The article analyzes the results of the activities of territorial communities in 2020-2021, as well as the methodology for determining their capacity, from a socio-geographical perspective. The main advantages of reforming the basic level of the administrative and territorial system are indicated, the main trends and factors of the formation of successful communities are revealed.
 The methodology of the formation of capable territorial communities, defined by the authors of the reform, contains criteria for the size, population, accessibility zones of new administrative centers, as well as the presence of social, educational and household infrastructure. Such communities of villages, towns, and cities are considered capable, which, as a result of voluntary association, are able to independently ensure the appropriate level of services provision in the field of education, culture, health care, social protection, housing and communal services, while taking into account personnel resources, financial support and infrastructure development of the corresponding administrative and territorial unit. At the same time, the financial capacity and infrastructural security of a territorial community depends on many socio-geographical factors: favorable location, effective use of the socio-economic and demographic potential of community centers, development of transport links, etc.
 In particular, it was found that communities of regional centers, large cities, as well as satellite communities of these cities or with a powerful business sector have the best financial indicators. Large enterprises of wealthy communities are the main tax payers and jobs provider for residents, as well as sponsors of the construction of social infrastructure facilities (kindergartens, sports complexes, etc.). An interesting fact is that the rating of the most successful communities in 15 regions of Ukraine is headed by rural communities. A significant number of communities have not benefited from financial decentralization and the level of their subsidy is more than 50%.These are communities in general, with a significant share of the rural population, where there are not enough jobs, the entrepreneurial sector, and, accordingly, tax revenues.These are also large communities of sparsely populated areas with a demographic crisis situation, where there are problems with the transport connection of villages, remoteness from the center of the community. We counted the number of communities by region that at the end of 2021 had a subsidy level of more than 50% and the number of those with a subsidy level higher than the average for Ukraine (14.5%). Thus, the maximum number of subsidized communities is in Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions. In the Lviv region, only in Strilkivska and Borynska communities, subsidies amount to more than 50%. In general, in the 16 regions of Ukraine, rural communities are the most subsidized: the 5-8 poorest communities in each region are mostly rural and peripheral, only 1 urban - Vatutinska, the rest ones - townships.
 The question of the capacity of the community is also related to the controversial changes that are taking place regarding the optimization of the network of secondary education institutions. Support institutions are being created in urban and town communities, as well as in the centers of rural communities, which receive a larger amount of funding and better conditions for development. On the other hand, subsidized communities cannot finance small rural schools. Over 2 years in Ukraine, the status of almost 670 schools was lowered, and 918 schools were closed, and this process will continue in the future.
 Therefore, the self-organization of the population and local authorities in communities has become an important factor of self-defense and resistance in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian aggressor. Thus, after the end of the war, the support and provision of self-government of territorial communities will become an important condition for the reconstruction of the state. At the same time, it will be necessary to improve the mechanism of formation of local budgets, as well as the methodology of determining the capacity of territorial communities
 Consequently, in a special period, it is worth providing exclusively state financing of educational and medical institutions, especially in the front-line regions. Obviously, it will not be possible to avoid another stage of consolidation, primarily to ensure the real capacity of territorial communities in areas with a deep crisis demographic situation. Using the potential of capable communities, developing their infrastructural and industrial base will contribute to strengthening the grassroots link of the administrative and territorial system as well as to ensuring the national security of the state.
 Key words: capable community, decentralization, financial capability, infrastructural capability.
Tomasz Michalski, Yevhen Matviyishyn, Vіktoriia Luhova
raine is one of the last post-communist countries where implementation of administrative reforms has started in practice. The aim of the study is to analyze the local-level results of the main stage of the administrative reform in Ukraine which was carried out in 2014–2020. The analysis concerns Ukrainian local government units equivalent to LAU 1 and LAU 2. When collecting data, the so-called triangulation of sources was applied. The SWOT method was used in the analysis, and Neshkova and Konstadinova’s publication (2012) constitutes the reference point. The decentralization of power and finance has led to the creation of amalgamated territorial communities (ATCs), better able to deliver public services. Thus, in this respect, the effects of the administrative reform in Ukraine so far have been similar to those diagnosed by Neshkova and Konstadinova (2012) in other post-communist countries. Admittedly, corruption in Ukraine has decreased, but only slightly. Therefore, Neshkova and Konstadinova’s (2012) assumption about the positive impact of administrative reforms on reducing corruption in post-communist countries was not confirmed in Ukraine. Referring to the detailed results of the SWOT analysis, the greatest strengths of this reform included the partial success of financial decentralization and the establishment of the State Regional Development Fund (SRDF) to support the development of local governments. The quality of public services has also improved. However, there were also weaknesses in the form of still too small funds received by the new ATCs and irregularities in the functioning of the SRDF. International support for this reform and the intensification of the activities of non-governmental organizations were considered to be the greatest opportunities. The still existing strongest threat of an endogenous nature is (despite its decline) the level of corruption, and the exogenous one is a threat from Russia. In addition, the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can be seen at the end of the implementation of the reform.
