Blockchain technology is an immutable database that cannot be censored, tampered with, or erased, which can increase credibility and reduce interaction costs. Therefore, blockchain technology is expected to become the next generation Internet infrastructure, with broad application prospects in many industries, such as medicine, energy, and finance. The open network and publicly stored data in a blockchain system, however, raise serious risks of data theft and user privacy leakage, which has become a core issue that restricts the blockchain technology from becoming practical. This article uses kleptography technology to design a blockchain covert data transmission scheme to achieve high-concealment and high-performance data transmission under open network conditions. Experiments conducted in the Bitcoin network prove that the covert data transmission mechanism of this article has high compatibility and high performance, and can be practically applied to many popular blockchain systems.
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Fake education certificates or fake degree is one of the major concerns in higher education. This fraud can be minimized if there is a tamper-proof and confidential registry of certificates wherein not one but multiple certified authorities verifies and stores the issued certificate in immutable repositories with proper privacy maintained. Secondly, there should be a mechanism for retrieving the authentic certificate without much cost and time. Blockchain is an immutable, shared, distributed ledger without the control of a single centralized authority that fits very well for the discussed use case. The proposed work, PrivateCertChain, has implemented the idea for university having multiple affiliated colleges, by deploying and verifying digitally signed e-certificate on Ethereum Blockchain. Multiple affiliated colleges can serve as the miners for verifying the signature of the issuer. For privacy concerns, the content of the certificate will be hashed and this hashed value will be stored in Blockchain along with the roll number of the certificate holder. Once the transaction hash is generated, it will be converted to QR code. The QR code is shared with the respective owner of the certificate and it will also serve as the credential of the certificate. Thus, anyone having the credential can view the authentic certificate which is kept on the blockchain, by scanning QR through the dedicated application designed for verification. The proposed solution can be a foolproof mechanism against all frauds as it guards for integrity, confidentiality, authenticity, and privacy of educational certificates.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Purpose The short lifespan of digital signatures presents a challenge to the long-term preservation of digitally signed records. It can undermine attempts to presume, verify or assess their authenticity. This paper aims to investigate the challenges of the expiration of digital signatures in the context of digital archiving. Design/methodology/approach The paper identifies requirements for the long-term preservation of digitally signed records and compares them with the existing approaches. The characteristics, operational procedures and requirements of the technologies used for digital signatures are combined with the archival requirements to design a new model. Findings The paper proposes a new model of a blockchain-based system, which can be combined with any digital archive to assist the process of long-term preservation of digitally signed records. Practical implications The proposed model offers a new alternative to the current practice in the long-term preservation of digitally signed records, such as periodic resigning procedures or periodic wrapping of digitally signed records with archival timestamps. Originality/value The proposed TrustChain 2.0 model is based on previous research conducted as part of the InterPARES Trust project. It builds on TrustChain 1.0 by including digital signature certificate chain validity information in a blockchain thus avoiding the issues concerning records confidentiality and privacy information disclosure. The paper contributes not only to the development of archival science but also shows archival institutions on how to approach long-term preservation of digitally signed records.
