Blockchain technology had become evident since 2008 when Santoshi Nakamoto aimed to serve blockchain as a bond ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. It should never be compared to any existing technologies like the internet. Blockchain is pleased with the fact that it provides high satisfaction and a trust bond to its users. There are significant implementations of blockchain technology across various sectors of a country which includes the agricultural venture, education venture, and supply chain management systems. Blockchain technology can be useful in countries like India, where the agricultural sector perturb about one-sixth of the total GDP of the country and also about half of the employees working in that country. So we will discuss several implementations of blockchain, which are spoonful in transforming a nation.
Khoula Al Harthy, Fatma Al Shuhaimi, Khalid Khalifa Juma Al Ismaily
The Blockchain is a process which divide the data into blocks which are secured through unique cryptography algorithms to ensure privacy and security. The blocks are connected to each other in mesh topology which create a chain. Blockchain is start to be utilized through different domain such as banking, government, defense and educations. Today the higher education's institutions are grants to run campuses in different cities and different countries. Hence, securing the data transactions such as student profiles and certifications is considering significant concerns for security professions. Hence, this research is about highlighting the studies which cover the possibility of adopting Blockchain in education institutions. The concluded recommendation will be generated based on investigations running in the higher education field.
Please cite this article. Tanweer Alam. "IoT-Fog: A Communication Framework using Blockchain in the Internet of Things.", International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). Vol. 7(6), 2019. AbstractThe fog computing is the emerging technology to compute, store, control and connecting smart devices with each other using cloud computing. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an architecture of uniquely identified interrelated physical things, these physical things are able to communicate with each other and can transmit and receive information. This research presents a framework of the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing. The blockchain is also the emerging technology that provides a hyper, distributed, public, authentic ledger to record the transactions. Blockchains technology is a secured technology that can be a boon for the next generation computing. The combination of fog, blockchains, and IoT creates a new opportunity in this area. In this research, the author presents a middleware framework based on the blockchain, fog, and IoT. The framework is implemented and tested. The results are found positive. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Fog Computing, Cloud Computing, Blockchains, Communication Security.
<p>Blockchain (BC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel technology that acts with decentralized, distributed, public and real-time ledger to store transactions among IoT nodes. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block is linked to its previous blocks. Every block has the cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. The transactions in BC are the basic units that are used to transfer data between IoT nodes. The IoT nodes are different kind of physical but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, programs and able to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a procedure to process secured records of data through IoT nodes. BC is a secured technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this kind of technology to allow secure communication among IoT nodes in heterogeneous environment. The transactions in BC could be traced and explored through anyone who are authenticated to communicate within the IoT. The BC in IoT may help to improve the communication security. In this paper, I explored this approach, its opportunities and challenges. </p>
Blockchain applications have expanded its influence beyond the field of cryptocurrencies into many other different areas of focus. Many industries have incorporated Blockchain technology into their business model to take advantage of the benefits of having a decentralised, immutable and transparent application. Though many people have heard of the term "Blockchain", there are still a handful of people uncertain of how Blockchain technology functions. Learning institution is identified as one of the leading areas where integration of beginner and intermediate Blockchain courses into the school curriculum have started. Hence, this report examines the different alternatives for interactive learning opportunities using Blockchain technology to educate the students on extensive Blockchain information. It will assists individuals to discover the fundamentals understanding of Blockchain information and develop their interest in it. The application, Cryptochain is developed in this project, which targets to enhance the learning of Blockchain information through the use of better visualization and interactive in class. This in return will reduce the time required for students to understand the fundamentals and provide the educator with additional time to focus on the more intermediate or advanced topics.
Blockchain is an emerging field which works on the concept of a digitally distributed ledger and consensus algorithm removing all the threats of intermediaries. Its early applications were related to the finance sector but now this concept has been extended to almost all the major areas of research includ-ing education, IoT, banking, supplychain, defense, governance, healthcare, etc. In the field of healthcare, stakeholders (provider, patient, payer, research organizations, and supply chain bearers) demand interoperability, security, authenticity, transparency, and streamlined transactions. Blockchain technology, built over the internet, has the potential to use the current healthcare data into peer to peer and interoperable manner by using a patient-centric approach eliminating the third party. Using this technology, applications can be built to manage and share secure, transparent and immutable audit trails with reduced systematic fraud. This study reviews existing literature in order to identify the major issues of various healthcare stakeholders and to explore the features of blockchain technology that could resolve identified issues. However, there are some challenges and limitations of this technology which are needed to be focused on future research.
