The holy scriptures are the foundation of religion, civilization, and society. They strengthen a society's ethics and ideals. "Shastras" are Indian scriptures. Most of the important Shastras of ancient Indian civilization were destroyed by invaders, and the remaining Shastras are either too complex to understand or have been misinterpreted. Shastras must be preserved for society's ethics and wealth. Using blockchain to store vast volumes of data is efficient since the network grows stretched. Cloud storage uses attribute-based encryption to preserve security. In such systems, a private key generator can decrypt data, which can cause serious issues. The cloud is centralized; therefore, a failure can bring it down, whereas decentralized storage can avoid this. The Interplanetary File System (IPFS) overcomes the restrictions of cloud storage and blockchain when handling sensitive data. In the paper, a solution has been proposed for storing and sharing data in a decentralized way and combining IPFS with the Ethereum blockchain to create a platform where secured storage and translations of Shastras can be provided. The proposed framework is used for storing files to identify text using Web scraping, later translating the text using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and sharing the translated version of the file on the framework so that it can be easily accessed by the user as per the requirement. The proposal is evaluated with the help of IPFS, which provides a platform to store files, generate a hash value, and remove duplication as it uses content-addressing.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Data Security Solutions
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Abhinav Agarwal, Ravi Joshi, Himanshu Arora, Rajkumar Kaushik
Blockchain is basically a conveyed database that contains records and public record for all exchanges or computerized occasions that have been performed and shared among members. Every transaction in the public record is checked by agreement of most individuals in the system. When the data is placed, the data won't ever vanish. Block chain contains a conclusive and undeniable record of each and every transaction ever. The primary rationale of this of this proposed work is safely store and keeps up with the patient records in cloud database. Healthcare is a data serious space where a lot of data is created, dispersed, put away, and got to day to day. The Blockchain innovation is utilized to safeguard the healthcare data facilitated inside the cloud. The blockchain that contains the clinical data and Distributed computing will associate different healthcare suppliers. It permits healthcare supplier to get to the patient subtleties all the more safely from anyplace. It secures the data from attackers. The data is encrypted before moving to the cloud. The healthcare supplier needs to decrypt the data before downloading the information. The information is finally obtained by involving cryptography in the encryption stage and can be simply acquired by the client and server. In this proposed study, a healthcare record-based protection and security of healthcare-related information in the cloud has been performed on java platform.
Massive nodes in a blockchain form an off-chain distributed storage network to provide storage resources for users to meet large data upload requirements. However, this storage approach introduces security and performance issues. Firstly, it is difficult to guarantee the integrity of the data uploaded, and these data may be easily corrupted or lost. Moreover, uploading excessive duplicate data leads to a waste of storage resources. In this study, to address these issues, with a double-copy storage model for blockchain off-chain storage, a novel public auditing scheme with client-side deduplication is proposed to reduce the storage overhead of nodes and check the integrity of the off-chain data. Based on smart contracts, our scheme could realize efficient user ownership and off-chain data integrity verification automatically. In addition, both data encryption and deduplication are achieved based on message-locked encryption and an improved authenticator generation algorithm. Security analysis and experimental comparisons show that the proposed scheme is effective and practical.
V. Vidya Chellam, S. Praveenkumar, Suryansh Bhaskar Talukdar, Veera Talukdar · 6 authors
Although blockchain technology was first created to manage financial ledgers, it has lately found use in a wide range of industries, including healthcare. Research innovation in this area will be boosted by the sharing of healthcare data. Nevertheless, patients who disclose their medical records face several privacy and security concerns. Here, the authors propose a blockchain-dependent system architectural design to demonstrate the prospect of blockchain technology in supporting (i) personal and examined medical data exchange and (ii) medical data access authorization processing.
Sanil Gandhi, Arvind W. Kiwelekar, Laxman D. Netak, Shashank Shahare
Approval processes are intra-organizational business processes designed to sanction the execution of specific administrative tasks. Purchasing essential stationery products, filing bills for acquired items, approving attendance at conferences, processing insurance claims, approving loans, and similar tasks are examples for which employees require approvals from multiple authorities within an organization. Common concerns mentioned by both the approving authority and the proposal submitter are the genuineness of the proposer and the time required for approving the proposal. This paper presents a novel Blockchain-based Approval Process System (BAPS) to establish mutual trust between the submitter and the approving authorities. The proposed system’s design, implementation, and evaluation are included in this paper. The suggested approach can shorten the time needed to obtain the permissions and increase transparency between the users and the authority. In addition, it eliminates issues such as the misplacement of papers. It stores the information in a secure and tamper-proof platform which is some of the most significant drawbacks of traditional paper-based systems.
