Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
1,615 results · page 54 of 68
Cornelis Leendert van Veldhuizen, Madhusanka Liyanage, Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo, Nhien‐An Le‐Khac
No abstract is available for this record.
Klaus Grobys, Josephine Dufitinema, Niranjan Sapkota
No abstract is available for this record.
G. V. Mahesh Nath
The largest and best-known Cryptocurrency in the global economy is Bitcoin but it is only one of approximately 2,000 cyptocurrencies in circulation today. A Bitcoin was worth 8,790.51 U.S. dollars as of March 4, 2020 and all the Bitcoins in the world were worth roughly $160.4 billion. In Bitcoin you don’t need to explicitly register or reveal your real world identity, but the pattern of your behavior might itself be identifying. This is the fundamental privacy question in a Cryptocurrency like Bitcoin leading to emergence of Privacy coins such a Monero and Zcash that utilize complex cryptography to achieve the greater Privacy levels with more anonymity features. However, in the zest for increased Privacy with focus on anonymity in Cryptocurrency transaction, the law and order issues are compromised wherein it would be near to impossible for the law enforcement agencies to track criminals dealing in money laundering, terrorist financing, tax evasion and other frauds by using Crypto currencies. In this background, it is necessary to understand “Cryptocurrency and Privacy” as an interface to better comprehends the subject of Cyptocurrency which is very dynamic in technology with multiple global implications on the economic and legal front. The present work aims to study Cryptocurrency in the context of Privacy. The foundational concepts and definitions of the two competing subjects: ‘Cryptocurrency and Privacy’ is taken up for better understanding the background of the interface. Tor, an anonymous communication network is referred in brief to state that the dilemma in the Privacy context is not unique to use of Crypto currencies technology in so far its negative effects are concerned . The conclusion suggest for finding an appropriate balance between an individual’s privacy and State’s security in Cryptocurrency technology.
Shiv Hari Tewari
No abstract is available for this record.
An Braeken, Madhusanka Liyanage, Salil S. Kanhere, S. K. Dixit
This theme issue will elaborate on the opportunities, challenges, and solutions to be offered by combining blockchain and cyberphysical systems for different application domains. Cyberphysical systems (CPSs) combine physical objects or systems with integrated computing facilities and data storage. Such CPSs can be interconnected in networks, within which they can exchange and share data and information with other objects and systems. The Internet of Things (IoT) in general is making rapid progress by providing connectivity to consumer devices. Blockchain is another promising technology in the information and communications technology domain. Blockchain is a decentralized digital database (ledger), which stores the transactions committed by users. The authenticity of such transactions is verified by the connected community (miners) before adding them to the ledger. Thus, blockchain employs a distributed trust model by eliminating a third -party centralized trust model. In the blockchain, each block bundles an array of transaction records and their cryptographic chain links.
Temofe Isaac Akaba, Alex Norta, Chibuzor Udokwu, Dirk Draheim
No abstract is available for this record.
Viktoriia Ivaniuk, Serhiy Banakh
Cybercrime, including cryptocurrency-related cybercrime, has become widespread in recent years. Despite a thorough study of cybercrime issues, there is still no legislative position on the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and the responsibility for cryptocurrency-related cybercrime in Ukraine. The authors classify and characterize all cryptocurrency-related cybercrimes into five groups. In view of the spread of cryptocurrency-related cybercrimes, the EU’s counteraction measures have been analyzed. Ways to prevent and counteract to cryptocurrency-related cybercrimes in Ukraine are suggested.
Francesco Scicchitano, Angelica Liguori, Massimo Guarascio, Ettore Ritacco · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Shams Tabrez Siddiqui, Riaz Ahmad, Mohammed Shuaib, Shadab Alam
No abstract is available for this record.
Garima Jain, Nisha Rani
No abstract is available for this record.
Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Woo-Young Kang, Fabio Spagnolo, Nicola Spagnolo
This paper provides some comprehensive evidence on the effects of cyber-attacks on the returns, realized volatility and trading volume of five of the main cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, XRP and Stellar) in 99 developed and developing countries. More specifically, it investigates the effects of four different types of cyber-attacks (cyber-crime, cyber-espionage, hacktivism and cyber-warfare) on four target sectors (government, industry, finance and cryptocurrency exchange). We find that in the US cyber security firms tend to overreact to cyberattacks affecting cryptocurrencies and more wealth is spent on cyber security compared to other countries. Both hacktivism and cyber-warfare have a significant impact on cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges are more vulnerable to cyber-attacks in non-US countries and in the presence of high economic uncertainty and less so if the industry sector is already being targeted. Finally, cryptocurrency investors exhibit risk-loving behaviour when the hash rate and cryptocurrency returns increase and risk-averse one when cyber-attacks target the financial and industry sectors and economic uncertainty is high.
