable and responsible sourcing practices. Despite these benefits, the mass-scale adoption of blockchain faces serious challenges, such as scalability, interoperability, regulatory ambiguity, and a lack of standardized frameworks. The report also addresses the environmental concerns of blockchain’s power-intensive proof-of-work algorithm and discusses ways to counteract them. Future developments in artificial intelligence and 5G networks will continue to evolve supply chain management in ways that unleash unmatched efficiency and potential.
This study investigates prospective Arab customers’ intentions to use cryptocurrencies. Using a quantitative approach, cross-sectional data from a purposive sample of 437 respondents were collected. The survey was distributed via 13 well-known social media platforms and Arab-focused social media groups. Direct, mediating, and moderating hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings confirmed that the association between Digital Techno-stress (DTS) and the Intention to Adopt Cryptocurrency (IACR) is moderated by Ethical Issues (EI). Nevertheless, the study found that government regulations (GR) had no moderating effect on Arab cryptocurrency investors. The findings emphasize the necessity of ethical frameworks to increase credibility in Arab cryptocurrency marketplaces by fostering user-centric trading platforms, lowering techno-stress, and fostering trust.
New technologies, such as blockchain, are designed to address various system weaknesses, particularly those related to security. Blockchain can enhance numerous aspects of traditional banking systems by transforming them into digital, immutable, secure, and anonymous ledger. This paper proposes a new banking application ALBank, which is based on blockchain and smart contract technologies. Its functionality relies on invoking functions within smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. This approach enables decentralization and enhances both security and trust. In this context, the paper first presents a critical analysis of existing research on blockchain and traditional banking systems, with a focus on their respective challenges. It then examines the Know Your Customer (KYC) process and its various models. Finally, it introduces the design and development of ALBank, a decentralized banking application built on the Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts. The results show that the integration of blockchain and smart contracts effectively addresses key issues in traditional banking systems, including centralization, inefficiency, and security vulnerabilities by storing critical data on a decentralized, immutable ledger, managing processes autonomously, and making transactions transparent to all users.
Supply chain operations that include blockchain technology have the potential to improve cybersecurity and data integrity. The complexity and interconnectedness of global supply chains make it imperative to guarantee the security and validity of data for all parties involved. Because blockchain technology is decentralized, transparent, and unchangeable, it offers a perfect solution to common supply chain weaknesses, including fraud, data tampering, and illegal access. The use of blockchain technology to protect important data at each link in the supply chain—from manufacturing and procurement to distribution and delivery—is examined in this article. By leveraging smart contracts, cryptographic security, and distributed ledger systems, blockchain can ensure the traceability of goods, validate transactions, and protect sensitive information from cyber threats. The paper also highlights how blockchain has the potential to completely transform supply chain management security while addressing issues like scalability, integration with current systems, and regulatory considerations. In the end, this study highlights how blockchain technology may improve data integrity, lower cyber threats, and foster trust among supply chain actors.
This paper investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents into blockchain wallets to enhance security, usability, and automation. The study proposes using Account ion (ERC4337) combined with AI to create intelligent, adaptive wallet systems capable of optimizing transaction management, gas fee selection, and interactions with decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. AI agents autonomously detect and prevent malicious activities such as phishing attacks, fraud, and unauthorized transactions, ensuring user funds are protected in real-time. The proposed architecture uses modular smart contracts, which facilitate wallet upgradability and adaptability, ensuring long-term compatibility with emerging technologies. This paper also discusses potential challenges, including the security risks associated with AI integration. The findings of this research lay the groundwork for the development of better wallets that could scale the adoption of blockchain technology.
Ahmed Osama Daoud, Ratan Lal, Ahmed Gouda Mohamed, Mayar Mohamed · 5 authors
The Egyptian construction sector faces persistent challenges, including inefficiencies, delays, cost overruns, and contractual disputes, often due to fragmented workflows, manual documentation, and limited technological integration. This study investigates the potential of blockchain technology and smart contracts to improve transparency, automate contract enforcement, and enhance risk management within the sector. A conceptual framework was developed and tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) based on data from 92 professionals across the construction industry. The findings reveal that key motivators for adoption include the willingness of clients and contractors (β = 0.809), clarity in responsibility and risk allocation (β = 0.772), and user-friendly contract interfaces (β = 0.747). Conversely, significant challenges include legal enforceability concerns (β = 0.855), broader legal ambiguities (β = 0.805), and market hesitation (β = 0.672). The study highlights the mediating role of these challenges and emphasizes the need for regulatory reform, stakeholder engagement, and capacity building. The proposed framework offers practical guidance for policymakers, industry leaders, and technology providers aiming to drive blockchain adoption in Egypt’s construction sector and similar emerging markets.
Khaleel Radhi Hasan Alzlzly, Basim Abdullah Kadhim, Rahim Raad Hameed, Hussein Basim Furaij
"The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of real-time public procurement disclosure through distributed ledger technology (DLT) on reducing the cost of bank financing for public projects in Iraq The importance of this research stems from the growing need to increase financial transparency and reduce information asymmetry between government entities and the banking sector, thereby reducing credit risk and funding a descriptive research." methodology such as An applied field design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches is supported. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 165 senior and middle managers from three major Iraqi banks (Al-Rafidin, Al-Rashid and Trade Bank of Iraq) that finance public projects. Used multiple linear regression and F/T tests to validate the study hypotheses. Had gone The findings show that real-time disclosure via DLT significantly reduces funding costs (α ≤ 0.05) by improving transparency and shortening contract verification cycles. Furthermore the availability of immutable, time-stamped purchasing data increased banks' trust in public agencies The study recommends that Iraq's Ministry of Finance and public procurement authorities improve the security of digital data and government and adopts a pilot DLT-based tender and contract management system with a legal framework to integrate banking platforms
The study aims to examine how blockchain is used in the multimodal and interdisciplinary metaverse as a nexus of education and training, accounting, banking and finance, entertainment and media, marketing and e-commerce, and retail, healthcare, and wellness. It seeks to evaluate the influence of blockchain combined with artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and other emerging technologies in the metaverse, so evaluating the challenges and concerns in the field, new business prospects, and sustainable development paths corresponding to Sustainable Development Goals. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) technique, this article addresses the problem from a commercial viewpoint. The study investigates the topic structure of the literature by means of Biblioshiny for R combined with VOSviewer version 1.6.20. Furthermore, increasing the analytical depth is a bibliographic coupling method used on a dataset of 172 Scopus (2024) items. The study underlines the economic rationality and direct consequences of the characteristics of the blockchain—NFTs, DeFi, cryptocurrencies, transparency, decentralization, and security—on the relevance of business models in the metaverse. The information provided here is a vital literature study on how the blockchain addresses issues in constructing and metamorphosing the metaverse from several sectors and angles. In the framework of the metaverse, this article offers a thorough theoretical study of the possibilities and possible challenges in blockchain integration.