Cryptography and Data Security
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Enterprise blockchain solutions attempt to solve the crucial matter of user privacy, albeit that blockchain was initially directed towards full transparency. In the context of Know Your Customer (KYC) standardization, a decentralized schema that enables user privacy protection on enterprise blockchains is proposed with two types of developed smart contracts. Through the public KYC smart contract, a user registers and uploads their KYC information to the exploited IPFS storage, actions interpreted in blockchain transactions on the permissioned blockchain of Alastria Network. Furthermore, through the public KYC smart contract, an admin user approves or rejects the validity and expiration date of the initial user’s KYC documents. Inside the private KYC smart contract, CRUD (Create, read, update and delete) operations for the KYC file repository occur. The presented system introduces effectiveness and time efficiency of operations through its schema simplicity and smart integration of the different technology modules and components. This developed scheme focuses on blockchain technology as the most important and critical part of the architecture and tends to accomplish an optimal schema clarity.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Maintaining land records is a difficult task for countries with large area and population. Having a central database server is not a 100% safe alternative to paper-based traditional records as it is susceptible to cyber-attacks and frauds. This paper proposes an idea to solve this issue using blockchain. The proposed land records system is based on a hybrid blockchain network. The existing land records are put on the blockchain by the government. All land sales transactions are recorded on this hybrid blockchain. These transactions are mined (verified) by a miner which is run on government authorized peers or nodes. These records or transactions cannot be tampered with. The citizens can view their owned lands and corresponding transactions but cannot make changes to any data on the blockchain. Being based on hybrid blockchain, this system is benefitted by advantages of both the types of blockchain-public and private and is more secure and reliable than databases and paper records.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Smart contracts are the triggered self executing contracts which are termed and conditioned among the trusted parties. Being independent of trusted third party, smart contract rely on blockchain and the underlying consensus submitted by participants for the security. Hyper ledger fabric provides peer-to-peer-network based distributed operating environment. This scenario highlights the need of identification of peer, more precisely on the `who the user is' rather than `what does the user possess'. This paper proposes an architecture of the integration of multimodal biometric authentication system incorporation with the permissioned blockchain based smart contract. Every peer has to be authenticated before getting involved in smart contract. Paper also informs about the surveyed ways of multimodal recognition which ensures the major concern of various applications like insurance settlement, market predictions and internet on things, etc. i.e. liveliness detection.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of IoT devices has increased exponentially. Therefore, we have put forward higher security requirements for the management, transmission, and storage of massive IoT data. However, during the transmission process of IoT data, security issues, such as data theft and forgery, are prone to occur. In addition, most existing data storage solutions are centralized, i.e., data are stored and maintained by a centralized server. Once the server is maliciously attacked, the security of IoT data will be greatly threatened. In view of the above-mentioned security issues, a security transmission and storage solution is proposed about sensing image for blockchain in the IoT. Firstly, this solution intelligently senses user image information, and divides these sensed data into intelligent blocks. Secondly, different blocks of data are encrypted and transmitted securely through intelligent encryption algorithms. Finally, signature verification and storage are performed through an intelligent verification algorithm. Compared with the traditional IoT data transmission and centralized storage solution, our solution combines the IoT with the blockchain, making use of the advantages of blockchain decentralization, high reliability, and low cost to transfer and store users image information securely. Security analysis proves that the solution can resist theft attacks and ensure the security of user image information during transmission and storage.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Rapid growth of agile gadgets has led to tremendous increase in digital media utilization, mostly for mobile video in ease of marketing. As encryption provides better user confidentiality and perseveration, greater number of online movement is associated with end-to-end encryption form. Irrevlant content such as unreal, violent and unconstitutional videos are being circulated online without being identified its truthfulness creating a platform for intruders and attackers. It is necessary for users to identify and report the contents of the video. Sometimes these videos act as evidence in courts to prove the guilty and the proper state and contents recorded in it .We aim a system to detect and classify the video's truthfulness to solve these problems. A detailed collection of studies has been toted to demonstrate the efficacy of new program over current literature.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Smart cameras and image sensors are widely used in industrial processes, from the designing to the quality checking of the final product. Images generated by these sensors are at continuous risk of disclosure and privacy breach in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Traditional solutions to secure sensitive data fade in IIoT environments because of the involvement of third parties. Blockchain technology is the modern-day solution for trust issues and eliminating or minimizing the role of the third party. In the context of the IIoT, we propose a permissioned private blockchain-based solution to secure the image while encrypting it. In this scheme, the cryptographic pixel values of an image are stored on the blockchain, ensuring the privacy and security of the image data. Based on the number of pixels change rate (NPCR), the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI), and information entropy analysis, we evaluate the strength of proposed image encryption algorithm ciphers with respect to differential attacks. We obtained entropy values near to an ideal value of 8, which is considered to be safe from brute force attack. Encrypted results show that the proposed scheme is highly effective for data leakage prevention and security.
Open access
Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
As eBook readers have expanded on the market, various online eBook markets have arisen as well. Currently, the online eBook market consists of at least publishers and online platform providers and authors, and these actors inevitably incur intermediate costs between them. In this paper, we introduce a blockchain-based eBook market system that enables self-published eBook trading and direct payments from readers to authors without any trusted party; because authors publish themselves and readers purchase directly from authors, neither actor incurs any intermediate costs. However, because of this trustless environment, the validity, ownership and intellectual property of digital contents cannot be verified and protected, and the safety of purchase transactions cannot be ensured. To address these shortcomings, we propose a secure and reliable eBook transaction system that satisfies the following security requirements: (1) verification of the ownership of each eBook, (2) confidentiality of eBook contents, (3) authorization of a right to read a book, (4) authentication of a legitimate purchaser, (5) verification of the validity and integrity of eBook contents, (6) safety of direct purchase transactions, and (7) preventing eBook piracy and illegal distribution. We provide practical cryptographic protocols for the proposed system and analyze the security and simulated performance of the proposed schemes.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain is most promising and trustworthy decenterized distributed database technology where all the information is maintained on all the nodes and provide transparent and secure system. Number of application uses the Blockchain technology like cryptocurrency, banking, e-voting, Security of IoT devices etc. The proposed paper lists the various features, structures and prominent application of Blockchain and its applications .