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technology’s fast advancements aided smart healthcare systems to a larger extent. IoMT devices, on the other hand, rely on centralized processing and storage systems because of their limited computational and storage capacity. The reliance is susceptible to a single point of failure (SPoF) and erodes the user control over their medical data. In addition, Cloud models result in communication delays, which slow down the system’s overall reaction time. To overcome these issues a decentralized distributed smart healthcare system is proposed that eliminates the SPoF and third-party control over healthcare data. Additionally, the proposed Fortified-Chain 2.0 uses a blockchain-based selective sharing mechanism with a mutual authentication technique to solve the issues, such as data privacy, security, and trust management in decentralized peer-to-peer healthcare systems. Also, we suggested a hybrid computing paradigm to deal with latency, computational, and storage constraints. A novel distributed machine learning (ML) module named random forest support vector machine (RFSVM) also embedded into the Fortified-Chain 2.0 system to automate patient health monitoring. In the RFSVM module, a random forest (RF) is used to select an optimal set of features from patients data in real-time environment and also support vector machine (SVM) is used to perform the decision making tasks. The proposed Fortified-Chain 2.0 works on a private blockchain-based distributed decentralised storage system (DDSS) that improves the system-level transparency, integrity, and traceability. Fortified-Chain 2.0 outperformed the existing Fortified-Chain in terms of low latency, high throughput, and availability with the help of a mutual authentication method.
Electronic health records (EHRs) play an important role in our life. However, most of the time, they are scattered and saved on different databases belonging to distinct institutions (hospitals, laboratories, clinics, etc.) geographically distributed across one or many countries. Due to this decentralization and the heterogeneity of the different involved systems, medical staff are facing difficulties in correctly collaborating by sharing, protecting, and tracking their patient’s electronic health-record history to provide them with the best care. Additionally, patients have no control over their private EHRs. Blockchain has many promising future uses for the healthcare domain because it provides a better solution for sharing data while preserving the integrity, the interoperability, the availability of the classical client–server architectures used to manage EHRS. This paper proposes a framework called HealthBlock for collaboratively sharing EHRs and their privacy preservation. Different technologies have been combined to achieve this goal. The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) technology stores and shares patients’ EHRs in distributed off-chain storage and ensures the record’s immutability; Hyperledger Indy gives patients full control over their EHRs, and Hyperledger Fabric stores the patient-access control policy and delegations.
Electronic Health Records (EHR) serve as a solid documentation of health transactions and as a vital resource of information for healthcare stakeholders. EHR integrity and security issues, however, continue to be intractable. Blockchain-based EHR architectures, however, address the issues of integrity very effectively. In this work, we suggest a decentralized patient-centered healthcare data management (PCHDM) with a blockchain-based EHR framework to address issues of confidentiality, access control, and privacy of record. This patient-centric architecture keeps the patient at the center of control for secured storage of EHR data. It is effective in the storage environment with the interplanetary file system (IPFS) and blockchain technology. In order to control unauthorized users, the proposed secure password authentication-based key exchange (SPAKE) implements smart contract-based access control to EHR transactions and access policies. The experimental setup comprises four hyperledger fabric nodes with level DB database and IPFS off-chain storage. The framework was evaluated using the public hepatitis dataset, with parameters such as block creation time, transactional computational overhead with encryption key size, and uploading/downloading time with EHR size. The framework enables patient-centric access control of the EHR with the SPAKE encryption algorithm.
With the rapid development of Industry 4.0, the data security of Industrial Internet of Things in the Industry 4.0 environment has received widespread attention. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization and tamper-proof. Therefore, it has a natural advantage in solving the data security problem of Industrial Internet of Things. However, current blockchain technologies face challenges in providing consistency, scalability and data security at the same time in Industrial Internet of Things. To address the scalability problem and data security problem of Industrial Internet of Things, this paper constructs a highly scalable data storage mechanism for Industrial Internet of Things based on coded sharding blockchain. The mechanism uses coded sharding technology for data processing to improve the fault tolerance and storage load of the blockchain to solve the scalability problem. Then a cryptographic accumulator-based data storage scheme is designed which connects the cryptographic accumulator with the sharding nodes to save storage overhead and solve the security problem of data storage and verification. Finally, the scheme is proved to be security and the performance of the scheme is evaluated.