The financial support of territorial communities is proposed to be considered as a process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources in order to satisfy the needs and interests of citizens in the sphere of all life activities in the relevant territory. At the same time, the main form of financial support of territorial communities remains budget financing, the quality of which depends on the level of their economic and social development. The state of financial support for the development of territorial communities under conditions of decentralization in Ukraine was analyzed. It was found that during the studied period the number of UTC grew quite quickly and by the beginning of 2022 was 1469 units. It was well founded that the main source of formation of own and fixed incomes of local budgets is precisely tax revenues. However, in the conditions of the war, the budgets of the communities underwent significant transformations, became more dependent on transfers from the central budget. Communities had to cut capital spending and direct it to defense and the reserve fund. The financial decentralization of local self-government helped the communities to withstand the conditions of large-scale Russian aggression. Keywords: decentralization, financial support, territorial communities, development.
Бердянський державний педагогічний університет, Ірина Застрожнікова, T. СHEREMISINA, Бердянський державний педагогічний університет
The article considers the main aspects and problems of transforming an educational network in the current context of decentralization. Reference is made to the urgent need of restructuring the responsibilities in education management between the center and regions providing the latter with independence in finances, organization and management at the regional level. It is emphasized that extending powers of the local executional bodies in management of educational institutions is the primary purpose of decentralization process. There was examined a pattern of decentralizing the basic education in Poland, according to which it was recommended to oblige the local self-government bodies to implement the education politics according to the local needs, finding the school administration and continually appraise the quality of education. It has been observed that currently the essential functions of state in education are assigned to the regional state administrations, regional and local educational departments. The local authorities are burdened with responsibilities of financing and providing the social security for children, defining the network of training institutions, maintaining their records and performing control over their activities. The author points out that at present the local and regional authorities duplicate the functions of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, which is non-effective. The author believes that the local government officials are able to perform political management well up to the officials of educational departments and administrations. However, prior to assignment of new obligations, it is necessary to develop and implement an effective retraining program for personnel and staff of the municipal structures. There have been reviewed the results of the pilot project: «Decentralization: education reforms at the local level», which experts had been analyzed the consistency of educational network. It pointed to the major areas of concern for the education reforms in local communities, namely a significant expense side of budget for education financing, low level of education in rural students according to the data obtained from the independent external assessment, and lack of subject oriented teachers. The author makes a conclusion that the purpose of decentralization in education should be an overall improvement of educational services and be based upon the following basic principles: students’ right to have a free choice of educational institution, equal access to good-quality education services, decent conditions to develop their abilities, improving the quality and efficiency of the educational process, effective use of types of resources. Key words: decentralization, transformation, education, educational system.
The influence of globalization and the strengthening of Ukraine's aspirations to successfully integrate into the European Union and become a full member of the international community necessitate the reform of the health care system and the payment of considerable attention to primary health care. In this context, the issue of effective management of primary health care facilities, increasing the capacity of their managers and determining the role of local governments towards them takes on increasing importance. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the theoretical and applied principles for studying the management of primary health care facilities in Ukraine and assessing the impact of decentralization reforms on them. The general and special methods of economic analysis have been used in the research, in particular as follows: scientific abstraction and historical method, analysis, synthesis, analogies, comparisons, systematization, generalization, graphic method. Regarding the results of studying the state and trends in the management of primary health care facilities in Ukraine and the impact of the decentralization reform on them, their direct interaction has been established, which consists in obtaining additional opportunities for the implementation of managerial functions based on accessibility, openness, timeliness and effectiveness. It has been revealed that the volume of financing primary health care in Ukraine in the amount of 13 283 800,00 thousand UAH in 2018, 15 314 892,9 thousand UAH in 2019 and 20 667 909,1 thousand UAH in 2020 is in deficit and constitutes an average 4,1 % of the country's GDP (in the Netherlands – 9,9 %; Denmark – 9,6 %; France – 9,0 %; Austria – 8,7 %; Germany – 8,6 %; the USA – 8,1 %; Sweden – 7,9 %; Great Britain – 7,8 %; Italy – 7,2 %; Poland – 4,7 %). It has been proven that the mechanism for managing primary health care facilities requires revision and improvement, which is proposed to be carried out taking into account the level of development of a particular region in which these institutions operate within the capabilities of local governments and their financial solvency.