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In a complex network of smart vehicles, some issues arise related to security, privacy, selfishness of nodes and node failures. We have proposed an architecture of vehicular network in a smart city based on blockchain. Some scenarios and design principles are also provided. Contrary to prior architectures of vehicular networks, our proposed model provides robustness, scalability, adaptability, trust management as well as privacy and security. It eliminates the issue of selfish nodes and malicious nodes. Unlike other vehicular architectures, it also takes into account the passengers' medical facilities and fault tolerance. In case of any failure of sensors or nodes, system will effectively tackle it. Both big data storage and fast computation are not possible on vehicles end. This can be handled by moving these processes to static nodes and data center. Malicious behaviour of nodes is handled using trust values and incentives mechanism in order to motivate nodes to work effectively while assigning penalty for selfish nodes.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Kevin Putra Dirgantoro, Jae Min Lee, Dong‐Seong Kim
This paper proposes a face recognition for security system based on artificial intelligence and edge computing with a limited dataset. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are used to manipulate the dataset in order to overcome the accuracy issue of the limited dataset. The average accuracy of GANs outperforms the limited dataset up to 92.79%. Edge computing is used to overcome a high latency of cloud computing with Jetson Nano board, which produces an average of 8.8 frame-per-second. Furthermore, the detected face will make a payment using a smart contract to the blockchain network with low static difficulty to open a gate or door's lock. In comparison, a low static difficulty outperforms the Proof-of- Work consensus algorithm in terms of transaction time around 33-39 milliseconds.
Face recognition and analysis
Biometric Identification and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In this existing era of growing urbanization and globalization, Markets are booming with smart cars and smart vehicles. The emerging shortage in vehicles parking space has created a major problem for drivers. Long search for secure parking space results in traffic jam, air pollution and waste of time. Hence it is important to park vehicle at proper parking lots. However smart parking systems enable drivers to automate and monetize them to real-time parking slot. For using these types of secure and smart parking system drivers has to disclose their sensitive and personal information. Also, existing schemes are centralized, which makes them at risk by single point of failure and restricted access this can cause problems and privacy breaches by service providers. In this paper we have compared two major mechanisms for providing security to smart parking system. Blockchain technology is distributed computing paradigm and decentralized architecture with complete trust and authentication. Whereas, biometrics system is used for authenticating user by their behavioral and physical information obtained for the purposes of both identification and access control. Comparison study of these two mechanisms assist in understanding layers of communication level and providing security to different degrees of security arrangements.