Before the advent of alternative blockchains such as Ethereum, the future of decentralization was all in the hands of Bitcoin. Together with Nakamoto itself, early developers were trying to leverage Bitcoin potential to decentralize traditionally centralized applications. However, being Bitcoin a decentralized machine, available non-trustless oracles were considered unsuitable. Therefore, strategies had to be elaborated to solve the so-called oracle problem in the newborn scenario. By interviewing early developers and crawling early forums and repositories, this paper aims to retrace and reconstruct the chain of events and contributions that gave birth to oracles on Bitcoin. The evolution of early trust models and approaches to solving the oracle problem is also outlined. Analyzing technical and social barriers to building oracles on Bitcoin, the transition to Ethereum will also be discussed.
Ammar Riadh Kairaldeen, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Asma Abu-Samah, Rosdiadee Nordin
Blockchain introduces challenges related to the reliability of user identity and identity management systems; this includes detecting unfalsified identities linked to IoT applications. This study focuses on optimizing user identity verification time by employing an efficient encryption algorithm for the user signature in a peer-to-peer decentralized IoT blockchain network. To achieve this, a user signature-based identity management framework is examined by using various encryption techniques and contrasting various hash functions built on top of the Modified Merkle Hash Tree (MMHT) data structure algorithm. The paper presents the execution of varying dataset sizes based on transactions between nodes to test the scalability of the proposed design for secure blockchain communication. The results show that the MMHT data structure algorithm using SHA3 and AES-128 encryption algorithm gives the lowest execution time, offering a minimum of 36% gain in time optimization compared to other algorithms. This work shows that using the AES-128 encryption algorithm with the MMHT algorithm and SHA3 hash function not only identifies malicious codes but also improves user integrity check performance in a blockchain network, while ensuring network scalability. Therefore, this study presents the performance evaluation of a blockchain network considering its distinct types, properties, components, and algorithms' taxonomy.
Every industry is expanding too quickly and adjusting to this new technology as it develops. Since it has the potential to deliver more precise and economical patient care, healthcare data management has recently attracted a lot of attention. Even today, many hospitals hold their own autonomous record management system, which causes security issues. In centralized record management systems, data privacy, centralized data stewardship, and system vulnerability problems affect traditional client-server-based and cloud-based health data management systems. Blockchain technology has a promising future in the healthcare industry because of its immutability, transparency, privacy, and security properties, which can address certain critical problems with the health management system. A more patient-oriented approach in healthcare systems is required to improve the accuracy and transparency of medical data. In healthcare systems, health records are the most sensitive asset that must be unique and protected across the system. Our objective is to showcase the potential use of blockchain technology in health record management systems in hospitals. In this paper, we demonstrate a health record management system that uses blockchain technology to store the medical records of a patient across multiple hospitals. The proposed system will mainly help in maintaining consistency issues related to data along with improved security in the system.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Data Security Solutions
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
M. Vivekanandan, Praveen Kumar Premkamal, C.I. Johnpaul, Silambarasan Elkana Ebinazer
Blockchain based distributed ledger mechanism has got a wide range of applications in this era. The degree of security measurement is always a bottleneck. Since there are technologies to break it. Data sharing through cloud for smart cities, collaborative actions, remote activities based on the data at the source, etc., need to be secure and free from masquerading and tampering. In most of the cases the data is pushed into the cloud from access points, sensors, or remote access centers. Preventing the data access and identifying anonymous access to these sensors require an enhanced security mechanism that prevents the inconsistent data to be transferred to the cloud. We propose a blockchain based enhanced security system that protects the data from the access point it leaves for the cloud using a distributed ledger. The consensus mechanism ensures the trust of existing sources during the data transfer from the source to the cloud. The trust generated by the subsequent data blocks with the security hash key ensure the integrity of the data and validity of the actual source. This prevent the illegal access to the data sharing points. We have verified the degree of security offered by our proposed model using informal analysis. We found that our method has improved the security of data access.