Raffi Teperdjian
Smart contracts have the potential to improve many existing transactions and to enable entirely new business models. However, the technology supporting this new method of transacting is complex and the legal framework applying to it is somewhat unclear. Though theorised several decades ago, it was not until the advent of the distributed ledger technology known as blockchain that smart contracts were able to be practically implemented. This paper summarises the concept of smart contracts while providing the background and context of its development. It then distinguishes those smart contracts which are considered legally binding within the scope of US laws from those that may not have legal effect. Next, it provides an in-depth example of an exploitation of smart contracts and explores how the legal reaction to it is inadequate. To reduce the likelihood of future smart contract exploitations and to improve confidence for contracting parties, this article suggests adding explicit smart contract cybersecurity provisions to existing US legal frameworks. Specifically, I propose adapting several of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Federal Information Processing Standards to create minimum cybersecurity requirements for all legally binding smart contracts. I also examine the shortcomings of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act while identifying it as a piece of legislation ripe for reform which, if done adequately, may provide a legal deterrent to would-be cyber hackers of smart contracts.
Bank for International Settlements, Raphael Auer, Stijn Claessens, Bank for International Settlements
Cryptocurrencies are often thought to operate out of the reach of national regulation, but in fact their valuations, transaction volumes and user bases react substantially to news about regulatory actions. The impact depends on the specific regulatory category to which the news relates: events related to general bans on cryptocurrencies or to their treatment under securities law have the greatest adverse effect, followed by news on combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism, and on restricting the interoperability of cryptocurrencies with regulated markets. News pointing to the establishment of specific legal frameworks tailored to cryptocurrencies and initial coin offerings coincides with strong market gains. These results suggest that cryptocurrency markets rely on regulated financial institutions to operate and that these markets are segmented across jurisdictions.
Radosław Michalski, Daria Dziubałtowska, Piotr Macek
The term blockchain has its roots in cryptocurrencies. However, its applications are now more widespread, and in many areas, this technology has become the foundation of the distributed ledger. The blockchain protocol assumes that all the participants of the system are both contributors and safeguards of this ledger, since the lack of a trusted third party requires other security precautions in order to maintain the consistency of transactions. In this work, we investigate whether for the participants of a blockchain-based system that does not require revealing the character explicitly, it can be discovered by other means. In order to verify this, we built and publicly released a dataset of nearly 9,000 addresses of nodes in the most popular cryptocurrency - Bitcoin, and then labelled them. These labels represent the character the nodes have in the network, e.g. miners or exchanges. We then developed a set of features that quantify the behaviour of nodes in the network and used supervised machine learning algorithms to find out whether the character of nodes can be revealed based on these features. Our results demonstrate, due to the F-score reaching over 95% in the best-performing algorithms, that it is hard to hide the role the node has in a blockchain-based network. These results indicate that to build trustworthy blockchain-based systems that fully comply with original blockchain assumptions, specific countermeasures are needed in order to preserve the desired level of anonymity.
Changhoon Kang, Chaehyeon Lee, Kyungchan Ko, Jongsoo Woo · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Naoki Hiramoto, Yoichi Tsuchiya
No abstract is available for this record.
Samrah Arif, M. Arif Khan, Sabih ur Rehman, Muhammad Ashad Kabir · 5 authors
Smart Home automation is increasingly gaining popularity among current applications of Internet of Things (IoT) due to the convenience and facilities it provides to the home owners. Sensors are employed within the home appliances via wireless connectivity to be accessible remotely by home owners to operate these devices. With the exponential increase of smart home IoT devices in the marketplace such as door locks, light bulbs, power switches etc, numerous security concerns are arising due to limited storage and processing power of such devices, making these devices vulnerable to several attacks. Due to this reason, security implementations in the deployment of these devices has gained popularity among researchers as a critical research area. Moreover, the adoption of traditional security schemes has failed to address the unique security concerns associated with these devices. Blockchain, a decentralised database based on cryptographic techniques, is gaining enormous attention to assure security of IoT systems. The blockchain framework within an IoT system is a fascinating substitute to the traditional centralised models, which has some significant concerns in fulfilling the demand of smart homes security. In this article, we aim to examine the security of smart homes by instigating the adoption of blockchain and exploring some of the currently proposed smart home architectures using blockchain technology. To present our findings, we describe a simple secure smart home framework based on a refined version of blockchain called Consortium blockchain. We highlight the limitations and opportunities of adopting such an architecture. We further evaluate our model and conclude with the results by designing an experimental testbed using a few household IoT devices commonly available in the marketplace.
