Blockchain Papers

P. Mudalige, N. S. Cooray, Saliya De Silva, K. Fernando

No abstract is available for this record.

John Felix Raj, Prabhat Kumar Datta

No abstract is available for this record.

Sazzad Islam

This systematic review explores the role of participatory budgeting (PB) in enhancing public finance systems and improving policy effectiveness within local governance contexts. Drawing upon the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 framework, this study synthesizes findings from 92 peer-reviewed articles and high-quality institutional reports published between 2000 and 2024. The review investigates how PB contributes to fiscal decentralization, budget transparency, equitable public expenditure, service delivery, social inclusion, and civic engagement. Through a rigorous analysis of empirical and theoretical contributions, the review highlights the multidimensional value of PB in realigning public spending with local needs and promoting democratic accountability. Key findings indicate that PB strengthens the alignment between public resource allocation and community-defined priorities, reduces corruption through participatory oversight mechanisms, and fosters institutional trust by enhancing transparency and inclusiveness. The evidence shows that PB not only empowers marginalized populations—such as women, youth, and ethnic minorities—but also encourages sustained civic learning, social cohesion, and citizen-state collaboration. However, successful implementation of PB is contingent upon several enabling conditions, including strong political commitment, sufficient administrative capacity, legal frameworks that institutionalize participatory practices, and the presence of an active and organized civil society. Comparative analysis across Latin America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America reveals that while PB principles are globally adaptable, their effectiveness varies depending on local political culture, institutional maturity, and infrastructural readiness. The review also underscores the potential of digital PB platforms in expanding access and participation, though challenges remain regarding inclusivity and the digital divide. Despite promising impacts, the review identifies notable research gaps, such as the absence of longitudinal impact assessments, limited integration of intersectional frameworks, and the underrepresentation of PB practices in fragile, post-conflict, or authoritarian contexts. Furthermore, most evaluations focus on output measures (e.g., number of projects funded) rather than long-term governance or developmental outcomes. By consolidating diverse strands of literature, this review underscores PB’s transformative potential as both a governance mechanism and a fiscal tool. It calls for more context-sensitive, interdisciplinary research to fully understand PB’s long-term contributions to inclusive development, democratic renewal, and sustainable public finance reform.

Robin Boadway, Anwar Shah, Anwar Shah

No abstract is available for this record.

Mark Esposito, Terence Tse, Danny Goh

This paper explores the intersection of decentralized governance, blockchain technology, and the digital commons through the lens of Elinor Ostrom’s principles. It examines how Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and tokenization models present both opportunities and risks for managing digital resources in transparent, community‐driven ways. The authors assess how token‐based, reputation‐based, and hybrid governance mechanisms—ranging from quadratic voting to Soulbound Tokens—can enhance democratic participation and accountability within blockchain ecosystems, while also recognizing their susceptibility to plutocracy, voter apathy, and collusion. Drawing on case studies such as MakerDAO, MolochDAO, Commons Stack, and Aragon, the paper critically analyzes real‐world implementations of decentralized governance and the extent to which they adhere to—or deviate from—Ostrom’s design principles for common‐pool resource management. It highlights structural limitations in governance design, especially in the presence of unequal voting power and centralized control disguised as decentralization. The paper also critiques the socio-economic implications of blockchain’s global expansion, noting how digital governance can replicate neo-colonial dynamics in the Global South and amplify state surveillance in authoritarian contexts. Further, it underscores the environmental costs of blockchain infrastructure and introduces DAOs like KlimaDAO and Regen Network as emerging experiments to align decentralized finance with sustainability goals. Ultimately, the authors propose a “dual imperative”: to develop context‐sensitive, inclusive governance architectures within DAOs, while pursuing international legal recognition and standards. The conclusion calls for communitarian models that fuse algorithmic rule enforcement with human-centered deliberation to protect the emancipatory potential of blockchain governance. Whether blockchain becomes a force for democratization or digital enclosure, the authors argue, will depend on how its governing architectures are designed, contested, and evolved by the communities that steward them.