Smart Parking Systems Research
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Two of the foremost talked concerning technologies in today’s world are Blockchain and IoT. They're at the initial stage of maturity and there are plenty of activities going down within development of them and finding fascinating uses of the technologies. The data transmitted by IoT devices is very important and must be secure. Based on the IoT security problems, this paper proposed a model for secure IoT data based on Blockchain; the model called service-centric networking (SCN). SCN provides communication by service names instead of addresses, and a decentralized network that allows the users of the network to communicate fast and data are reliable and secure. However, the identity of the users will be an encrypted format that is stored on their device backed by InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Jehangir Arshad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique, Zainab Zulfiqar, Amna Khokhar · 8 authors
Pakistan is an agricultural country and its economy is mainly dependent on agriculture. Agriculture provides large economic opportunities along with the yield of food and other raw materials in our life. To increase the yield of products there is a need for the deployment of modern technology. To tackle this problem, a private blockchain-based secure access control for agriculture can be employed to monitor the different climatic parameters such as (light, humidity, temperature, and, soil moisture, etc) in the fields. The environmental and climatic parameters are very important for the quantity, quality, efficient growth of the crops. Also, any kind of unwanted modification, interception, and expunction on these parameters can leave a bad impact on fields and crops. Therefore, privacy and security are key challenges while deploying the monitoring systems in the fields. In this regard, we have designed a novel remote user authentication scheme by using private blockchain-based secure access control for agriculture monitoring. The proposed scheme is authorized through private blockchain access control (PBAC) algorithms and is applied using hyper ledger cello tools. We customarily analyze the privacy and security of the scheme by using a random oracle model. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is secure and resist different sorts of malicious attacks. The proposed scheme is also suitable in a real-life application to avoid all kinds of security attacks.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
User Authentication and Security Systems
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Problems related to privacy and cyber-attacks have increased in recent years as a result of the rapid development of cloud computing. This work concerns secure cloud computing services on a blockchain platform, called cloud@blockchain, which benefit from the anonymity and immutability of blockchain. Two functions- anonymous file sharing and inspections to find illegally uploaded files- on cloud@blockchain are designed. On cloud@blockchain, cloud users can access data through smart contracts, and recognize all users within the application layer. The performance of three architectures- a pure blockchain, a hybrid blockchain with cache and a traditional database in accessing data is analyzed. The results reveal the superiority of the hybrid blockchain with the cache over the pure blockchain and the traditional database, which it outperforms by 500% and 53.19%, respectively.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The copyright of data is a key point that needs to be solved in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. In this paper, we propose a decentralized digital rights management model of spatial data, which can provide a novel way of solving the existing copyright management problem or other problems in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. An Ethereum smart contract is used in this model to realize spatial data digital rights management function. The InterPlanetary File System is utilized as external data storage for storing spatial data in the decentralized file system to avoid data destruction that is caused by a single point of failure. There is no central server in the model architecture, which has a completely decentralized nature and it makes spatial data rights management not dependent on third-party trust institutions. We designed three spatial data copyright management algorithms, developed a prototype system to implement and test the model, used the smart contract security verification tool to check code vulnerabilities, and, finally, discussed the usability, scalability, efficiency, performance, and security of the proposed model. The result indicates that the proposed model not only has diversified functions of copyright management compared with previous studies on the blockchain-based digital rights management, but it can also solve the existing problems in traditional spatial data infrastructure for data sharing due to its characteristics of complete decentralization, mass orientation, immediacy, and high security.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Cloud computing technology is renowned since the decade. Even though it is well established, there are some challenges present. Some of the primary challenges can be solved by integrating cloud computing with Blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is an emerging topic well known for its immutability, and the security that is providing to the data. In this paper with the aid of Blockchain Technology, we will address some of the approaches to the problems of cloud computing.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Santosh Pandurang Jadhav, Georgi Balabanov, Vladimir Poulkov, Javed Shaikh
IoT is spreading rapidly from industry to domestic application such as home automation and gathering sensitive data through IoT devices hence the security of these devices and the data transmission is of great importance. Because of the resource constraint devices, lightweight cryptographic protocol plays an important role. Therefore, implementing the zero-knowledge proof along with the hyper elliptic curve cryptography enhances the security and efficiency in the resource constraint devices.
Cryptography and Data Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically secure and anonymous financial transactions among the user nodes of the network enabling the transactions to be validated and approved by all the users in a transparent environment. It is a revolutionary technology that earned its emerging popularity through the usage of digital cryptocurrencies. Even though Blockchain holds a promising scope of development in the online transaction system, it is prone to several security and vulnerability issues. In this paper, blockchain methodology, its applications, and security issues are discussed which might shed some light on blockchain enthusiasts and researchers.
Open access
3 source records
cs.CR
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
N. Sundareswaran, S.P. Sasirekha, I. Joe Louis Paul, S. Balakrishnan · 5 authors
Know your customer or simply KYC is the process of validating and verifying the identity of its users and examining potential risks of illegal intentions for the business relationship. A few problems with the existing manual KYC process are that it is less secure, time consuming and costly. With the advent of Blockchain technology, its properties such as immutability, security, decentralization make them a good solution to such problems. While commercial solutions like “kyc-chain.com”, “KYC.legal” right to enable blockchain-based KYC verification, it provides a method for documents to be validated by a trusted participant in the network. In this work, Ethereum based Optimized KYC Blockchain system using symmetric AES encryption and LZ based compression mechanism is proposed. This system ensures transparency by distributed ledger, secured by cryptography, efficient by compression algorithm and overall optimized by blockchain features.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques