As global industries confront mounting complexity, regulatory mandates, and urgent sustainability targets, end‑to‑end transparency has become nonnegotiable. Design for Traceability (DfT) delivers a transformative blueprint—encoding traceability into the very DNA of products and materials. By harnessing Smart Identification Technologies (SIT)— including Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), QR codes, IoT sensors, and blockchain—DfT establishes immutable “digital DNA,” realized through interoperable Digital Product Passports (DPPs) and Material Passports (MPs). These passports grant real‑time visibility, secure authentication, and frictionless data exchange, catalyzing circular resource loops while ensuring compliance with evolving regulations.The DfT framework is anchored by five interdependent pillars: Lifecycle‑Centric Design: Embeds traceability at inception via modular architecture, durable materials, and design-for-disassembly, extending product life and simplifying end-of-life recovery. Digital Traceability Infrastructure: Constructs a secure, interoperable data ecosystem by integrating SIT and distributed ledger technology, enabling continuous monitoring, analytics, and decision support through DPP and MP integration. Circular Business Models: Transitions from one‑time sales to service‑based offerings, remanufacturing, and R‑strategies (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), unlocking new revenue streams and preserving asset value. Stakeholder Collaboration: Builds shared platforms and decentralized governance to unite manufacturers, regulators, consumers, and recyclers in transparent data‑sharing networks, strengthening trust and supply‑chain resilience. Regulatory Alignment: Integrates traceability into corporate strategy to anticipate stringent sustainability mandates, leveraging digital audits and transparent reporting for streamlined compliance. By interweaving these pillars, DfT empowers organizations to mitigate supply‑chain risks, optimize resource utilization, and accelerate the shift toward a resilient, transparent circular economy. This holistic framework equips policymakers, industry leaders, and designers with actionable strategies to embed sustainability, accountability, and innovation at every stage of the product lifecycle.
Figueiredo, Bernardo J. R., Ferreira, Marco P. M., Matos, João, Cova, Marco
A new approach to asset management and traceability emerges upon the integration of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Digital Twin (DT) technology. While NFTs are widely used in digital art and gaming, their potential for securing real-world assets in DT simulations remains under-explored. A generic NFT-driven DT simulation platform could transform asset management by enhancing traceability, optimizing operations, and fostering sustainability within and across industries. In livestock management, DTs can model individual animals in real time, capturing data on health and growth. Linking this data to NFTs ensures ownership and provenance, improving traceability and accountability. Similarly, in manufacturing, DTs can identify inefficiencies, reducing waste and energy use. It is pressing to improve decision-making and operational efficiencies throughout distinct contexts. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following PRISMA. The goal was to build a solid, unbiased foundation for our research, contribute lasting value to the community, and identify where our work can make the most impact. From an initial set of 114 papers, the authors screened and classified the most relevant. This led to a final selection of 8 papers for full-text reading and in-depth analysis. They are presented in detail and compared in order to depict the current state of the art in the field. Results reveal a significant gap concerning the topic, particularly highlighting the absence of simulation environments that align with the previous proposal presented by the authors: a comprehensive NFT-driven and DT simulation platform that transforms NFT-based asset management from static ownership records to dynamic, provides simulation operational tools, enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and performance optimization for real-world assets.
This study investigates the application of blockchain technology in cross-regional agricultural product traceability platforms to address challenges such as information silos, data tampering risks, and inefficient regulatory coordination in traditional systems. Using blockchain's distributed ledger, smart contracts, and consensus algorithms, a framework is proposed to boost transparency, collaboration, and data security. Pilot case analysis in East China shows production data completeness improved from 72.4% to 98.6%, logistics real-time update rate reached 95.3%, cross-regional collaboration time reduced by 81.3%, data tampering incidents dropped by 96.7%, and quality safety incidents fell by 77.9%. The integration of cross-chain technology, multi-center collaboration mechanisms, and privacy protection techniques further ensures end-to-end traceability and stakeholder trust. Results highlight blockchain's potential to foster a secure, transparent, and efficient agricultural supply chain for cross-regional circulation.
Marios Vasileiou, Leonidas Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Christina Kleisiari, Pantelis Z. Lappas · 10 authors
Abstract The globalization of contemporary Food Supply Chains (FSCs) has introduced complexities involving multiple actors, food product transportation, and diverse information. Traditional information systems in FSCs face challenges in ensuring transparency and traceability due to the inherent complexities of multi-actor involvement, global transportation, and diverse information, making it difficult to ascertain product origin and processes, exacerbating issues such as food loss, safety concerns, and financial hazards. Blockchain technology, in conjunction with ancillary technologies, offers potential solutions to these challenges. This systematic literature review endeavors to comprehensively explore the multifaceted dimensions of blockchain’s role in FSC management, with an emphasis on food safety and traceability, across six thematic areas, each guided by distinct criteria. These areas include general information, FSC application, factors of blockchain adoption, blockchain platform, ancillary technologies, and the related impact of blockchain adoption. From the 2097 documents found, 122 full-text articles were assessed, and 61 were included and classified in this study based on criteria. These criteria underscore blockchain's capacity for transparency, resilience, and sustainability in FSCs. The results further indicate that blockchain's integration within the FSCs has unveiled a tapestry of possibilities and considerations that underpin its transformative potential in business systems. Blockchain’s inherent traits of transparency and immutability can enhance traceability, mitigate food fraud, and facilitate consumer trust, reshaping the information system’s implementation in the FSC landscape. However, challenges such as integration complexities, data quality, scalability, and regulatory concerns should be addressed. Through these challenges, Artificial Intelligence (AI) arises as a potential solution complementing Blockchain. This amalgamation can effectively tackle certain existing obstacles, such as ensuring data accuracy and system compatibility, while providing stronger solutions for food safety and fraud prevention. The implementation of a comprehensive blockchain solution requires strategic collaboration, technological refinement, and regulatory alignment to fully realize its benefits and address the intricate management challenges of traditional FSC information systems.
Ensuring traceability, compliance certification and cold chain integrity in frozen food supply chains remains a persistent challenge, exacerbated by fragmented monitoring systems, manual audits and vulnerability to data manipulation. This study presents a conceptual design for a blockchain-enabled compliance architecture that addresses these challenges by integrating real-time Internet of Things (IoT) data acquisition, permissioned blockchain-based data storage and smart contract-driven compliance automation. Following a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, the research focuses on the initial phases (problem identification, objective specification and artefact conceptualization) providing a structured foundation for future demonstration and evaluation. The proposed design is structured across three interdependent layers: (1) a Data Acquisition Layer that ensures continuous and secure sensor-based monitoring; (2) a Data Storage Layer that leverages blockchain for immutable recording and transparent auditability; and (3) an Application Layer that integrates smart contracts for automated compliance enforcement and user interfaces for stakeholder interaction. By translating regulatory compliance requirements into a modular, blockchain-based design, this work contributes to the theoretical grounding of decentralized regulatory infrastructures in agri-food systems. The proposed architecture embodies design principles that may inform similar traceability systems across other regulated supply chains. Although empirical validation is forthcoming, the conceptualization serves as a scaffold for future DSR iterations and contributes to design knowledge in the domain of digital compliance architectures.
Giovanni Farina, Alexander Kocian, Gianluca Brunori, Stefano Chessa · 21 authors
Traceability plays a critical role in ensuring the quality, safety, and transparency of supply chains, where transportation stakeholders are fundamental to the efficient movement of goods. However, the diversity of actors involved poses significant challenges to achieving these goals. Each organization typically operates its own information system, tailored to manage internal data, but often lacks the ability to communicate effectively with external systems. Moreover, when data exchange between different systems is required, it becomes critical to maintain full control over the shared data and to manage access rights precisely. In this work, we propose the concept of interoperable traceability. We present a model that enables the seamless integration of data from sensors, IoT devices, data management platforms, and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) within a newly designed data space architecture. We also demonstrate a practical implementation of this concept by applying it to real-world scenarios in the agri-food sector, with direct implications for transportation systems and all stakeholders in a supply chain. Our demonstrator supports the secure exchange of traceability data between existing systems, providing stakeholders with a novel approach to managing and auditing data with increased transparency and efficiency.
Inzamam Shahzad, Muhammad Wajid Maqsood, Sadia Latif, Hafiz Muhammad Ijaz
As communication technologies evolve, the IoT has transitioned from nascent development to near maturity, driving exponential growth in data transmission and processing. This advancement imposes increasingly stringent performance requirements on the management of globally distributed IoT infrastructures. Current centralized IoT device management platforms, however, face critical technical limitations, including vulnerability to cyber-attacks, single points of failure, and scalability challenges. To address these issues while adhering to regulatory mandates for data confidentiality, this study proposes a blockchain-integrated IoT sensor system designed to enhance data security, transparency, and accessibility. The framework combines IoT-based sensor networks with blockchain technology to establish an immutable, decentralized ledger for device interactions, ensuring tamper-resistant data records and secure access control. A smart contract governs the application’s business logic, automating rules for user-device interactions, data monitoring, and device management. The system’s efficacy is validated through a prototype implementation using NodeMCU microcontrollers and permissioned blockchain networks, with performance evaluated across metrics such as latency, throughput, and resource utilization. A case study in cotton field agriculture demonstrates the platform’s practical application, integrating irrigation automation to optimize water consumption. Empirical results indicate a 35% reduction in water usage while maintaining crop yield, alongside robust resistance to unauthorized data tampering. Comparative analysis highlights the solution’s superiority over centralized alternatives in scalability and resilience, particularly for resource-constrained IoT environments. By harmonizing IoT’s sensing capabilities with blockchain’s decentralized security, this work advances agricultural management practices, offering a robust, transparent, and efficient paradigm for modern IoT deployments. The findings underscore the transformative potential of blockchain-IoT integration in fostering sustainable, data-driven decision-making across diverse industrial sectors.
This study aims to design a halal fresh meat traceability system based on dual blockchain technology and the Internet of Things (IoT). This system will utilize the Point of Authority (PoA) method to validate information on the implementation of halal assurance in the halal fresh meat food chain based on beef, starting from the slaughterhouse, halal slaughterer, and slaughterhouse supervisor. This system will also provide information on temperature and humidity conditions in the delivery service of halal fresh meat products to consumers in traditional markets. In this study, we developed a software system with the waterfall method for a web-based halal traceability system using the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming language and the Laravel framework, blockchain using SQLite, and IoT technology using C programming. Consumers can obtain product delivery information, halal fresh product assurance information, and halal guarantor information transparently in the halal fresh meat supply chain by scanning the product's Quick Response Code (QR code). This study offers a basic framework for policymakers to improve the halal integrity of the halal fresh meat supply chain, and the concept of halal assurance in traditional markets. It also allows consumers to monitor the halal status of fresh beef products in conventional markets. This study contributes to the beef-based halal fresh beef supply chain research by developing a traceability system for halal fresh meat using blockchain and IoT.
A S M Touhidul Hasan, Rakib Ul Haque, Larry Wigger, Anthony Vatterott
Counterfeit products cause financial losses for both the manufacturer and the enduser; e.g., fake foods and medicines pose significant risks to the public’s health. Moreover, it is challenging to ensure trust in a product’s supply chain, preventing counterfeit goods from being distributed throughout the network. However, fake product detection methods are expensive and need to be more scalable, whereas a unified traceability system for packaged products is not available. Therefore, this research proposes a product traceability system, named Trusted Traceability Service (TTS), using Blockchain and Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI). The TTS can be incorporated across diverse industries because of its generic and manageable four-layer product packaging strategy. Blockchain-enabled SSI empowers distributed nodes, to verify them without a centralized client–server authorization architecture. Moreover, due to its distributed nature, the proposed TTS framework is scalable and robust, with the use of web3.0 distributed application development. The adoption of Fantom, a public blockchain infrastructure, allows the proposed system to handle thousands of successful transactions more cost-effectively than the Ethereum network. The deployment of the proposed framework in both public and private blockchain networks demonstrated its superiority in execution time and number of successful transactions.
N. Nasurudeen Ahamed, Thangavel Murugan, Bhabendu Kumar Mohanta
QR (Quick Response) code phishing (Quishing) is a type of QR code attack. The attacker attacks or manipulates the QR code details. It harms supply chain management (SCM). When the attacker sends a manipulated QR code during SCM, all actors participating in the environment are affected, and the entire system is compromised. SCM, particularly in the food industry, harms the system, increasing the risk of foodborne illnesses for consumers. So, our proposed methods to avoid this kind of Quishing attack in SCM are as follows: We integrate blockchain technology to trace the food product from the manufacturer to the consumer without any Quishing; in our proposed methods to avoid this Quishing, we utilized the blockchain-based verification of the QR code, which means storing the food product details along with the QR code. This process allows all stakeholders in supply chain management (SCM) to authenticate the QR code before processing it. Ultimately, it helps consumers ensure the trustworthiness of food products while also assisting manufacturers in maintaining their reputation. We implemented the proposed method on a decentralized, open-source Ethereum testnet. Smart contracts are written using Remix Solidity, and the results are analyzed, proving that the proposed method is secure in the food supply chain management system.
Mingyue Xie, Jun Liu, Shuyu Chen, Ming‐Wei Lin · 7 authors
Blockchain-based IoT applications in agriculture have drawn extensive attention in recent years, allowing the implementation of smart agriculture solutions. By transmitting collected relevant data to a control center through the blockchain, corresponding regulation can be realized in agricultural production management systems. However, existing efforts for directly adopting the technique to data transmission are obstructed by several issues. The traceability of agricultural data stored in the blockchain leads to the exposure of the identity of the data collecting devices. And the tracing difficulty of completely invisible data for identity protection also exists in the smart agricultural system. To tackle these limitations, we propose a novel blockchain-based smart agricultural IoT system framework for regulating the agricultural production environment through trusted data. First, the elliptic curve integrated encryption scheme (ECIES) and the group signature scheme are integrated to guarantee the traceability and identity protection of the data and equipment, respectively. Then, to enhance the security of session key transmission in the ECIES scheme, we further design an on-chain-off-chain key agreement protocol (ECIES-OOKA). In addition, we propose a novel group manager selection method based on probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) for the group signature implementation. Finally, a practical example is provided to demonstrate the group manager selection process and verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The security and performance analysis for the system framework are also presented.
Purpose Consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious, striving to engage in sustainable behaviors and transactions. As a result, businesses strive to follow this trend by providing sustainable and environmentally friendly products and services; nevertheless, this has increased the prevalence of greenwashing practices. Blockchain-based traceability (BBT) technology, a system that may give transparent, traceable and trustworthy information, shows potential to help address this issue. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to explore the role of BBT in mitigating greenwashing perceptions. Design/methodology/approach In order to test the hypothesis, an empirical analysis was conducted on a sample of 440 customers. Data were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling approach. Findings Empirical results reveal that transparency and data security enable customers to trust in BBT technology, which helps to foster consumer trust in the retailer which in turn decreases greenwashing perceptions. Research limitations/implications This study adds to the expanding body of research on greenwashing by demonstrating how BBT technology can be used to reduce the issue. Practical implications This study offers insights to managers, showing that BBT technology may address greenwashing. Originality/value Existing studies on greenwashing concentrate on customers or public decision-making and on the detrimental effects of these practices, which mostly affect consumers. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the few that examines how to mitigate perceived greenwashing and develop sustainability.
The demand for halal food products is increasing rapidly around the world. The consumption of halal food products is just not among Muslims but also non-Muslims, due to the purity of the halal food products. However, there are several challenges that are faced by halal food consumers. The challenges raise doubt among the halal food consumers about the authenticity of the product being halal. Therefore, a solution that can address these issues and establish trust between consumers and producers is needed. Blockchain technology can provide a distributed ledger with an immutable record of the information. Artificial intelligence supports developing a solution for pattern identification. The proposed research utilizes blockchain an artificial intelligence-based system for developing and e-adoption of a system that ensures the authenticity of halal food products by providing traceability related to all the operations and processes of the supply chain and sourcing the raw material. The proposed system has been tested with a local supermarket in a sandbox environment. The results and tests of the developed solution seemed effective and the testers expressed interest in real-world implementation of the proposed system. Therefore, the findings contribute to the knowledge of technology adoption by examining the application of the proposed system in halal food supply chain and provide insight into the potential benefits for e-adoption in this domain.