Lin William Cong, Daniel Rabetti, Charles C. Y. Wang, Yan Yu

No abstract is available for this record.

Rubhesh Jha

The global climate crisis demands urgent and transformative financial mechanisms to support mitigation and adaptation efforts. Traditional climate finance models face significant challenges, including inefficiency, limited transparency, and inequitable access, particularly for marginalized communities. Decentralized Finance (DeFi), based on blockchain technology, offers a promising solution by enhancing transparency, utilizing smart contracts, and enabling decentralized governance. This study explores the role of DeFi in revolutionizing climate finance through a mixed-methods approach. It combines quantitative analysis of blockchain-based climate finance transactions with qualitative insights from industry experts, policymakers, and developers. The findings reveal that DeFi can reduce transaction costs, improve transparency, and democratize access to climate funds, with case studies such as KlimaDAO and the Toucan Protocol illustrating its potential in carbon credit systems and renewable energy projects. However, challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, technical vulnerabilities, and scalability issues persist. This research contributes to the growing discourse on integrating DeFi into climate finance by proposing a conceptual framework for its application and outlining future research directions. The results have significant implications for academics, practitioners, and policymakers striving to create effective, scalable solutions for financing climate action.

Marianne Juco, Ricxie Maddawin, Rosario Manasan

The Philippines embraced a devolution agenda in 1991, leading to the enactment of the Local Government Code (LGC). Despite over three decades of implementation, devolution has remained incomplete, resulting in blurred accountability between the national government and local government units (LGUs) and inefficient delivery of basic devolved services. In March 2023, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. ordered a review of the functions, services, and facilities that will be fully devolved to local governments. As part of this review, the study assesses LGU functional assignments across three critical sectors: health, infrastructure, and agriculture. The study performs an “unbundling” of the broad functions identified in the LGC and examines them in light of the principles of functional assignment and the binding constraints that have hindered devolution in the country. An expenditure analysis is employed to assess whether the increase in available financing in the first year of implementing the Mandanas ruling has translated into an increase in service delivery of devolved functions, as reflected in LGU spending. The study finds that the emphasis on subsidiarity and local autonomy, coupled with the country’s binding constraints, has resulted in significant gaps between de jure and de facto functional assignments, as well as disparities in assumed devolved functions across LGUs. The data further indicates uneven uptake or utilization of the increased funding across different levels of LGUs. The discussion highlights the need for a reevaluation of functional assignments, as well as the government's strategy to address the binding constraints that continue to hinder devolution: fiscal imbalances, institutional capacity, enforcement, and political economy factors. Specifically, the study recommends a re-assignment of the devolved functions—between national and local, and among different levels of local government—that not only accounts for institutional constraints but also aligns benefits and costs and considers inter-jurisdictional spillovers.

Thomas Elston, Germà Bel, Han Wang

Abstract Decentralized implementation of means‐tested social assistance programs requires significant organizational capacity among local governments. For other types of local public service, like refuse collection and utilities provision, inter‐municipal cooperation has proven capable of reducing the cost of subnational policy implementation, especially for smaller municipalities. But few impact evaluations test whether the same benefits can be achieved for less capital‐intensive and more co‐produced services, like social assistance. Moreover, most evaluations focus on production costs alone, despite the potential trade‐off with service quality. We analyze panel data describing both the cost and quality of housing allowance administration for 314 local authorities in England between 2009 and 2019, during which time 80 switched from autonomous services to inter‐municipal cooperation. Using coarsened exact matching and stacked difference‐in‐differences, we find no evidence of short‐term savings after cooperation, and only weak indications thereafter. We also observe declining processing speeds, increased maladministration, and signs of reduced payment accuracy, though mostly these are temporary effects. Altogether, these results suggest that, in this setting, inter‐municipal cooperation may be unsuited to labor‐intensive public services; that short‐ and long‐term effects can differ; and that, even in the absence of a profit motive, quality shading remains a risk in cooperation reforms.