INTRODUCTION: Blockchain technology is associated with the financial industry, but it can be applied to other industries. The supporting architecture of blockchain has the immense potential to transform the delivery of healthcare, medical, clinical, and life sciences, due to the extended functionality and distinct features of its distributed ledger. The potential scale of impact is comparable to that seen with the introduction of TCP/IP. Blockchain technology has captured the interest of healthcare providers and biomedical scientists within various healthcare domains such as longitudinal healthcare records, automated claims, drug development, interoperability in population health, consumer health, patient portals, medical research, data security, and reducing costs with supply chain management. It is not yet clear if blockchain is going to disrupt healthcare, but healthcare organizations are monitoring its potential closely for prospective concepts like secure patient IDs. Realistically, the adoption and implementation of blockchains will be a gradual evolution over time, but now is the time to take a fresh look at its possibilities in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Blockchain technology revolutionary solutions are bringing us closer to the possibility of every patient record being able to send updates to an open-source, community-wide trusted ledger that is accessible and understood across organizations with guaranteed integrity. AIM AND METHODS: This paper discusses as a review some potential areas of opportunity for blockchain in the health and biomedical sciences fields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This paper describes and synthesizes 20 examples of real-world use-case scenarios for blockchains in healthcare and biomedical practice.
Blockchain technologies have recently come to the forefront of the research and industrial communities as they bring potential benefits for many industries. This is due to their practical capabilities in solving many issues currently inhibiting further advances in various industrial domains. Securely recording and sharing transactional data, establishing automated and efficient supply chain processes, and enhancing transparency across the whole value chain are some examples of these issues. Blockchain offers an effective way to tackle these issues using distributed, shared, secure, and permissioned transactional ledgers. The employment of blockchain technologies and the possibility of applying them in different situations enables many industrial applications through increased efficiency and security; enhanced traceability and transparency; and reduced costs. In this paper, different industrial application domains where the use of blockchain technologies has been proposed are reviewed. This paper explores the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of incorporating blockchain in different industrial applications. Furthermore, the paper attempts to identify the requirements that support the implementation of blockchain for different industrial applications. The review reveals that several opportunities are available for utilizing blockchain in various industrial sectors; however, there are still some challenges to be addressed to achieve better utilization of this technology.
The study integrates blockchain technology which treats each mobile database as a block. Each block will first detect its own range of sensor data. The system then concatenates the sensor data for each block through the blockchain technology. In addition to their own measurement data, these concatenated sensor data also contain all the sensor data of the previous block. Therefore, when the system completes the connection of each block, each block node stores the sensor data of the entire wireless network. Mobile database is placed in an embedded hardware module like the Raspberry Pi. This module also establishes web server at the same time. The setting of this mobile web server is based on the Web of Things (WoT) structure. The advantage of this mobile database is easy information collection, while maintaining confidentiality and security. This mobile web server can draw figures with multiple chart types on the web page whilst delivering these web pages of charts to the cloud. The mobile web server is also built on the same embedded hardware module, and even the system can be a private cloud data center. The proposed system will visualize the data uploaded by these sensors and draw the relevant chart after performing big data analysis. This web page server of the system is built on an embedded operating system so that it is easy for the system to model and visualize the corresponding graphics using the Python or JavaScript programming language.
Blockchain is a deliberately spreading set of data called as Blocks, which are associated and assured by the use of Cryptography. Each Block of this Blockchain consists of cryptographic hash of the preceding block, a timestamp and transaction information. Modification of Data by fraudsters is highly challenging in Blockchain by its design. It is an accessible shared register that can store activities between two internet users securely. Such a technology is an easy way for one person using internet to send fragment of digital property to other person who is also using internet, such that transfer of data or communication will be very secure and none of the sensitive details would be leaked. With the usage of Blockchain technology, several people can write the data into the Record and also sector of users can manage how the Record should be added with new entries. This technology is now being employed in a variety of applications like digital currency, supply chain management, medical information systems etc. In this paper, we have studied the technology behind Blockchain and the application of the same in several use cases. We have also implemented fund raise use case using Laravel PHP Framework to illustrate the steps of using Blockchain to assure secure transactions.
Samuel Fosso Wamba, Jean Robert Kala Kamdjoug, Ransome Epie Bawack, John G. Keogh
This paper aims to bridge the knowledge gap in the existing literature on Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech. It begins by clarifying the definition of these concepts. Through a systematic review and case studies in the supply chain industry, this paper brings out the applications, the benefits/value, and the challenges/issues of Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech in several industries. It also presents the research methodologies/approaches used during such research. The classification framework developed and used to perform an analysis of 141 articles from five top academic databases serves as a baseline study. It offers the opportunity to evaluate the level of knowledge on Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech, and their evolution over time. The findings show that these technologies are evolving, and organizations are embracing them for competitive advantage. Thus, organizations need to leverage research on these technologies to better understand them, optimize their business strategies, and develop critical insights for decision-making.
Kebira Azbeg, Ouail Ouchetto, Said Jai Andaloussi, Leila Fetjah · 5 authors
Diabetes is one of the most common disease over the world which requires a daily self-care in order to be controlled. Nowadays, diabetes self-management can benefit from the recent advanced technologies such as Internet of things (wearables and medical sensors) to take measurements and track health data. In this paper, we present a platform architecture based on the IoT and Blockchain to facilitate the follow-up of diabetes and to help patients to self-manage it properly. Our architecture combines the IoT with the Blockchain technology in order to collect patients' data, share it with their healthcare teams in a near real-time and in a secure manner while preserving patient's privacy.
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living.This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments.The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP).Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling device technologies such as RFID tags and readers, near field communication (NFC) devices and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet.As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly.This paper gives very interesting understanding with IoT discussed with making as simple as possible not with the intention to reach concept only up to readers but to become understandable and friendly at students level with some text and basic models.
Ricardo Carreño, Verónica Aguilar-Esteva, Daniel Pacheco, Antonio Acevedo · 6 authors
Knowledge society blockchain is one of the most powerful and recent tools to make the internet environment safer and reliable. Manufacturing has traditionally been dominated by standard designs that are mass-produced, due to the fact, that custom production causes additional costs that make it less affordable than mass production. This paper proposes to develop a designer expert system for IoT installation layout designs, using blockchain distributed system based on a machine learning, with users entering data to the expert system by a smart bot software. This expert system will work using extreme learning machine as inference engine; therefore, this is a shell to develop any expert system with fast learning. The whole system is represented by a smart contract with a value linked to the value of the expert system, the more this expert system be quoted on the web, the more the shares of the smart contract will cost.
A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed peer-to-peer network that allows one node to communicate with other nodes. When using blockchain technology in education, data or records can be stored permanently without fear of hacking du e to the secure hashing algorithms in blockchain techn
Carlos Kamienski, João Henrique Kleinschmidt, Juha-Pekka Soininen, Kari Kolehmainen · 8 authors
The intensive use of technology in precision irrigation for agriculture is getting momentum in order to optimize the use of water, reduce the energy consumption and improve the quality of crops. Internet of Things (IoT) and other technologies are the natural choices for smart water management applications, and the SWAMP project is expected to prove the appropriateness of IoT in real settings with the deployment of on-site pilots. At the same time, the more intense the use of technology is, agriculture turns new security risks, which may affect both crop development and the commodities market. A security breach may irreversibly compromise a crop and data eavesdropping may compromise price and contracts exposing sensitive data such crop quality, development or management. This paper discusses security challenges and technologies for the application of IoT in agriculture and indicates that one of the most relevant challenges to be handled in SWAMP project is dealing with the multitude of behaviors from IoT application and what would be considered as normal and what would be considered as a threat.
Andrei Cirstea, Florentina Magda Enescu, Nicu Bizon, Cosmin Ştirbu · 5 authors
This paper will introduce a minimal introduction to blockchain technology, followed by a medical application (MedBlocks). The application is based on this technology, with the purpose to make medical field more efficient. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize both medicine and any other field for system decentralization. This can change the whole world through efficiency and secure way to act. The objective of this paper is to show the extraordinary potential of this technology and how it will fundamentally change all aspects of receiving, transmitting and securing of information.
The traditional way of tracking food quality through the supply chain can be a difficult task. The most essential issue is food contamination. It often takes weeks even months to identify when and where a food product was contaminated. Another critical point is complex overlapping distribution and processing ecosystem involving farms, distributors, retailers and consumers, which makes it difficult to assure food provenance. Our SafeFood solution using blockchain and Internet of Things technologies can quickly track a food product's process from farm to storage shelf. In the context of food supply, a blockchain could be used to keep track and history of every single item processed throughout the supply chain. With the Hyperledger Fabric, all the food information is collected into the blockchain throughout every step in the supply chain to offer a more efficient way to figure out when and where food items were contaminated, which can help producers the limited contagions by public health officials . The benefits of more transparent food supply chain include: (1) increase the trust multiplied by each participant in food supply chain; (2) identify the source of compromised food and reduce the unnecessarily broad recall, (3) improve the co-ordination in food supply chain; (4) increase operation efficiency; (5) provide better food safety, more freshness and avoid food fraud for customer.
Recent interest around blockchains and Emerging smart contract systems over blockchain technology which allows mutually distrustful parties to transact safely without trusted third parties provided requirements good fit for the Smart Contracts sector. In the event of contractual breaches or cancellations, the decentralized blockchain ensures that honest parties get their just compensation. Blockchains permit us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network wherever non-trusting members can interact with each other without depending on an intermediary and be able to verify the transaction. All transactions, together with the flow of cash are exposed on the blockchain. A smart contract is used to 1) Facilitates for sharing of services and resources managing to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) permits us to automate in an exceedingly cryptographically verifiable manner many existing, long workflows My conclusion is that the smart contract over blockchain combination is powerful and can cause vital transformations across many industries, making new ways for new business models and innovative distributed applications.