In recent years, the convergence between blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) has led to significant innovations in the agricultural sector, particularly in the traceability and protection of grains. These emerging technologies have the potential to transform the agricultural supply chain, providing greater transparency, security, and efficiency. Blockchain technology, with its ability to create immutable and transparent records, is widely applied to trace the origin and movement of grains from production to the final consumer. At the same time, AI plays a key role in analyzing large volumes of data, allowing for the prediction of risks and the dynamic adaptation of agricultural insurance contracts. Additionally, the combination of blockchain and AI facilitates the creation of new financing models, such as smart contracts, which automatically execute when certain conditions are met. These advancements help ensure the quality of grains, combat fraud, optimize logistics processes, and respond more swiftly to unforeseen events. The integration of these technologies also contributes to more sustainable, efficient, and resilient agriculture, addressing challenges such as climate change, price volatility, and the increasing demand for transparency in the supply chain. The combined use of blockchain and AI is reshaping grain production and traceability, providing a safer and more efficient system for the future of agriculture, particularly in the United States.
Mátyás Lukács, Fruzsina Toth, Roland Horvath, Gyula Solymos · 13 authors
The rapid growth of the human population, the increase in consumer needs regarding food authenticity, and the sub-par synchronization between agricultural and food industry production necessitate the development of reliable track and tracing solutions for food commodities. The present research proposes a simple and affordable digital system that could be implemented in most production processes to improve transparency and productivity. The system combines non-destructive, rapid quality assessment methods, such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and computer/machine vision (CV/MV), with track and tracing functionalities revolving around the Internet of Things (IoT) and radio frequency identification (RFID). Meanwhile, authenticity is provided by a self-developed blockchain-based solution that validates all data and documentation “from farm to fork”. The system is introduced by taking certified Hungarian sweet potato production as a model scenario. Each element of the proposed system is discussed in detail individually and as a part of an integrated system, capable of automatizing most production flows while maintaining complete transparency and compliance with authority requirements. The results include the data and trust model of the system with sequence diagrams simulating the interactions between participants. The study lays the groundwork for future research and industrial applications combining digital tools to improve the productivity and authenticity of the agri-food industry, potentially increasing the level of trust between participants, most importantly for the consumers.
Anber Abraheem Shlash Mohammad, Ammar Mohammad Al-Ramadan, Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad, Badrea Al Oraini · 8 authors
Sustainability in food supply chains is a critical global challenge, particularly in resource-constrained regions like Jordan, where operational inefficiencies and environmental concerns are prevalent. This study explores the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance metadata management, forecast sustainability metrics, and support decision-making in Jordan’s food supply chains. Blockchain's ability to improve metadata accuracy, standardization, and traceability, combined with AI’s predictive capabilities, offers a powerful solution for addressing sustainability challenges.MethodsThe research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining real-time data from blockchain transaction logs, AI-generated forecasts, and stakeholder surveys. Blockchain data from platforms like Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum provided insights into metadata accuracy and traceability. AI models were developed using machine learning techniques, such as linear regression, to forecast food waste reduction, carbon footprint reduction, and energy efficiency. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), using AHP and TOPSIS, was applied to evaluate trade-offs among sustainability goals.ResultsThe results revealed significant improvements in metadata accuracy (from 83% to 96.66%) and reductions in traceability time (from 4.0 to 2.35 hours) following blockchain implementation. AI models demonstrated high predictive accuracy, explaining 88%, 81%, and 76% of the variance in food waste reduction, carbon footprint reduction, and energy efficiency, respectively. ConclusionThis study underscores the transformative potential of blockchain and AI technologies in achieving sustainability goals. By fostering transparency, predictive insights, and data-driven decision-making, these innovations can address key challenges in Jordan’s food supply chains, offering actionable strategies for stakeholders.
Feng Chen, Chunjiang Zhao, Xinting Yang, Na Luo · 5 authors
Agri-food safety issues have received widespread attention globally. The emergence of blockchain technology (BCT) effectively addresses trust issues in the agri-food supply chain traceability system (AFSCTS). However, the append-only feature of blockchain has led to continuous linear data growth in BCT-based AFSCTSs, which increases the equipment requirements and has become a bottleneck for BCT-based AFSCTS applications. The storage capacity required by BCT-based AFSCTSs can be effectively reduced by deleting expired data, thereby reducing the storage pressure on blockchain devices and lowering the device requirements. In this paper, we propose an AFSCTS architecture that incorporates redactable blockchain and InterPlanetary file system (IPFS) technologies to achieve traceability with low storage pressure, using the wheat supply chain as a proof of concept. Firstly, the key links were analyzed in agri-food traceability and the demand was proposed for agri-food blockchain traceability based on the timeliness of traceability data. Secondly, a lightweight accountable parallel blockchain architecture called LAP-chain is proposed. This architecture utilizes redactable blockchain technology to offload expired agri-food traceability data to IPFS, thereby reducing the storage pressure on blockchain devices and ensuring data accountability through IPFS. Finally, we evaluate the correctness, collision resistance, and storage performance of the LAP-chain built on the Ethereum private chain. The results show that when expired agri-food traceability data are permanently retained, the storage capacity of the proposed architecture is only 52.38% of that of the traditional blockchain traceability architecture, after running continuously for 36 months. When traceability data of expired agri-food are deleted in accordance with the food laws and regulations of various countries, the storage capacity of the proposed architecture can be reduced from a linear level to a constant level compared to the traditional blockchain traceability architecture. The proposed architecture has the potential to contribute to improving the safety and quality of agri-food.
• The study highlights how blockchain technology improves traceability in the agri-food industry. • Blockchain integration can significantly enhance sustainability efforts by facilitating better resource management. • The paper utilizes a bibliometric approach to identify trends that contribute to blockchain research in the agri-food industry. • The study acknowledges several challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain. • The paper offers forward-looking insights into how the agri-food industry can overcome current barriers. The globalization of the agri-food industry in recent years has increased the difficulty and complexity of improving productivity and addressing challenges in food security. Thus, advanced techniques are promptly required to tackle the present obstacles and improve the agri-food sustainability challenges. Hence, blockchain is a prospective distributed information technology that could support food supply chains by decreasing transaction time and cost, improving traceability efficiency, and developing stakeholder trust. The main aim of this paper is to examine the functionalities and characteristics of blockchain technology in the agri-food industry, explore blockchain-based solutions for addressing food traceability and sustainability challenges, and highlight the benefits and challenges related to applying blockchain-based traceability systems. This work examines 114 research papers from 2017 to 2024, demonstrating a review of bibliometric literature to propose a wide and organized body of research regarding blockchain application in the agri-food supply chain. The analysis recognizes essential ideas, fundamental themes, research gaps, and potentials in blockchain application in agri-food. Results show an exponential rise in the number of publications, ranging from 9 % in 2017 to 23 % in 2024, directed mainly at farmers’ advantage, traceability, supply chain efficiency, and food security. For accurate farming possibilities, integrating blockchain and agro-food will encourage smart farms and enhance the regulation of supply-chain systems. Similarly, the bibliometric analysis across the discipline shows that computer science accounts for 18.8 %, engineering records 59.9 %, energy shares 6.9 %, and social sciences contribute 6.5 %. The review describes substantial issues, including the absence of standardization, technical intricacy, and regulatory issues that may deter blockchain's wider application. This analysis presents a guideline for researchers and industry experts, enlightening them on the field's present state, contributing ideas to its route, and offering a basis for future study in improving the sustainability of blockchain technology within the agri-food industry.