Mehdi Raza

This paper critically examines Pakistan’s fiscal federalism and highlights the challenges posed by the 18th Constitutional Amendment 2010. The research is contextualized within the broader theoretical framework of fiscal federalism. Although intended to decentralize power and grant fiscal autonomy to provinces, the amendment has created structural fiscal issues, especially within the National Finance Commission. Locking of the provincial NFC share, lack of consensus building on the NFC Award since 2009, stagnant fiscal space and tax-to-GDP ratio, vertical fiscal imbalance, and absence of a joint fiscal responsibility mechanism have a negative bearing on the macroeconomic stability of Pakistan. Limited fiscal decentralization to local governments further restricts equitable development at the grassroots level. Key recommendations include operationalizing the NFC Secretariat, revising fiscal frameworks, incentivizing provincial tax efforts, and enhancing collaboration through the Council of Common Interest to strengthen fiscal management and cohesion.

C. Rangarajan, Dinesh Kumar Srivastava

Abstract This chapter highlights the basic tenets of fiscal federalism, making a distinction between the traditional focus on the link between decentralization and welfare to its more modern-day extensions. The idea of fiscal federalism is couched in the belief that multi-level governments can augment the pursuit of efficiency and equity in the provision of public and merit goods through cooperation, competition, and coordination among central and sub-national governments. India’s constitution provides for an independent body, namely the Finance Commission, for this purpose. The constitutional arrangements imply an asymmetry in the assignment of resources and responsibilities between the central and the sub-national governments. This has resulted in the centre having a larger share of resources, and the states having larger responsibilities. The system is brought in balance by a suitable scheme of transfers from the centre to the states. The challenge is to design a scheme of fiscal transfers that provides the right incentives and facilitates comparable standards of public and merit services throughout the country. In this chapter, the modern extensions of the idea of fiscal federalism are also extensively discussed. These deal mainly with five aspects, viz. fiscal competition among jurisdictions, political economy aspects of fiscal federalism, market-preserving fiscal federalism, environmental federalism, and fiscal decentralization and growth. These are all aspects of federalism that have a bearing on the evolution of fiscal federalism in India and are often reflected in the changing terms of reference of the Finance Commissions.

Naaman Mwale, C . Hapompwe Chrine

Fiscal decentralization, coupled with effective intergovernmental fiscal relations, stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of modern governance structures. This paper analyzes the implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia as part of its initiatives across diverse socio-economic and political contexts for accelerated national development. The review was guided by three objectives which were: to review the existing legislation that supports implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia; to assess the revenue and expenditure autonomy assignments of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia; and to recommend a fiscal transfer system to be used to enhance the implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia. The study is based on secondary data on fiscal decentralization collected in official sources of Zambia’s Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, and Cabinet Office – Decentralization Secretariat. All the data was processed by and used in the right format for the analysis of implementation of fiscal decentralization in Zambia. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this study analysed the real level of fiscal decentralization made in Zambia. Key findings of the study was that Zambia does not have an institution to supervise fiscal decentralization except a desk at Cabinet Office – Decentralization Secretariat. Besides, Local authorities have little autonomy in administering revenues and expenses as such, one of them requires approval by the Minister of Local Government and Rural Development. This hampers innovation around revenue generation as there is no known parameter used to grant or deny approval. Additionally, some of the aspects of the Zambia Intergovernmental Fiscal Architecture have not been implemented thereby depriving local authorities of revenue. These include Matching grants, revenue sharing of tolls and Road Transport and Safety Agency (RATSA) fees which are supposed to be shared between Central Government and local authorities as road maintenance is a concurrent mandate and revenue sharing for national income collected by Central Government from local authority jurisdictions. Finally, the connection between the level of fiscal decentralization and the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations is very important, to ensure maximum effectiveness of local government financing. The quality of the distribution of funds provided by the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations and the level of fiscal decentralization has a direct relationship. Balancing these two mechanisms is the most important way to increase the quality of public services at the local level as a way of enhancing the implementation of the fiscal decentralization. Arising from the study’s finding, there is need for amendment and harmonization of legislation governing the devolution process and procedures in order to empower the designate entities to carry out their mandate without unnecessary cob-webs. The local authorities also need autonomy on revenue mobilization and expenditure which are devoid of central government interference and/or rent-seeking pursuits. Furthermore, there is need to balance the level of fiscal decentralization and the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations in order to improve the quality of funds distributed and the effectiveness and efficiency in local government financing.

