Digitalization has significantly changed the way contracts are executed, especially with the emergence of smart contracts. The positive impact of digitalization on contract law cannot be denied, however, there are also challenges and controversies that need to be addressed wisely. Qualitative research methods will be the main approach in exploring the impact of digitalization on contract law in smart contract analysis. By utilizing observations and document analysis, this research will explore an in-depth understanding of the implementation of smart contracts in the context of contract law. The practical implication is the need to update contract law regulations that accommodate technological developments, while the theoretical implication is the need for an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of smart contracts and their impact on traditional contract. the need to update contract law regulations to accommodate technological developments, especially in the use of smart contracts. Meanwhile, the theoretical implication is the importance of a deep understanding of the characteristics of smart contracts and their impact on traditional contracts in order to minimize potential legal conflicts. Keywords: Digitalization, Contract Law, Agreements, Smart Contracts
One of the most widely adopted forms of information technology application today is electronic trade through the internet network to make transactions. This transaction system was initially centralized, but with the risk of system failure and hacking, distributed systems such as blockchain were developed to improve security and efficiency. Blockchain also gave birth to derivative technologies such as smart contracts, automated blockchain-based digital agreements. Despite offering many advantages, the anonymity and decentralization of smart contracts raise concerns of misuse for illicit activities such as money laundering. Therefore, regulatory updates in Indonesia are needed to regulate the validity of smart contracts and money laundering actions through this technology. This article analyses the validity and regulation of smart contracts and efforts to implement the AML system in blockchain-based transactions in Indonesia.
Claudia Ovaliani Putri, Jacob Williams, Luna Anastasya, Dyah Juliastuti
The rapid advancement of technology in the digital era has prompted many companies to develop their businesses in line with current trends, one of which is by applying blockchain technology to smart contracts. This technology is a derivative of Cryptocurrency, which has become a trend in asset trading. The blockchain system in Cryptocurrency enables smart contracts to be designed to operate autonomously through blockchain technology using programming languages translated into legal language. This study aims to analyze the legality of using blockchain technology for smart contracts as legal products in the digital era and to assess the effectiveness of blockchain technology on smart contracts in business agreements between companies in Indonesia. This research employs a normative juridical method, focusing on the prevailing legal regulations related to the legality and effectiveness of using blockchain technology in smart contracts. The study concludes that the potential of blockchain for smart con- tracts is significant, given its efficiency and practicality, which can also reduce transaction costs. However, its implementation still needs to adapt to existing technologies, be easily accepted by society, and have stronger legal guarantees in its application.
Rumi Suwardiyati, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Setiawan Wicaksono
Smart contracts in blockchain systems are widely used as automated agreements that can expedite the execution of a contract. Based on the characteristics of smart contracts analyzed through agreements in the Indonesian Civil Code (BW), it can be concluded that smart contracts can be legally used in contractual legal activities in Indonesia. This is because smart contracts meet the requirements outlined in the BW as guidelines for contract formation, particularly concerning the validity of contracts. Using a normative method, which employs literature as legal material for this writing, the result shows that the validity of smart contracts in blockchain, based on Indonesian contract law, aligns with the contract law that fulfills the requirements of Article 1320 BW. Smart contracts can also be classified as standard agreements where the parties agree based on an existing and mutually agreed-upon contract. Until now, there are no specific regulations regarding smart contracts in Indonesia, even though smart contracts are already widely used in the country.
NFTs, or Non-Fungible Tokens, are digital assets referring to objects, such as art, music, in-game items, videos, and any other type of work represented in digital form. Two-dimensional artworks, including paintings, drawings, and sculptures, gain legal protection as copyrighted works. The use of NFTs is identified as a potential tool in preventing copyright infringement, verifying authenticity, and providing legal certainty for owners and buyers of digital artworks. This research aims to identify the regulation and protection of copyright for two-dimensional artworks in the context of the use of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) under Law No. 28/2014 on Copyright (UUHC). Through normative research with a statutory approach, this research aims to examine the regulation of copyright infringement of two-dimensional artworks embodied in NFTs and comprehend the legal aspects related to their infringement. The research findings indicate that, although NFTs offer a mechanism to strengthen proof of ownership and authenticity, there remains a lack of effective legal and policy frameworks to protect copyright and support the growth of the digital art industry. The findings underscore the importance of concerted efforts in strengthening copyright protection in the digital age and raising public awareness on the significance of respecting and abiding by copyrighted artworks.
Matthew Edbert, Yoan Nursari Simanjuntak, Bebeto Ardyo
Perkembangan dan inovasi teknologi berpengaruh secara besar terhadap kehidupan masyarakat saat ini, termasuk dalam ranah industri kreatif. Dampak ini terlihat dengan adanya teknologi blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai sarana untuk mendesentralisasi industri tersebut. Perkembangan ini juga menimbulkan risiko tersendiri, dimana karya cipta dapat disalahgunakan oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak berwenang melalui penciptaan dan transaksi NFT dalam sistem blockchain, sehingga mengakibatkan timbulnya kerugian bagi pencipta, baik secara materiil, maupun secara imateriil. Risiko inilah yang menjadi alasan diperlukannya pengkajian terhadap perlindungan hukum bagi hak pencipta dalam proses penciptaan dan transaksi NFT, baik berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, maupun ketentuan-ketentuan lain yang berlaku dalam proses tersebut agar dapat diketahui secara jelas perlindungan-perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada pencipta dalam pelaksanaan proses tersebut, serta dapat memajukan industri kreatif di Indonesia.
Joel Jordan Tobing, Ampuan Situmeang, Hari Sutra Disemadi
The development of technology and digital transformation has led to the growth of industries such as the creative business industry. One of its impacts is the emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFTs are digital assets in the form of tokens representing ownership of a digital artwork. In Indonesia, NFTs currently lack specific legislative regulations, and there is no explicit and clear regulatory framework regarding the protection of NFTs in terms of their intellectual property aspects. Therefore, this study examines the development of NFTs in Indonesia, along with the legal position and protection of NFTs based on intellectual property law in Indonesia. In this research, the author employs a normative juridical research method with a legislative approach. Based on the research findings, it is evident that the development of NFTs, both globally and nationally, is quite significant. The public is increasingly becoming acquainted with NFTs, which have substantial prospects and are associated with many high-commercial-value works. Regarding NFTs as creative works, the regulation that accommodates the protection of intellectual property for NFTs in Indonesia is Law No. 28/2014. It is known that NFTs can take the form of images, paintings, videos, and music, which are considered parts of creations protected by copyright.
Tuhana Tuhana, Dona Budi Kharisma, Nabilah Khoirunnisa
The purpose of this legal research is to find out the legal problems in protecting the copyrights of creators of works of art on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and to find out the forms of legal protection for creators’ copyrights of works of art on NFT. The type of research is normative legal research. The approaches used are statute approaches, conceptual approaches, and comparative approaches. The legal materials used are all regulations regarding copyright that exist in Indonesia and The United States of America (USA). NFT is a copyright protection solution for creators of works of art in the digital era. Indonesia does not yet have a digital copyright act while the USA has a digital copyright act called the Digital Millennium Copyrights Act (DMCA) which is able to protect the copyrights of art creators in NFT. In Indonesia, it has not yet been regulated regarding the prohibition of the importation of anti-circumvention devices, which has been handled in Chapter 1201 of the DMCA. Then there is also no regulation regarding the deletion of NFT content, which indicates violations in Indonesia, which has been regulated in USA.
Transactions and investments using cryptocurrency in their application based on Islamic law are still debated. Cryptocurrency is a transaction tool that can be used easily and safely, but remember that cryptocurrency can be haraam because it is something whose physical condition is uncertain or unknown. It can be concluded that cryptocurrency is a digital currency where transactions can be carried out online. Unlike printed paper currency, cryptocurrencies are designed by solving mathematical problems based on cryptography. This currency was formed based on Cryptographic technology so that it cannot be easily duplicated or transferred to other parties who are not the owner and do not have access to this currency. In determining or establishing cryptocurrency laws, Islam has its own methods and reference sources, first from the Koran and second from al-Hadith, third from Qiyas and fourth from Sadd-adzariah. The pros and cons that occur in society regarding cryptocurrency have not yet reached a clear point. In Indonesia itself, the government has not taken a definite stance on the existence of cryptocurrency. Even cryptocurrency is not a legal means of payment in the country. This is in accordance with the regulations of Law No. 7, Article 1 Paragraph 1, 2011, that the means of payment accepted in Indonesia only use the Rupiah currency. From the perspective of Islamic law, cryptocurrency may contain elements of gharar and maysir, because its use is for speculation and its physical form cannot be seen.
Razaq Mustika Djati, Tjokorda Istri Diah Widyantari Pradnya Dewi
This research is normative research using a statutory regulation approach, a concept approach, and a comparative approach. The law used consists of primary legal materials, namely regulations and international agreements and publications of international organizations, as well as secondary legal materials obtained from relevant books, journals, literature, documents, and archives through library research. The results of this research show that, (1) due to the absence of official regulations that prohibit cryptocurrency transactions and coupled with several regulations regarding international electronic transactions that can also be applied to these transactions, this transaction is permitted to be carried out as long as the country where the transaction is carried out allows it or holds bilateral agreements with other countries regarding this regulation. (2) Cryptocurrency transactions give rise to various legal problems, especially legal threats in international trade law; these legal threats are more accurately described as disclosures of laws or statutory regulations. There are several multilateral efforts by countries to establish arrangements or regulations for the use of currency. crypto money Because there are things that are not regulated or do not fall within the scope of applicable regulations, countries are required to make their own decisions. There are countries that refuse, and there are also those that make special rules for this transaction.
Ghassan Adhab Atiyah, Nazura Abdul Manap, Ahmed Ismael Ibrahim, Abdur Rahman
Blockchain smart contracts is a digital program based on the blockchain design that accommodates certain data stored in their internal logic. The decentralized nature of this technology prevents unauthorized access. This technology require the use of cryptocurrencies to be effectively utilized as a medium of exchange. While cryptocurrencies have received wide recognition as an improvement to modern business transactions. However, in the Muslim communities, Muslim scholars have divergent views on the permissibility and prohibition of cryptocurrencies on certain grounds. Islamic law is characterized by outstanding flexibility that enables it to keep pace with the development of time and place, and gives it the validity to interact to address emerging issues that stand in people's way. This study aims to examine blockhain smart contracts, how they work, the religious ruling surrounding its permissibility. As well as the consensus of Muslim Scholars on its usage by Muslim communities. The study adopts qualitative doctrinal, library based or normative judicial research to analyze blockchain smart contracts and their suitability and compatibility with Islamic law. By examining the law from the perspective of social reality, the researchers qualitatively analyzed the concept of Smart contracts within the boundaries of law and its application under Islamic law. Delving into deductive reasoning and conclusions based on consensus of scholars. This study found that blockchain smart contracts falls within the permissibility principle, The Maliki school sale on credit and negotiations under the ijtihadi perspective. This research suggests the need for further study to shed light on this new type of contract to support its acceptability among Muslim communities.
Penelitian ini menyelidiki perlindungan hukum bagi investor dalam konteks investasi cryptocurrency di Indonesia, sebuah sektor investasi yang semakin diminati namun belum diatur secara khusus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis adalah pendekatan penelitian hukum atau yang dikenal sebagai penelitian hukum doktrinal. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis terhadap kerangka regulasi, termasuk peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh otoritas keuangan dan badan pengawas di Indonesia. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengevaluasi hambatan dan tantangan dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum yang memadai bagi investor cryptocurrency. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun beberapa langkah telah diambil untuk mengatur pasar cryptocurrency di Indonesia, masih terdapat kekosongan dalam perlindungan hukum bagi investor. Regulasi yang terbatas dan ketidakpastian hukum dapat meningkatkan risiko investasi bagi pemegang aset digital. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan perlindungan hukum investor, termasuk pembaruan regulasi, peningkatan transparansi, dan pendidikan investor mengenai risiko cryptocurrency.
Abdul Rokhim, Sunardi Sunardi, Muhammad Resky Rakhim
Crypto is a non-wuud commodity that is digital using cryptography. The legality of crypto assets in Indonesia has not received firm regulation in their use, and there is a need for a supervisory body that regulates all transaction activities for legal protection for investors in trading digital assets. The research method used in this study is to use normative juridical research methods, using a statutory approach (statute approach) and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The result of the discussion of this study is that for the legality of crypto assets, Bank Indonesia places them as digital money so that they are prohibited as a means of payment, while the Ministry of Trade places them as digital assets so that they are allowed to be traded on the Futures Exchange. Normatively, there is still opposition in looking at crypto money. Legal protection of investors who make crypto asset buying and selling transactions get legal protection for losses that can be caused both criminally, namely losses caused by cyber crime and civil losses due to Unlawful Actions.
The development of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) has significantly impacted global economic trade. However, in Indonesia, the regulation surrounding NFT remains insufficient, particularly concerning law enforcement and equitable royalty distribution for commercialized artistic works. This research adopts a normative juridical approach, employing statutory, comparative, and conceptual analysis methods. Findings indicate that NFT, as three-dimensional artistic creations, fall under the protection of the Copyright Act. While Indonesia has addressed NFT regulation in various laws and government regulations, detailed provisions regarding digital transactions involving three-dimensional artworks are lacking. Moreover, inadequate legal safeguards for NFT sales underscore the pressing need for legal reform. Therefore, the adoption of Droit De Suite through legal transplantation is proposed as a prudent strategy for legal modification, offering numerous normative and operational benefits. Droit De Suite is a principle born from the Berne Convention, where the requirement to apply Droit De Suite is that the state must give permission or legally recognize that the state has been regulated in its legislation. In addition, Droit De Suite is the right given to the artist or creator and his heirs to resell copyrighted works that have been produced previously, so that the creator's heirs are entitled to a share of the resale of a work. This approach holds promise for enhancing the legal framework surrounding NFTs and promoting fair treatment of artists and stakeholders in Indonesia's digital economy landscape.
This article aims to find out the validity of the Civil Code smart contact. It is hoped that the results of this research can be used by parties, especially people who have started carrying out transaction and contract activities using blockchain technology in the form of smart contracts. This research method uses normative law, the use of legal materials includes primary and secondary legal materials, through data collection techniques in the form of literature studies. A conceptual approach and a statutory approach were used in this research. The data analysis technique used is a deductive data analysis technique using the syllogism method. The validity of an agreement is assessed based on an understanding of article 1313 and the main elements of the validity of an agreement based on article 1320 along with the principle of freedom of contract in article 1338 of the Civil Code. It is necessary to understand that smart contracts are required to fulfill the terms of the agreement in their implementation
NFT adalah salah satu bentuk aset dibidang seni, NFT dapat berfungsi sebagai bukti kepemilikan dan keberadaan aset digital dalam bentuk karya seni, video, foto, hingga musik. Lebih lanjut, pembuat aset digital dapat memperoleh keuntungan dari perdagangan di pasar NFT atau pertukaran secara peer-to-peer. Dengan menggunakan sistem blockchain untuk fungsi validasi dari keaslian suatu karya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah, yuridis-normatif. Metode yuridis- nasional dan merupakan pedoman sosial yang dipakai sebagai standar berperilaku. (Marzuki, 2005). Perlindungan hukum atas aset digital NFT yang dijamin keamanannya tercermin dalam UU Hak Cipta No. 28 tahun 2014. Salah cara untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak cipta oleh pencipta atau seniman karya seni adalah dengan mendaftarkan hak cipta karya seni Anda sebelum menerbitkannya di Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT).
Melalui analisis literatur yang relevan, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi tantangan hukum yang dihadapi dalam mengakui keaslian NFT dan menganalisis mekanisme perlindungan hukum yang dapat diterapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi terkait keaslian dan hak kekayaan intelektual dapat menjadi dasar hukum yang relevan untuk perlindungan kepemilikan NFT. Undang-undang dan peraturan hak cipta tentang hak merek dagang, serta peraturan tentang perlindungan konsumen, privasi data, dan keamanan digital, memiliki peran penting dalam upaya melindungi hukum terhadap NFT. Selain itu, penggunaan smart contract dalam teknologi blockchain juga merupakan mekanisme perlindungan hukum yang efektif. Kontrak cerdas memungkinkan pemilik NFT untuk mengelola transfer kepemilikan, lisensi penggunaan, dan hak lain yang terkait dengan NFT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya perlindungan hukum atas kepemilikan NFT (Non-Fungible Token) sebagai hak kekayaan intelektual. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi literatur. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi pentingnya mekanisme sengketa dan penegakan hukum dalam melindungi kepemilikan NFT sebagai hak kekayaan intelektual. Peraturan yang berkaitan dengan sengketa hak kekayaan intelektual, seperti undang-undang hak cipta, memberikan dasar hukum yang sesuai untuk menyelesaikan sengketa yang melibatkan kepemilikan NFT. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perlindungan hukum atas kepemilikan NFT sebagai hak kekayaan intelektual dapat dicapai melalui kombinasi peraturan yang relevan, penggunaan kontrak cerdas, dan mekanisme sengketa yang efektif. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode literature review memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam dan komprehensif tentang upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap NFT. Penelitian ini memberikan panduan dan pemahaman yang bermanfaat bagi pemilik NFT, pakar hukum, dan pihak terkait dalam menghadapi tantangan hukum terkait kepemilikan NFT.
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai analisis yuridis transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) telah menjadi fenomena yang semakin populer dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, terutama dalam konteks seni digital dan koleksi digital. NFT adalah bentuk aset digital yang memanfaatkan teknologi blockchain untuk memberikan keunikan dan kepemilikan digital yang dapat diverifikasi. Transaksi yang dilakukan dalam jual beli karya di NFT oleh pembuat karya dan pembeli ini menimbulkan akibat hukum karena Ketika bertransaksi dalam NFT akan terjadi pembagian hak, yaitu hak cipta dan hak milik. Dalam skripsi ini terdapat rumusan masalah yakni: 1) Bagaimana Pengaturan Hukum Transaksi Non-Fungible Token Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Hak Cipta? 2)Bagaimana Implementasi terhadap transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dalam Hak Kekayaan Intelektual? Guna menjawab rumusan masalah diatas, data yang dibutuhkan dalam skripsi ini data sekunder berupa beberapa peraturan, buku, artikel, serta beberapa literatur lainnya yang didapatkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen terkait dengan data dan informasi yang selanjutnya akan dianalisis dengan kajian yuridis normatif. Kemudian hasil dari sumber-sumber tersebut dideskripsikan dengan secara deskriptif analitis dengan bahasa yang baku, mudah dipahami, dan mudah dimengerti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek yuridis dari transaksi NFT, dengan fokus pada undang-undang hak cipta. Melalui pendekatan yuridis, penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi apakah transaksi NFT melanggar atau melibatkan pelanggaran terhadap hak cipta pemegang hak asli. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pengaturan hukum terhadap Transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dalam Hak Kekayaan Intelektual suatu bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap suatu karya, untuk melindungi kepemilikan terhadap suatu karya dalam platform NFT. Perlindungan suatu karya seni tersebut yang terdiri atas hak moral dan hak ekonomi. Sesuai dengan Pasal 80 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta pengaturan transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dalam Undang-Undang Hak Cipta belum cukup untuk mengatur secara khusus dan komprehensif. Sebagaimana kesimpulan diatas, maka disarankan perubahan terhadap isi pasal 80 ayat (1) sehingga meminimalisir terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta. “Kecuali diperjanjikan lain, pemegang Hak Cipta atau pemilik Hak Terkait berhak memberikan Lisensi kepada pihak lain berdasarkan perjanjian tertulis dan elektronik untuk me.laksanakan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1), Pasal 23 ayat (21, Pasal 24 ayat (2), dan Pasal 25 ayat (2)”.
Untung Widyatmoko, Romli Atmasasmita, Anthon F. Susanto, Bambang Heru Purwanto
This paper aims to provide literacy or knowledge in law enforcement efforts that can be carried out against crimes by misusing cryptocurrencies as a means of transaction. This article uses a type of normative legal research using a legal perspective to produce a concept in solving problems that occur, supported by a legal approach and a case approach. The data used is sourced from secondary data with primary legal materials that are binding and fundamental. The approach method used in this study is the archival juridical approach method, which is legal research that prioritizes how to examine primary and secondary data, in the form of interviews with various sources and positive legal studies and how to implement them in practice in the field. The results of this study show that law enforcement against the misuse of cryptocurrencies requires government support in the form of clear regulations and firm legal policies on the use of cryptocurrencies. So that the law enforcement process fulfils a sense of justice for the community and the achievement of legal certainty.
The emergence of the Non-Fungible Token (NFT) was driven by the transformation of the digital world. NFT is now an investment option for the majority of investors. NFT is a digital asset that defines original artworks, such as a painting, drawing, piece of music, or in-game item, and is maintained in a blockchain-based ledger where the purchasing and selling process is conducted using cryptocurrency. As a form of copyright protection, the presence of NFT as a digital asset is fraught with complications. Digitizing an artwork that is subsequently converted to NFT infringes the original creator's copyright since someone may produce a digital version of another's work without their consent. The existing laws and regulations are yet to govern the ownership of NFTs that infringe the copyrights of others; thus, a solution is required, one of which is by the use of smart contracts. This is normative-juridical research, namely study undertaken by reviewing library resources or secondary sources. This study came into the conclusion that with the present state of technology, smart contracts cannot identify Copyright mistakes that are translated to NFT. Through human intervention, the blockchain network requires the addition of new applications.Keywords: Non-Fungible Token, Copyright, Smart Contract
Christina Christina, Florianus Yudhi Priyo Amboro, Rufinus Hotmaulana Hutauruk
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) serve as a digital platform that aids creators of digital works, particularly E-Books, in marketing or introducing their creative outputs. This platform offers easy access and high-security systems to safeguard the copyright of E-Book creators. This study aims to analyze and provide insights into the copyright protection of E-Book works in the form of NFTs, under the perspective of Copyright Law. Additionally, the study seeks to determine whether NFT transactions can serve as a solution for Intellectual Property protection in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal research method, utilizing literature review and descriptive techniques. The findings reveal that NFTs can indeed offer a solution for intellectual property protection in Indonesia. By transforming works into NFTs, their copyright is protected through ownership tokens that are automatically integrated into the blockchain (digital ledger).
In the era of technology 4.0, Indonesia is pursuing progress through the adoption of smart contracts on the blockchain. The government responded to this by establishing technology regulations to address emerging challenges. Legal principles demonstrate their adaptability in the digital era by utilizing information technology to build a modern legal and administrative framework, in line with the vision of industrial development 4.0. This normative juridical legal research evaluates the application of legal norms in a concrete context, using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data collection was carried out through literature study using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. Smart contracts are increasingly widely used, especially in electronic transactions such as stock trading, crypto and hotel reservations. As a form of electronic agreement, smart contracts facilitate the automation of contract processes. However, its use must comply with the law and technology neutral principles in the ITE Law. Even though it is automatic, this technology is recognized as an Electronic Agent in accordance with Article 1 Number 8 of the ITE Law. The validity of these automated contracts is only questioned if it is proven that the automated system is problematic. Smart contracts in Indonesia are recognized in the context of contract law based on freedom of contract and the legal basis of the Civil Code. This recognition occurs because the Civil Code is open and complementary. However, the use of smart contracts must comply with statutory regulations, principles of decency and public order. Regulations governing smart contracts include the ITE Law, PP PTSE, and PP PMSE. These three regulations stipulate the procedures for using electronic contracts, providing a clear legal basis for the implementation of smart contracts.
This article aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a substitute for conventional currency in Indonesia. The article is written using normative legal research methods with conceptual and legislative approaches. The results of this research indicate that cryptocurrency can be considered as a solution for a different level of payment system; however, the demand for this type of cryptocurrency is not proportionate to its supply. As a result, cryptocurrency is unlikely to become an everyday payment tool but may serve as a more specific means of payment or exchange at a certain level. Currently, cryptocurrency can only function as an investment tool that is bought and sold, making it challenging when directly compared to traditional currency for daily payment purposes. The opportunity for cryptocurrency to replace conventional currency in Indonesia is very small. This is due to the unstable (highly fluctuating) value of cryptocurrency and the absence of an authority determining its value.
This article looks at the protection of works produced by artificial intelligence, interpreted as objects of copyright in Indonesia.This article uses doctrinal research methods.This article answers legal issues regarding trading copyrighted works resulting from Artificial Intelligence in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens.The conceptual approach uses interpretation theory to examine statutory regulations to see the ideal form of recognition of intellectual property rights.The results of this research show that the existence of variations in AI as an object of intellectual property rights and the protection of works produced by AI in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens is protected preventively in the form of a license.Its repression is qualified as an infringement, and trade in works produced by artificial intelligence in Indonesia does not provide certainty because it only regulates in general, not specifically.The research concludes that the Indonesian government needs to review laws related to artificial intelligence and create regulations implementing the trading mechanism for digital copyrighted works in the form of NFTs and resolving disputes.