Srinivasan Ananthanarayanan Bragadeesh, A. Umamakeswari
The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a myriad of applications to life which range from smart homes, smart energy, smart buildings, smart cities to almost smart everything. This has been made possible by fully exploiting the services of cloud infrastructure, communication technologies, improved sensing devices and advancements in embedded devices which helps in incorporating intelligence even on tiniest of chips. Blockchain is a decentralised distributed approach that can facilitate management, control and also provide security. The application of blockchain is not restricted to cryptocurrency and security. It is perceived that Blockchain in Convergence with Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Computing and Mobile Edge Computing can provide numerous prospects for framing solutions for IoT. Any application or system which deploys a IoT network can make use of Blockchain to achieve simplicity, transparency, security and cost efficiency. This paper tries to identify some key areas in which Blockchain can be used to exploit the IoT infrastructure and overcome the challenges faced. Few possible application domains in which blockchain can revolutionize the outcomes have been highlighted. A real-time case study in which Blockchain has been used to provide valuable benefits is discussed.
Any online transaction that involves digital money is a bit of a challenge these days with the rising threats of hackers trying to steal bank details posted online. This leads to the invention of various kinds of crypto-currency, Bitcoin being one of them. The technology behind using the Bitcoin is popularly called as Blockchain. Blockchain is a digitized, de-centralized, public ledger of all crypto-currency transaction/s. Blockchain tries to create and share all the online transactions, stored in a distributed ledger, as a data structure on a network of computers. It validates the transactions using peer-to-peer network of computers. It allows users to make and verify transactions immediately without a central authority. Blockchain is a transaction database which contains information about all the transactions ever executed in the past and works on Bitcoin protocol. In this analysis paper we discussed what is Blockchain?, SWOT analysis of BC, Types of BC and how Blockchain works along with its advantages and disadvantages.
This paper is inspired by the project proposal ID 7807232014 submitted for the EU Horizon 2020 topic ICT-11-2017 in April 25, 2017. It aims at applying state-of-the-art ICT technologies, systems and functions such as Cloud/Fog and IoT to enable food supply chain. A new approach will lead to trusted cooperative applications and services within the agro-food chains. Blockchain technologies will enhance the transparency, information flow and management capacity allowing better interactions of farmers with other part of supply chain, especially the consumer. Our research will provide better performing value chains by proposing new food-on-demand business model, based on new Quality of Experience (QoE) food metrics, bridging the gap between subjective experience and objective matrics based on quality standards. Finally, we provided an awareness qustionaire for fresh food products (FFP) and survay for a group of 30 students from the University of Skopje. This study showed that the majority of students are aware and focused just on few common FFP aspects without deeper knowledge of FFP quality.
Internet of Things (IoT) is now in its initial stage but very soon, it is going to influence almost every day-to-day items we use. The more it will be included in our lifestyle, more will be the threat of it being misused. There is an urgent need to make IoT devices secure from getting cracked. Very soon IoT is going to expand the area for the cyber-attacks on homes and businesses by transforming objects that were used to be offline into online systems. Existing security technologies are just not enough to deal with this problem. Blockchain has emerged as the possible solution for creating more secure IoT systems in the time to come. In this paper, first an overview of the blockchain technology and its implementation has been explained; then we have discussed the infrastructure of IoT which is based on Blockchain network and at last a model has been provided for the security of internet of things using blockchain.
M Vaidehi, Alivia Pandit, Bhaskar Jindal, Minu Kumari · 5 authors
After the boom and bust in cryptocurrencies’ prices in recent years, Bitcoin has been totally regarded as an investment asset. As it is highly volatile in nature, there has been a need for good predictions for carrying base investment decisions. Although current study has used machine learning for more accurate Bitcoin price prediction, some of them did focused on the feasibility of applying different modeling techniques to the samples that has different data structures and dimension features. To predict Bitcoin price on different frequencies after using machine learning techniques, firstly we have to classify the Bitcoin price with daily price and high-frequency price. Here, we attempt to predict Bitcoin price as accurately as possible by taking into consideration various protocols that affect the Bitcoin value. Using the provided data we would predict the sign of daily price change with highest possible accuracy. We have used Random Forest Classifier and compared with benchmark results as daily price prediction, we achieve a better performance, with the highest accuracies of the statistical methods and machine learning algorithms of 99%. my investigation in Bitcoin price prediction can be considered as a pilot study for the importance of the sample dimension in the machine learning techniques. Keywords Bitcoin, Crypto Currency, Machine Learning, Blockchain, Long Short Term Memory(LSTM), Recurrent Neural Network(RNN), Prediction