Pankaj Bhambri, Marta Starostka-Patyk

Among the most talked about new technological developments in global finance are cryptocurrencies, digital assets, FinTech (financial technology), RegTech (regulatory technology), and DeFi (decentralized finance). However, very little is actually known regarding its definition, ramifications for the law, and effects on policy. This chapter aims to present DeFi, situate it within the conventional financial industry, establish a connection between DeFi and open banking, and conclude with some policy recommendations. We suggest that decentralization may jeopardize the effectiveness of traditional forms of accountability as well as traditional financial regulation and enforcement. Simultaneously, we discover that reconcentration will occur in a different (perhaps less regulated, less accessible, and less transparent) segment of the value chain where portions of the banking and financial services value cycle are decentralized. In order to guarantee effective oversight and mitigation of risks, DeFi regulation ought to focus on this refocused portion of the supply chain. DeFi&s;s main objective of decentralization actually requires control, not the reverse. Additionally, DeFi might present a chance to create “embedded regulation,” a completely new approach to regulation design. Regulatory strategies may be integrated into the DeFi architecture in its final form, which would decentralize finance, including its regulation.

Muhammad Haikal, Sirojuzilam Hasyim, Sukardi Sukardi

This study aims to investigate and analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia. Additionally, the research examines the influence of Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD) on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia, the effect of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) on per capita GRDP, the effect of Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH) on per capita GRDP, and the overall impact of the Specific Allocation Fund (DAK) on per capita GRDP, and the overall impact of fiscal decentralization on per capita GRDP. The study also seeks to analyze to combined effects of PAD, DAU, DBH and DAK on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia. The data analysis technique employed in this research is panel data analysis. The data used are secondary data, which have been collected by data collection institutions and made available to the public. The data for this study were sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia (DJPK Kemenkeu), as well as books, journals, and website relevant to this research. The variables include per capita GRDP, Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD), the General Allocation Fund (DAU), the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH), and the Spesific Allocation Fund (DAK). The result of the study indicate that during the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), the variable PAD had no effect on per capita GRDP, the variable DBH had no effect on per capita GRDP, and the variable DAK also had no effect on per capita GRDP. Meanwhile, during the administration of Joko Widodo (Jokowi), DBH had no effect, and DAK similarly had no effect on per capita GRDP. Furthemore, the R-square value during SBY’s administration was 11,12%, which is higher compared to the 8,7% during Jokowi’s administration. This indicates that the role of PAD, DAU, DBH and DAK in influencing per capita GRDP was more pronounced during SBY’s administration. Keywords: GRDP, PAD DAU, DBH, DAK

Antonio Acconcia, Claudia Cantabene

No abstract is available for this record.

Rudolf Müller

In this article, the author discusses how decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), as blockchain-based electronic entities, are well-suited to a global digital economy. While challenges related to taxation persist, the author highlights the potential for more efficient tax collection in a digitally integrated world.

José María Durán‐Cabré, Alejandro Esteller Moré, Luca Salvadori

No abstract is available for this record.

Eva Herianti, Amor Marundha

Purpose: The issue of income inequality in various regions of Indonesia is a significant national concern that requires immediate attention. Despite the government's efforts through fiscal decentralization policies, inequality persists. This study decisively explores the impact of fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality on regional financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: The research sample comprises 19 districts/cities in West Sumatra province, with data from 2018 to 2020 sourced from the Ministry of Finance and the Central Statistics Agency of West Sumatra Province. The analytical approach utilized in this study is the SmartPLS ver 3.2 model. Findings: The first research finding indicates that fiscal decentralization has a positive and substantial impact on regional financial performance. A second finding suggests that regional income inequality also positively and significantly affects regional economic performance. Research limitations/implications: These results enrich the perspective of Rostow's stages of economic growth model from a different standpoint. Originality/value: This study contributes to a deeper comprehension of the fields of economics, politics, and social sciences, particularly within the specific context of the province of West Sumatra in Indonesia.