Kara paranın aklanması, yasa dışı yollardan elde edilen illegal kazançların suç faaliyeti ve yasa dışı fonlar arasındaki bağlantıyı gizlemek için sistemden saklanması olarak tanımlanabilir. Kara para aklama genellikle ikincil bir eylem olup, öncesinde yasa dışı bir eylem, diğer bir ifadeyle öncül suç gelmektedir. Kara para aklama küresel anlamda ciddi bir sorundur çünkü yıkıcı ekonomik etkileri bulunmaktadır aynı zamanda terörün finansmanıyla da yakından ilgilidir. Kara para aklama suçu her ne kadar yeni olmasa da kara paranın aklanmasında dijital paraların kullanılması oldukça yenidir. Bitcoin, Litecoin, Liberty Reserve, Perfect Money ve WebMoney gibi sanal paraların son on yılda popülerlik kazandığı görülmektedir. 2009 senesi kripto paralar için son derece önemli bir yıldır çünkü bir ödeme şeklinde yaratılan Bitcoin çarpıcı bir biçimde artan fiyatı ile finans dünyasında ilgi odağı oldu. Bu ödeme biçimi Satoshi Nakamoto kod adlı kişi veya grup tarafından Bitcoin: A peer-to peer Electronic Cash System (Eşler arası bir elektronik nakit sistemi) adlı makale ile dünyaya tanıtıldı. Bilindiği üzere Bitcoin bir merkez bankasına ihtiyaç duyulmaksızın işlemlerin yapılabildiği sanal bir paradır. Bitcoin’in anonim, neredeyse izlenemez doğası, kaçınılmaz bir şekilde suçluları bu para birimine çekmiş, dolayısıyla kara paranın aklanmasında Bitcoin başta olmak üzere dijital paralar önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada kara paranın aklanmasında Bitcoin özelinde kripto paraların rolü hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılacaktır.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has captured the attention of various smart farming industries in recent years by connecting physical objects of smart farms over the internet so that they can be discovered and queried globally using Enterprise Application Software (EAS). This continuous transmission and processing poses a significant challenge in dealing with the massive amount of Big-Data being gathered and disseminated. As more applications use cloud platforms to increase storage capacity by storing Big-Data on an untrusted cloud server, data security precautions should be taken. However, with the rapid increase in the number of IIoT devices and EAS end-users and their diverse categories, the existing device authentication mechanisms in IIoT suffer from single factor authentication and poor adaptability. In light of the security requirements in IIoT Big-Data sharing using untrusted cloud servers, we present in this paper a sustainable Ethereum merge-based Big-Data gathering and dissemination in IIoT system. Extensive theoretical and simulation results validate data gathering with a business incentive mechanism with a proper data propagation threshold is an important parameter for determining equilibrium and analysing dynamic properties of IIoT system, which directly affects data processing speed and its final state. The Ethereum merge mechanism controls data dissemination instances in both the industry and EAS through classification and integrity verification using distributed authentication devices. Proof-of-stake is used for this purpose, which uses randomly selected validators to confirm transactions and add new ledgers to consortium blockchains to transfer data using partial secrets, making it fast, secure, and sustainable. Our proposed scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art schemes in simulation over Hyperledger Fabric with improved security measures.
Cross-chain interoperability can expand the ability of data interaction and value circulation between different blockchains, especially the value interaction and information sharing between industry consortium blockchains. However, some current public blockchain cross-chain technologies or data migration schemes between consortium blockchains need help to meet the consortium blockchain requirements for efficient two-way data interaction. The critical issue to solve in cross-chain technology is improving the efficiency of cross-chain exchange while ensuring the security of data transmission outside the consortium blockchain. In this article, we design a cross-chain architecture based on blockchain oracle technology. Then, we propose a bidirectional information cross-chain interaction approach (CCIO) based on the former architecture, we novelly improve three traditional blockchain oracle patterns, and we combine a mixture of symmetric and asymmetric keys to encrypt private information to ensure cross-chain data security. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CCIO approach can achieve efficient and secure two-way cross-chain data interactions and better meet the application needs of large-scale consortium blockchains.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Data Security Solutions
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Recently, blockchain and smart contracts have been one of most popular technology to establish trustworthy applications in several fields. However, due to the transparency and publicity of blockchain, the information processed by a smart contract is visible to every party in a blockchain. In light of this, this study proposes a trusted computing as a service (TCaaS) framework based on the blockchain. One of the critical component is the Execution Environment for Secured Smart Contract Computing (ESC)2 node. In the proposed framework, people can deploy (ESC)2 nodes in a blockchain. Users can upload general-purposed programs and associated parameters and discover an (ESC)2 node for execution via related smart contracts. The programs and parameters are encrypted so that only selected (ESC)2 node can decrypt the data. Then the execution environment calculates the result and returns it to the blockchain. We evaluate our concept with the ESP32 microcontroller with the ATECC508A security chip and the Quorum blockchain platform. Therefore, the study contributes to ensure faithful execution of programs without losing confidentiality.