Elia Henrichs, Meta Leonie Boller, Johnathan Stolz, Christian Krupitzer
Background: Food and pharmaceutical supply chains face similar issues, such as product counterfeits allowing low-quality products to enter the market and supply chain inefficiencies. Applying blockchain technology could increase transparency and efficiency in the supply chains. However, the technology is still relatively young and, thus, has barely been implemented. Scope and Approach: This work aims to provide an overview of blockchain applications in food and pharmaceutical supply chains. Following the PRISMA method, the systematic literature review analyzes 78 applications in 74 publications. Deriving from the results, a general framework for blockchain applications in food and pharmaceutical supply chains is proposed, which should support practitioners in implementing blockchains and researchers in identifying research challenges. Key Findings and Conclusions: The literature review reveals that permissioned and private blockchain networks are most commonly applied, using Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric as leading platforms. Many applications stored data off the blockchain and implemented different techniques to restrict access to confidential data. Smart contracts are crucial for improving supply chain management as they enable automatization. The general framework recommends a permissioned consortium network using the Hyperledger Fabric platform and Proof-of-Authority consensus protocol for supply chains. Challenges like regulations, standardization, and infrastructure must be solved to foster technology adoption in operations. • Review of blockchain technology applied in food and pharmaceutical supply chains. • Following a structure literature review, we reviewed 78 applications in detail. • Permissioned and private blockchain networks are applied most. • We propose a framework to foster blockchain implementation in these supply chains. • Challenges like regulations, standardization, and infrastructure as current hurdles.
Abstract The blockchain was initially designed to secure cryptocurrency transactions, a distributed and unalterable registry technology. After its innovative application in the world of cryptocurrencies, solutions based on this technology are now offered to deal with various issues in various sectors, such as the agricultural sector. It is currently one of the most disruptive technologies. This article explores the convergence of Hyperledger Aries blockchain technology and artificial intelligence to improve the management of agricultural disease detection data. We present an innovative system that guarantees complete traceability of each data point, from initial detection to analysis results. Blockchain ensures the transparency and immutability of information, while artificial intelligence, integrated into the detection process, accurately distinguishes infected sheets from healthy ones. This approach provides a robust solution for sustainable agriculture, enabling rapid and targeted response to disease threats while ensuring data integrity.
A robust food traceability system is crucial for ensuring seamless information flow within supply chains. While the current centralised approach, typically led by a supply chain leader, facilitates information exchange, it faces significant limitations, such as prolonged tracing processes and a lack of transparency. Blockchain technology presents a promising solution to address these challenges. However, concerns persist about the costs of IT infrastructure required to operate blockchain-based systems. This research compares the costs between centralised and blockchain ecosystems, focusing on the total cost for the entire industry, using the Thai broiler supply chain as a case study. We analysed both centralised and blockchain IT models, selecting 13 deployment scenarios for comparison. The Thai broiler supply chain provided data on IT infrastructure usage, with Monte Carlo simulation employed to address undisclosed supply chain data. The IT infrastructure costs for each scenario were calculated and compared. The analysis reveals a significant finding: blockchain implementation results in approximately 43% lower infrastructure costs compared to the practical centralised approach. This cost-effectiveness suggests that third parties, such as government bodies or central regulatory agencies, could play a crucial role in supporting the transition from centralised to blockchain-based food traceability systems, thereby enhancing supply chain transparency, efficiency, and food safety.
This article examines the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize the jewelry supply chain by enhancing trust, transparency, and efficiency. Utilizing Ethereum, we developed a blockchain network tailored to the industry's needs. Blockchain operates as a secure, immutable ledger, ensuring data integrity and transparency while preventing fraud and tampering due to its decentralized nature. Ethereum's key features, including nodes, addresses, and smart contracts, make it an ideal platform for this application. The system incorporates robust security measures, addressing vulnerabilities such as reentrancy attacks and unauthorized access. Performance tests on networks demonstrated the solution's viability, with Layer 2 optimizations reducing transaction costs. The system also uses IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) to store certificate templates in order to improve scalability and data accessibility. Six primary participants in the supply chain, from miners to customers, engage with the blockchain, ensuring full traceability and transparency. Certificates are dynamically generated by retrieving transaction hashes from the blockchain. The certificate template is stored on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and when needed, the relevant data is populated into the template in real-time to produce the certificate. While challenges remain in terms of industry-wide adoption and regulatory compliance, the solution's potential to enhance transparency and efficiency positions it as a significant advancement for the jewelry supply chain within the Industry 4.0 framework.