The article explores the issues of school education financing in the context of decentralization in Ukraine. School education in Ukraine is funded from different sources. About a third of the total education budget consists of the education subvention for teachers' salaries, which is an inter-budget transfer from the state budget to local budgets. For the purpose of our research, we selected a network of schools in the Zaporizhia region of Ukraine and its financing for the period of 2014-2021. This region is typical, plain, and without significant geographical features (unlike, for example, areas with mountainous or inaccessible areas). To identify the framework of financing school education in Ukraine within the decentralization process, we utilized methods of empirical analysis of statistical indicators, as well simulation to assess the relationship between a number of indicators such as the number of students in the school, class size and the average costs of education per student using educational subvention. The purpose is to determine opportunities to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures on education. Our analysis of the use of educational subvention funds by the different types of local budgets shows that the schools financed from city budgets use these funds with the most efficiency. The schools funded from regional budgets and district budgets use the funds with the least efficiency. Our research is very valuable for improving theoretical and empirical aspects of the calculation of the projected amount of the educational subvention, as well as for the optimization of the school network.
Introduction. The article studies the practice and methods of the municipal owned enterprises management in the EU, including methods of forming their capital. Problem. Ukrainian decentralization reform has increased the scientific interest in the problematic issues of municipal owned enterprises’ financing. Military aggression against Ukraine have raised these issues. The aim of the article is disclosure, systematization and generalization of European experience in the organization, management and financing of municipal in European countries and development of proposals for the use of best practices in Ukraine. Methods. Methods used: historical, generalization; analysis using tabular and graphical; inductive; abstract-logical. Results. The practice of the municipal owned enterprises capital formation is characterized by the two types of relations: full ownership of the municipality or mixed ownership. The number of the municipal owned enterprises in the EU has increased in recent years, but this growth has been uneven. Provision of financial support to such enterprises by local authorities is carried out in the following forms: grants, tax conditions, loans and direct financial support. Conclusions. There is no unified practice for the financing of municipal enterprises in the EU, as there is no significant diversity in terms of countries. There is also no significant trend towards total privatization, in many European countries the number of utilities is growing, which indicates the increasing of the public sector influence on the economic situation in the EU. The solution to the problems of our municipal companies must lie in the adoption of the best European practices. In particular, the provision of grants to finance socially significant enterprises or enterprises in financial difficulties can be considered as one of the best practice.
The purpose of the article is to study the process of digitization, in particular the use of Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing in modern business conditions. The methodology consists in the use of the following methods: dialectical, statistical, structural-analytical, method of observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling, method of generalization. The scientific novelty of the work is to improve the process of digitization of accounting and auditing and the formation of the algorithm Blockchain-technology, which will significantly reduce errors due to the human factor, reduce accounting costs, reduce the likelihood of falsification of records. Conclusions. In the conditions of globalization the high level of digitalization of world economic space acquires importance. Digitalization of business processes ensures stable development and achievement of strategic goals of enterprises and organizations of Ukraine. The use of modern information technology involves significant changes in the principles of management, external and internal communications, the processes of obtaining, processing and storing data on activities, the formation of new types and methods of accounting and auditing. The concept of Blockchain technology has been studied - a decentralized electronic database that can store and verify information, as well as set rules for updating this information in real time. The use of Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing involves the creation of records and recording the time of their creation, so all data will remain forever and unchanged. The basic principles of application of Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing are considered. Public and private Blockchain technologies are characterized. Promising areas of application of the Blockchain technology in accounting are identified. An algorithm for the application of Blockchain technology in accounting is proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of using Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing are highlighted. The main advantages of using Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing are the inability to falsify the transaction, which is already formed in Blockchain technology, access of all system participants to transaction information, reducing the cost of processing and storing information. That is why it is important to use Blockchain technology in accounting and auditing. Key words: accounting, audit; digitalization, business process, information technology, blockchain technologies.
The article deals with the peculiarities of the project management application in public administration of Ukrainian institutions. Changes in the financial management of Ukraine, reforms in the administrative, security, educational, medical, cultural, law enforcement sectors have led to the developments in the system of public administration. Decentralization reform has been a particularly important stimulus. Ukraine has developed and applied a regulatory framework for the development of strategies, programs, projects, with defined methods of calculation and investment support. As in the business environment, the project management in public administration uses the connection of projects, programs with the strategy of the state, communities and industries. The forms and directions of the project approach application have been expanded both at the state and local levels, which contributes to the change of management from the process approach to achieving results of public importance, strengthening the funds efficiency, and public involvement in control over public expenditures. Projects in public administration in Ukraine are used in the following forms: public investment projects, projects financed by ministries and departments (internal and distributed externally on the basis of competitions); public-private partnership projects; projects submitted for financing by international organizations, banks; participative public budgets. The base for financing projects has expanded with extensive use of international finance. Project management also affects the organizational structure of institutions. In Ukraine, project departments / offices have appeared in local governments, institutions, and ministries, which helps to expand the application of the project approach. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has an Office of Reforms of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to assist in the development and implementation of reforms in the country. The article identifies weaknesses in the application of project management, in particular the need to improve the training of public administration in the organization of teamwork, improve monitoring and project control, risk assessment; improving communication between state, local authorities and the public.
Abstract. The article examines integration of cryptocurrencies as electronic payment systems in e-commerce enterprises. Practical usage of Ethereum and Bitcoin cryptocurrencies as electronic payment systems, as well as factors that may affect their functionality are studied. Coinbase Commerce and Bitpay, as market leaders in cryptocurrency payment providers, were analyzed to compare integration issues and commission analysis with traditional payment systems LiqPay, PayPal. It is determined that the factors influencing the integration of cryptocurrencies in the enterprise include the field in which this enterprise is operating, instability of the national currency, development of information technology. It has been proven that e-commerce companies specializing on selling consumer goods could use hybrid cryptocurrency payments in Bitcoin in 50% of transactions and Ethereum in 65% of transactions in the studied timeframe to reduce the cost of the transaction compared to the LiqPay system. Key words: electronic payment systems, cryptocurrency, e-commerce, transactions. JEL Classification D2, C50, G23, G41 Formulas: 0; fig.: 9; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 16.
Considered structural sectoral reforms taking place in Ukraine in the process of decentralization are aimed at forming viable territorial communities that are able to solve social problems to meet the needs of residents of administrative-territorial units, taking into account socio-economic, environmental, geographical, cultural, historical and other factors of their development. At the same time, the issues of obtaining financial results from the introduction of tax and budget decentralization, budget financing of expenditures guaranteed by the state remain relevant. Assessment of indicators in these areas will allow to determine the level of financial potential and risks for the functioning and development of spheres of life of local governments. The outlined indicators of assessing the financial capacity of local budgets are based on the analysis of budget indicators of territorial communities and aim to identify problematic issues that hinder the socio-economic development of administrative territories and the inability of local authorities to perform their own and delegated powers. Among the factors influencing the indicators of indicators of local government solvency assessment, the system of horizontal budget equalization and the methodology for determining the local budget tax capacity index need to be improved. Standardization of indicators for assessing the financial capacity of local communities will increase the effectiveness of existing methodologies for measuring them. The updated mechanism for assessing the financial autonomy and independence of local budgets is based on a deeper analysis of financial indicators of local budgets, which requires further study.
Introduction. It is extremely important to improve the management of territorial development and to determine the priorities of state regional policy and to harmonize national, regional and local interests. At the present stage, the institutional support for the development of territories is characterized by the slowness of state measures to implement reforms, the inconsistency of regional and local development and «point» bills. Therefore, today there is an urgent need to explore the essence of institutional imbalances and their impact on the management of territorial development.Purpose of the research. Research of defining features of the development of territories, the characteristics of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine and the definition of institutional imbalances in the modern management model and their impact on the development of territories.Research methods. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: system analysis, systematization, generalization - to identify signs of development of territories; chronological - to study the peculiarities of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine; institutional analysis - to determine the impact of institutional imbalances on the development of territories.Results. The signs of the development of territories are highlighted, namely: the impact of the development of territories on the national economy as a whole; rational use of various territorial resources through effective institutional mechanisms and management tools; development is always associated with the spatial organization of the territory; the real development of territories is based on partnership relations between public authorities, business representatives and the public. The features of evolutionary transformations and the current state and specificity of the state regional policy of Ukraine are investigated: from smoothing disproportions in regional development and solving point chronic problems to socio-economic cohesion and unity of the country and sustainable growth in the quality of human life, regardless of where he was born, where he lives now and where he will live in the future. It has been proved that decentralization is primarily due to the declared state regional policy, which determines the scale and pace of reforms, and that the relationship between decentralization and the development of territories is ambiguous, since in the context of the new state regional policy, the problems of institutional support for managing the development of territories lead to a number of contradictions and imbalances. , namely: the formation of a hierarchical system of regional and local authorities has not been completed; low involvement of state authorities and local self-government bodies at the district and regional level in the processes of organizing cooperation between territorial communities; lack of a full-fledged system for monitoring the impact of reforms on the development of territories; inadequate participation in the territorial development management model of the Regional Development Agencies; the development of territories requires not only their effective functioning, but also ensuring economic security. It has been determined that the development of territories requires both the effectiveness of measures of state regional policy and the development of local authorities, since the decentralization reform itself will be perceived as an expansion of the powers of local authorities, and therefore the ability of local residents to develop, finance and implement local policy.Perspectives. In the conditions of realization of the new state regional policy the prospects of further scientific researches are directions of improvement of institutional maintenance of management of development of territories.
The article reveals the relevance of the study of managerial and historical preconditions for the formation of the institute of territorial communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and generalize the managerial and historical preconditions for the formation of the institution of territorial communities in Ukraine. It is shown that the formation of the institution of territorial community in the managerial and historical perspective testified to a long way of transformation of approaches to ensuring spatial socio-economic development. It is outlined that modern new challenges are forcing the world community to change the dominants of globalization processes. Under such circumstances, the functionality of territorial communities on a national scale may continue to increase. It is proved that the glocalization model of community development management will prevail in view of the effective advantages as the provision of quality social services to the population. It was found out that the balancing of powers of central, regional and local government institutions should be carried out based on the standards of living. There are various discussions about the expediency of decentralization of power and strengthening the functionality of territorial communities, including independent subjects of cooperation. According to world experience, decentralization of power is not always accompanied by decentralization of resources to finance new competencies and, as a result, a significant imbalance between delegated new powers and available financial resources has led to reduced or poor provision of social services to the population. However, democratic societies have not yet found a more effective model of public administration. Therefore, the question is not in the shortcomings of the institution of territorial communities, but in the implementation of decentralization reforms. One of the directions of the new functionality of communities is the wide opportunities for cooperation at different levels. These issues in the domestic theory of public administration are still insufficiently disclosed and require proper attention of scientists and practitioners. The applied significance of the research results is to identify the best prerequisites for the development of the institute of territorial communities. The scientific novelty of the research results is the development of aspects of inter-institutional delegation of powers in the management of the development of the territorial community. Keywords: governance; decentralization; territorial communities; local government; development.
In Ukraine, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic partially overlapped in time with such critically important transformational processes as the second stage of the financial decentralization reform and the integration stage of the health care system reform. In this regard, the study of the main peculiarities of the change in the model of financial support of the health care system in Ukraine in these conditions, as well as the determination of which of these processes had the greatest impact on the volatility of the health care public expenditures, becomes relevant. The research involves the implementation of two stages - bibliometric analysis and statistical analysis. According to the results of the bibliometric analysis of Scopus publications concerning financial support of the health care system and COVID-19, six contextual clusters of scientific research were identified, focused on determining the impact of health care expenditures on the effectiveness of anti-coronavirus measures, age, gender, social and medical prerequisites and consequences of the spread of the COVID-19, relationship between the cost of medical services and outpatient treatment, socioeconomic, financial-economic and institutional prerequisites for ensuring the quality of the health care system and its resistance to shocks caused by the pandemic, key determinants, tools and measures to combat the spread of COVID-19. As part of the second block of bibliometric analysis, aimed at identifying the relationship between health care expenditures and decentralization reforms, five contextual clusters are identified, which are focused on the study of approaches and models to optimize health care expenditures taking into account socio-demographic factors and decentralization reform priorities, fiscal, economic and ecological determinants and factors of public health, age and geographical prerequisites that determine the peculiarities of the formation of the health care financing system, the influence of micro-financial and managerial prerequisites for financial assurance of the quality of the health care system I, effectiveness of insurance medicine. According to the results of the statistical analysis, it is established that during the period of active implementation of the financial decentralization reform (2015-2018), the share of health care expenditures in the State Budget of Ukraine was relatively stable and fluctuated within 2%, while in 2019 the share of this group of expenditures has been increased to the level of almost 3.6%. At the same time, there was a reduction in health care expenditures in the expenditures of local budgets of Ukraine: during 2015-2019, their share gradually decreased by 3-5% annually, and in 2020-2021, the reduction amounted to almost 33% and 45% to the level the previous year respectively. The specific weight of this group of expenditures in the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine is relatively stable (9–11.1%). In general, according to the results of the analysis, it can be noted that the reform of financial decentralization did not lead to a significant transformation of the structure of spending powers, while the medical reform and the COVID-19 pandemic caused a redistribution of the expenditure burden in the field of health care from the local to the state budget, although the specific weight of these expenses in the structure of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine did not increase significantly even during the pandemic period.
This research revealed the essence of digitalization in the field of local finances of Ukraine as a mechanism for the democratization of public administration and determined the features of its practical support. The research was carried out with the help of modern theoretical and cognitive methods, the dialectics of the processes of state administration and local self-government under the conditions of financial decentralization and digitalization. The purpose of the conducted research is the scientific and theoretical justification of the development of digitalization in the field of local finances of Ukraine as a mechanism for the democratization of public administration and the development of practical recommendations for their improvement. Practical implication. The main aspects of the development of digitalization and the expansion of access of the territorial community to the process of managing local finances in the conditions of decentralization of power have been studied. The current state of digitization of local finance management is analyzed from the point of view of filling electronic platforms and programs with hardware capabilities. The directions and necessary conditions for improving the efficiency of local finance management by all members of the territorial community using the digitization mechanism have been determined. Value/originality. Developed the mechanism of financial decentralization using digitization tools, which is accompanied by appropriate software and hardware, characterized by the complex application of modern information and communication technologies, which significantly increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of local financial programs, the quality of control over expenses, the filling of local budgets. It was concluded that the digitization mechanism in the field of local finances introduces an important trend – the transition from public control to public initiative. The expansion of forms of electronic democracy with the help of technological capabilities significantly expands the community’s access to public administration services in real time, which increases the rationality of using local financial resources. By its content, this is a way of practical implementation of participatory democracy in Ukraine.
The article is aimed at studying the evolution of money. The article examines the history of the emergence and evolutionary development of money and cryptocurrencies. Blockchain technology is analyzed, as well as the technological difference between Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana cryptocurrencies is considered. The issues of the operation of the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts are covered. An analysis of blockchain technology and the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment is carried out. The type of cryptocurrency such as a stablecoin is revealed in its variety. Comparisons of native blockchain coins and stablecoins as a means of payment, further of USDC and USDT stablecoins, are made. An analysis of differences between the centralized and decentralized stablecoins is carried out. It is specified what the stablecoins USDC, USDT, DAI are backed by. It is analyzed what share of the market is occupied by USDT, USDC, and DAI. The advantages and disadvantages of stablecoins are identified. A characterization of activity of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) with its connection to central banks is presented. It is determined that stablecoins are an attempt to objectively eliminate the high volatility of traditional cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum by tying the value of a stablecoin to one or more other assets, such as fiat currency. Blockchain technology along with stablecoins can increase the efficiency of cross-border payments. With the growing demand for use, a stablecoin can become one of the important elements of the payment infrastructure. As result of the study, a comparison between cryptocurrencies and the companies Visa, Paypal in terms of processing speed and the amount of payment commissions is made. It is determined that blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies are a new evolutionary stage in the development of money. It is substantiated that the effect of using blockchain technology allows to cheaper and faster money transfers. It is noted that blockchain technology is young, but cooperation between traditional financial companies and cryptocurrencies is already visible.
The completion of the decentralization of authority and finance in Ukraine has opened up new horizons for the creation of innovative approaches to territorial community management. Local governments were granted significant powers and financial resources, which creates new opportunities for the development and expansion of the capacity of communities. The rights of local governments in the organization of community management were expanded, which contributes to a more effective and balanced solution to local problems. Thus, the management of competitive advantages of territories is an important topic in economics, management, and regional development. The study of this issue is becoming increasingly relevant as more and more regions around the world compete to attract investment, develop entrepreneurship and tourism, develop transportation infrastructure, create jobs, and improve the quality of life. The article aims to examine new approaches to the development and management of competitive advantages of territories based on foreign experience. The article analyzes the peculiarities of competitive advantage management in local communities of several EU countries. Based on the study, the authors identify and substantiate the advantages of foreign experience and reveal the shortcomings that should be taken into account when implementing this experience. The author substantiates the process of decentralization reform and its impact on the development of territorial communities in terms of the use of management tools to increase the competitiveness of territories. The article shows that clustering, strategic planning, and public-private partnerships are the main tools for improving the competitiveness of communities. The main directions used by a number of countries to improve the efficiency of territorial development are characterized.
The work examines the main trends in the functioning of the domestic IT sector and the formation and development of digital infrastructure. The main directions of the digital transformation of the national economy include support and stimulation of the development of the IT sector, development of the national digital infrastructure, expansion of the scale of digitization of business, state administration, social sphere and livelihood of the population, as well as the development of digital skills and digital culture of citizens in order to overcome the “digital divide”. It has been proven that digital infrastructure should be considered as an interconnected set of technical and technological means, software, services and processes that ensure the use of IR technologies in all sectors of the economy and spheres of social life. According to the performed functions and tasks, two types of digital infrastructure are distinguished – technical-technological and software-service, which, constantly developing and becoming more complicated, support and complement each other. It was determined that the main criteria for assessing the level of development of digital infrastructure should be compliance with technical, technological, ethical and regulatory standards, systematicity, complexity, transparency, controllability, legitimacy and inclusiveness. The need to ensure effective state regulation, supervision and control over the functioning of the national digital infrastructure as a component of the state’s digital sovereignty has been proven. It was determined that the development of the national digital infrastructure should become a strategic priority of the state, and its main objects should be broadband Internet, 5G mobile communication, the infrastructure of the Internet of Things and cyber security, as well as “Industry 4.0”. It has been proven that in order to combine centralized and decentralized management mechanisms for the processes of formation and development of digital infrastructure, it is necessary to use a system approach that ensures a high level of functionality of all technical and technological components of digital infrastructure, programs and services. The main principles of the introduction and use of the “Industry 4.0” technology and promising sectors of the domestic economy for its implementation are determined. The potential sources and forms of financing the development of the IT sector and the development of IR technologies are characterized.
Introduction. The change of the administrative-territorial system at the basic level and the reform of the public administration system in Ukraine in 2014–2020 took place on the basis of the experience of the EU countries regarding the decentralization of administrative and financial powers in favor of local self-government. Today, the first stage of reform has already been completed, because territorial communities as the basic units of the administrative-territorial system have been formed throughout the territory of Ukraine, as well as redistribution of spending powers and revenue sources between different levels of management. Accordingly, the issue of ensuring financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities for the long term is being updated. Decentralization in European countries took place in different periods, and therefore, the tasks that today face the Ukrainian state and local self-government in particular, these countries have already solved with one or another measure of efficiency, which makes it possible to talk about the possibility of adapting the acquired experience to domestic realities. The purpose of the article is to study European practices of ensuring financial self-sufficiency of basic administrative and territorial formations for the further implementation of the most effective practices in domestic realities. Results. The practice of developing the public finance system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries was studied, the difference between the levels of decentralization of territorial communities in different countries and the tendency to exceed the level of decentralization of expenses over the level of income decentralization was revealed. Emphasis is placed on the key principles of ensuring financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities in the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The existence of a financial "cushion" for territorial communities in the form of distributed resources from supranational funds is substantiated. Given the lack of such a mechanism in Ukraine, the need to study European practices for accumulating sufficient financial resources for community development is argued, including taxes on economic activity (personal income tax, corporate income tax, local business tax, property taxes on commercial real estate and land) and local borrowing.
The article considers theoretical and practical aspects of financing general secondary education in Ukraine and the European Union member states, in particular in Finland, Estonia and Germany. Studies of Ukrainian and foreign researchers on the problems of the decentralization of secondary education management, expanding the autonomy of education authorities at the local level, and establishing the rights and responsibilities of the institutions both in educational processes and in financial support were analyzed. The article justifies the importance of implementation of the reform of decentralization in Ukraine, as a result of which the rights of local self-government bodies in making managerial decisions, in particular in the system of financial resources and control, have been expanded. Analytical indicators of the efficiency of the use of funds of educational subsidies allocated for payment of salaries of teaching staff in 2021 are provided, and the relationship between the cost of education per student and the number of classes in the general secondary education institutions is established. The example of the rural territorial communities helped to prove that the larger the number of classes in the general secondary schools, the lower the cost of education per student. The most common factors of mismanagement and misuse of public and local budgets were identified, in particular the lack of sound forecasting and planning; the misuse of financial resources; unreasonable management decisions; long-term maintenance of the balances of educational subvention funds without the use of the accounts of budget fund managers and the current accounts of educational institutions, etc. The planned amounts of the educational subvention and the subvention for the provision of support for persons with special educational needs for 2022, as well as the remaining unused funds under these subventions, were analyzed in detail. The volumes of the sequestration of subventions, which took place as a result of the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine are given. Further research will include the systematization and development of financial reporting forms for a comprehensive analysis of the use of financial resources at all levels of school education management.