Sam Ghosh

This chapter briefly discusses how decentralization can emerge as a separate industry as Decentralization as a Service’ (DaaS). This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part covers the existing service models in the Web3 space, and the second part explores how decentralization as a service can be positioned in the space.

Hamid Mohammadi

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to identify the various aspects of the Justice and Progress Fund and delineate its directions in the future. In fact, the important goals of this study are to evaluate the strengths and criticisms of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, to identify ways getting out of the bottlenecks of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, to present competing alternatives to the Justice and Progress Fund, to present the advantages and bottlenecks and limitations of the Justice and Progress Fund, and to identify solutions for the implementation of the Justice and Progress Fund.Methodology: The methods used in this research are descriptive, evaluation, content analysis and comparative studies. From the point of view of aim, the research is an applied and developmental type. The tools of this study were a researcher-made questionnaire, interviews and library and documentary studies. The data were collected as a library work by using the theses, scientific and research papers as well as conference articles on the sites of Magiran, academic jihad database and scientific and research magazines of the ministers. Latin references were also used for their scientific and research articles cited on the google scholar site. To collect the research data, after making the necessary arrangements with the managers, experts and elites in the field, the research questions were provided to them in the form of a questionnaire. In total, 55 experts were selected using the snowball sampling method.Findings and discussion: The results of the investigations show that the low cost of creating the fund (the structure, facilities and hardware of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund), the alignment and sometimes overlapping of the goals of the Justice and Progress Fund with the goals of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, the possibility of holding provincial officials accountable for the optimal and efficient use of resources allocated, and the possibility of proposing and applying new financing models and leveraging them have been the most important strengths and opportunities of the Justice and Progress Fund. On the other hand, the lack of transparency in grants in paragraph (a) of note (18) have caused weaknesses such as the application of taste, lack of giving and receiving reports, replacing relationships and connections instead of regulations, eliminating economic justification in activities, and creating rent and corruption in the country.Conclusions and policy implications: One of the most important results of the current research was determining the tasks and clarifying the direction of the Justice and Progress Fund in the future. Therefore, in a process of identifying dualities of orientation, an attempt has been made to prepare the basis for developing a conceptual model to form the Justice and Progress Fund.Based on the summation of the opinions of managers and elites in this field, the research groups of the Development and Foresight Research Center, the Management and Planning Organization of the provinces of the country, and the expert opinion of the researcher based on the different parts of the article, and the opinions of all the interviewed people, the two options of continuing the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund and creating the Iran Justice and Progress Fund were taken into consideration. Although the Justice and Progress Fund has been examined in detail as the main idea of this research and placed in the center of attention of the study, the continuation of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund is proposed as another option based on the opinions of experts in this field. The disadvantages of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund have been evaluated to be far more than its merits. In general, based on the evaluations of growth and development funds and the views and opinions of experts and managers, it is possible to realize the Justice and Progress Fund. The key orientations in the design of the Justice and Progress Fund include emphasis on providing financial resources for non-governmental and second-optimal projects with specific criteria and conditions, creating financial leverage to use private sector resources, supporting businesses with high added value, supporting bases of investment and provision of facilities, financing small and medium-sized projects, emphasis on the method of providing domestic financial resources, allocation of facilities to projects based on prioritizing economic growth (realization of 8 percent growth) based on the national spatial development document, focusing on limited and specific goals, decentralizing and increasing the authorities of the Provincial Planning and Development Council, strengthening the local government, and the management and planning of the organization as a custodian institution.The coordinates of the Progress and Justice Fund are proposed in this section in the areas of activity limits, realization and monitoring, how to provide financial resources, how to allocate facilities to plans and projects and management structures (powers and infrastructure) among them some are mentioned:Completing and developing the production infrastructure in the provinces, developing transparent and program-oriented mechanisms for the allocation of financial resources of the Fund, emphasizing the provision of financial resources for non-governmental and second-optimum projects with specific criteria and conditions (allocating a maximum of 10 percent of the Fund's resources to governmental projects with high physical progress), creating a separate account in the province to inform the governors of the amount of resources and expenses in the fund, decentralization and increasing the authorities of the Provincial Planning and Development Council (allocating the fund resources to the provinces), further opening the path to the formation of the local government and the proposed trustee body for the Justice and Progress Fund, planning and budget organization of the country and at the provincial level, and altering the management and planning organization of the provinces into a provincial planning and development council (because the chairmanship of the council is the governor’s task; while enjoying the cooperation and support of the governors, the development priorities of the province will also be taken into account).