Kristin Weber, Andreas E. Schütz, Tobias Fertig, Nicholas H. Müller
No abstract is available for this record.
Anton Krivonogov, Maxim Repin, Nii "Voskhod", Nikolay Fedorov
Every year, the technology of using smart contracts is attracting more and more attention from users due to the unique advantages that it possesses: automatic execution of transactions in a traceable and unchanging way without third party authorization. At the same time, a smart contract is one of the most vulnerable elements in distributed ledger systems, which can be susceptible to attack by intruders. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology that allows analyzing a smart contract for information security vulnerabilities and determining the security level of a smart contract before placing it in distributed ledger systems. Research methods: to achieve this goal, methods of static and dynamic analysis were studied, the most relevant information security vulnerabilities were identified, and parameters for calculating the criticality factor of vulnerability and the security level of a smart contract were determined. Result: a promising static-dynamic method for analyzing the vulnerabilities of a smart contract is proposed, which makes it possible to unambiguously determine the security level of a smart contract before its placement in the distributed ledger system. Its main parameters are set, and the reference security factors of a smart contract are determined. The complete algorithm of the static-dynamic method of analyzing a smart contract is described, and an example of a generated documentary security report based on the results of analyzing a smart contract is given.
X. Alphonse Inbaraj, T. Rama Chaitanya
No abstract is available for this record.
Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Woo-Young Kang, Fabio Spagnolo, Nicola Spagnolo
This paper examines mean and volatility spillovers between three major cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ethereum) and the role played by cyber-attacks. Specifically, trivariate GARCH-BEKK models are estimated which include suitably defined dummies corresponding to different types, targets and number per day of cyber-attacks. Significant dynamic linkages (interdependence) between the three cryptocurrencies under investigation are found in most cases when cyber-attacks are taken into account, Bitcoin appearing to be the dominant cryptocurrency. Further, Wald tests for parameter shifts during episodes of turbulence resulting from cyber-attacks provide evidence that the latter affect the transmission mechanism between cryptocurrency returns and volatilities (contagion). More precisely, cyber-attacks appear to strengthen cross-market linkages, thereby reducing portfolio diversification opportunities for cryptocurrency investors. Finally, the conditional correlation analysis confirms the previous findings.
Leonardo Nizzoli, Serena Tardelli, Marco Avvenuti, Stefano Cresci · 6 authors
Cryptocurrencies represent one of the most attractive markets for financial speculation. As a consequence, they have attracted unprecedented attention on social media. Besides genuine discussions and legitimate investment initiatives, several deceptive activities have flourished. In this work, we chart the online cryptocurrency landscape across multiple platforms. To reach our goal, we collected a large dataset, composed of more than 50M messages published by almost 7M users on Twitter, Telegram and Discord, over three months. We performed bot detection on Twitter accounts sharing invite links to Telegram and Discord channels, and we discovered that more than 56% of them were bots or suspended accounts. Then, we applied topic modeling techniques to Telegram and Discord messages, unveiling two different deception schemes - “pump-and-dump” and “Ponzi” - and identifying the channels involved in these frauds. Whereas on Discord we found a negligible level of deception, on Telegram we retrieved 296 channels involved in pump-and-dump and 432 involved in Ponzi schemes, accounting for a striking 20% of the total. Moreover, we observed that 93% of the invite links shared by Twitter bots point to Telegram pump-and-dump channels, shedding light on a little-known social bot activity. Charting the landscape of online cryptocurrency manipulation can inform actionable policies to fight such abuse.
Zihao Yuan, Qi Yuan, Jiajing Wu
No abstract is available for this record.
Nitesh Kumar, Ajay Singh, Anand Handa, Sandeep K. Shukla
No abstract is available for this record.