The territorial organization of the state plays a key role in ensuring optimal solutions to the problems and functions of society and the state. Most modern countries differ in their internal organizational structure, i.e. the method of territorial division, the number of administrative-territorial units, autonomous units, their authorities, the method of formation, as well as the degree of centralization (decentralization) of state power. The organization of public power, stability of inter-government relations, ensuring sustainable development, meeting the needs and interests of the population depend on the administrative-territorial structure 1 . The Constitution of Ukraine defines the basic principles of the territorial structure of Ukraine, the system of administrative-territorial units of our country, taking into account economic, historical, geographical, environmental, demographic characteristics, ethnic and cultural traditions. However, since the declaration of independence of Ukraine, discussions have begun on the need to reform the existing administrative-territorial structure 2 . Attempts to implement constitutional, administrative, municipal, and other reforms in Ukraine have not yet led to successful results in this area. This issue is important in the current situation when the search for the optimal model of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine is being carried out. History shows that destructive trends in countries are a consequence of the lack of a balanced management system, its territorial organization, primarily a balanced administrative-territorial division, and the status of administrative-territorial units 3 . Optimally organized geographically and
Reform of fiscal decentralization is one of the most effective modern tools to improve the efficiency of public and local finances, as it involves the transfer of some powers from central to sub-central governments according to the principle of subsidiarity.Therefore, one of the top priorities in public finance development nowadays is to ensure municipal financial resilience (financial capacity).In the paper it is proposed to measure municipal financial resilience (financial capacity) as an integral indicator of fifth parameters (ratio of revenue / cost / tax revenue of local budgets (excluding transfers) to revenue / cost / tax revenue of the consolidated budget, "1" reduced by the ratio of net intergovernmental transfers to own revenue of local budgets; ratio of own revenue of local budgets to their own expenditure) aggregated based on Fishburn formula.It is proposed to chose as a proxies of municipal sustainable economic development such indicators as consumer price index, current account balance, volume of credits to the private sector, net foreign direct investment, GDP growth, GDP per capita, gross capital formation, business density, employment ratio, R&D expenditures, trade turnover.Testing the hypothesis on relationship between municipal financial resilience (financial capacity) and its economic development is realized on data for Ukraine for the period 2008-2021.Method of modellingregression analysis in Stata software.Based on the empirical research results it might be concluded that there are national peculiarities of relationship between municipal financial resilience (financial capacity) and its sustainable economic development in Ukraine, which might be considered in terms of fiscal decentralization reform implementation, counteraction to negative consequence of coronavirus disease pandemic and municipality post-pandemic recovery strategy.
Purpose. The aim of the article is to study types of cryptocurrency wallets, their features and advantages. Methodology of research. The following special research methods were used during the writing of the article: direct observation was carried out – collection of information about the number of addresses and the value of Bitcoin crypto-coins; the graphic method of constructing the Lorenz curve is applied; generalization – in the process of formulating conclusions based on the results of the conducted analysis. Findings. It has been established that when carrying out cryptocurrency business in any form (mining, trading, investing), in order to receive or send cryptocurrency coins, it is necessary to register a cryptocurrency wallet, which is a tool that can be used to interact with the blockchain network, and has an address that is an alphanumeric identifier created on the basis of public and private keys (such an address is, in fact, a “place” in the blockchain where it is possible to send cryptocurrencies). It was found that there are a large number of different wallets on the cryptocurrency market, which can be divided into five groups: electronic wallets (web wallets), which are created on cryptocurrency exchanges or online exchanges; desktop cryptowallets, which is a program that is downloaded and run locally on a personal computer and this program can be downloaded from public sites (desktop wallets are of two types: “thin” (crypto wallets enable the crypto user to quickly carry out transactions, however, have a limited amount of options) and “thick” (represent a full-fledged program with a significant amount of functions and, in particular, with the possibility of mining); smartphone versions (mobile wallets) have advantages and disadvantages similar to desktop cryptowallets; hardware cryptocurrency wallets, which is a physical electronic device, uses a random number generator (RNG) to generate public or private keys and can be stored in the device itself, not connected to the Internet (is a type of cold crypto wallet and is recognized as practically the safest crypto wallet); crypto wallets on a paper medium - mediums the size of a banknote, on which a private key in the form of a QR code and a public access key (crypto address) are placed, and in order to carry out transactions with cryptocurrency coins, these codes must be scanned. Originality. The basic requirements for ensuring the optimal security of an economic entity in working with cryptocurrency wallets have been formed, compliance with which will enable: secure access to the cryptocurrency wallet; withdrawal address management; ensuring effective protection of private access keys to the cryptocurrency wallet. Practical value. In the author’s opinion, with insufficient study of the advantages and disadvantages of various cryptocurrency wallets and non-compliance with security rules when registering a crypto wallet and accessing it, restoring unhindered access to wallet assets will be problematic due to the extremely strong protection of cryptocurrency wallets from cyber criminals. The obtained research results will be useful for application in the practical activities of conducting cryptocurrency business. Key words: cryptocurrency, cryptocurrency wallet, crypto wallet, Bitcoin, cold crypto wallet, hot crypto wallet.