Nasim Roshdieh, Golnaz Farzad

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of fiscal decentralization on foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries during the years 1990-2022.For this purpose, we have used the Panel Smooth Transition Regression method (PSTR).Decentralization is the financial equivalent of the central government transferring resources to local governments.Policies that increase the proportion of provincial government financing allocated to local infrastructure through fiscal decentralization can attract more foreign direct investment.Based on the results obtained from the model estimation, on percent increase the fiscal decentralization causes to increase in foreign direct investment equal to 0.86.So, we can say that providing the necessary fields for the expansion of fiscal decentralization can help to promote foreign direct investment levels in developing countries.

Wenqian Yang, Changyi Lei

This paper explores the current state and formation mechanisms of local government debt risk in China. With the slowdown in economic growth and the reduction in land finance revenue, the scale of local government debt has expanded, and debt risks have emerged. This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal systems, regional competition, and promotion incentives on debt risk, finding that mismatched fiscal powers and responsibilities, increased fiscal decentralization, tax competition, and promotion pressures have driven debt expansion. To address these issues, the paper proposes three policy recommendations: central fiscal support to promote economic recovery, optimization of the debt structure to enhance transparency, and strict control of new debt with performance assessments. This research provides theoretical support for understanding the formation mechanisms of local government debt risk and offers references for policy formulation.

Ulysses Koudou

Digitalization has fundamentally changed the global economy and will continue to do so. This study investigates how the US Federal Reserve and US Treasury may work together to use decentralized finance (DeFi) systems to promote economic growth in local communities. The study looks into the potential for transformation and the difficulties in incorporating DeFi into conventional financial institutions. Research shows that the use of cash as a means of payment is widely expected to decline in the future. As a result, the public’s ability to make transactions using central bank money may decline rapidly. This study's goals are to solve economic issues, promote innovation, and increase financial efficiency. The use of in-depth interviews, theme analysis, case studies, stakeholder perspectives, comparative analysis, and document analysis is suggested as part of a qualitative research methodology. The goal of these approaches is to offer a sophisticated comprehension of the dynamics of collaboration and the consequences of DeFi integration in the context of the Federal Reserve-Treasury relationship. Important data sources that are necessary to answer the research question are indicated, such as US Treasury statistics, Federal Reserve publications, DeFi platforms, and International Monetary Fund economic indicators. Informed decision-making and policy formation may pave the way for a more inclusive and efficient financial ecosystem, which will eventually drive regional economic growth in the United States and promote monetary sovereignty for the aforementioned monetary entities. This can be achieved by investigating creative collaboration tactics between the Federal Reserve and the US Treasury.

Dewi Ernita

. This study aims to determine the effect of fiscal decentralization on poverty both partially and simultaneously. It examines factors influencing fiscal decentralization, namely Regional Original Income (PAD), balancing funds, and regional expenditures. The data used in this research are secondary data obtained from the official website of the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance or the Ministry of Finance (DJPK). Based on the discussion results, the conclusions drawn are: 1) There is no significant effect of Regional Original Income on poverty, as evidenced by the t-value of -5.721 < t-table 2.131. 2) There is no significant effect of balancing funds on poverty in Jambi Province, as evidenced by the t-value of 1.399 < t-table 2.131. 3) There is a significant effect of regional expenditures on poverty in Jambi Province, as evidenced by the t-value of 6.22 > t-table 2.131. In conclusion, Regional Original Income and balancing funds do not have a significant effect on poverty, while regional expenditures have a significant effect on poverty in Jambi Province.