The smart manufacturing ecosystem enhances the end-to-end efficiency of the mine-to-market lifecycle to create the value chain using the big data generated rapidly by edge computing devices, third-party technologies, and various stakeholders connected via the industrial Internet of things. In this context, smart manufacturing faces two serious challenges to its industrial IoT big data integrity: real-time transaction monitoring and peer validation due to the volume and velocity dimensions of big data in industrial IoT infrastructures. Modern blockchain technologies as an embedded layer substantially address these challenges to empower the capabilities of the IIoT layer to meet the integrity requirements of the big data layer. This paper presents the trusted consortium blockchain (TCB) framework to provide an optimal solution for big data integrity through a secure and verifiable hyperledger fabric modular (HFM). The TCB leverages trustworthiness in heterogeneous IIoT networks of governing end-point peers to achieve strong integrity for big data and support high transaction throughput and low latency of HFM contents. Our proposed framework drives the fault-tolerant properties and consensus protocols to monitor malicious activities of tunable peers if compromised and validates the signed evidence of big data recorded in real-time HFM operated over different smart manufacturing environments. Experimentally, the TCB has been evaluated and reached tradeoff results of throughput and latency better than the comparative consortium blockchain frameworks.
Abstract In the healthcare sector, medical records contain sensitive information about patients, so guaranteeing the confidentiality and integrity of it is essential. To improve the security of it, blockchain technology is being utilized. The blockchain is a type of distributed ledger and it keeps data securely while also generating trust without the need of third party. It has data storage constraint and Merkle tree preserves data integrity but it is inefficient when searching transactions within it. Hence this paper describes InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) based storage and modified bloom tree data structure which is a hybridization of bloom filter and Merkle tree for efficient searching. To protect data privacy, initially it encrypts medical records using ciphertext policy‐attribute based encryption and then the data stored on IPFS returns a hash value. To diminish the false positive rate (FPR), the hash returned by IPFS is stored in two parts of the bloom filter. The first part stores the data by using “ k ” non‐cryptographic hash function and second part stores the transformed data with the same hash function. The bloom tree is created using Merkle proof for verification of medical record in blockchain. The experiments show that the proposed method reduces the FPR rate and searching complexity is O(log2).
Various metaverse applications have entered our daily life and show a promising trend that will occupy people's attention in the era of Web3. This makes interoperability across metaverses become one of the fundamental technologies in the context of multiple metaverse platforms. The aim of interoperability is to provide a seamless service for users when their requests interact with multiple metaverses. However, the development of cross-metaverse interoperability is still in its initial stage in both industry and academia. In this article, we review the state- of-the-art cross-metaverse interoperability solutions, which are designed for a dedicated purpose but do not apply to all metaverse platforms. To this end, we propose MetaOpera, a generalized cross-metaverse interoperability protocol. Connecting to MetaOpera by means of wireless communication, users and digital objects across different metaverses that rely on centralized servers or decentralized blockchains are capable of interacting with each other. We also implement a proof-of-concept mechanism for Meta- Opera, aiming at evaluating its performance with a state-of-the-art cross-metaverse solution based on the Sidechains technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the size of cross-metaverse proof and the average latency of cross-metaverse transactions using the proposed solution are about eight to three times smaller, respectively, than those of the Sidechains solution. This article also suggests a number of open issues and challenges faced by cross-metaverse interoperability that may inspire future research.
Xinyu Liu, Shan Ji, Xiaowan Wang, Liang Liu · 5 authors
Blockchain, with its characteristics of non-tamperability and decentralization, has had a profound impact on various fields of society and has set off a boom in the research and application of blockchain technology. However, blockchain technology faces the problem of data availability attacks during its application, which greatly limits the scope and domain of blockchain applications. One of the most advantageous researches to address this problem is the scalable data availability solution that integrates coding theory design into the Merkle tree promise. Based on this scheme, this paper combines a zero-knowledge accumulator with higher efficiency and security with local repair coding, and proposes a data availability scheme with strong dataset privacy protection. The scheme first encodes the data block information on the blockchain to ensure tamper-proof data, and then uses a zero-knowledge accumulator to store the encoded data block information. Its main purpose is to use zero-knowledge property to protect the accumulation set information stored in the accumulator from being leaked and to ensure that no other information about the accumulation set is revealed during the data transmission. It fundamentally reduces the possibility of attackers generating fraudulent information by imitating block data and further resists data availability attacks.