Harshavardhan Reddy B, Aravind Reddy Y, Sashi Rekha K
As the population of the world is growing at a rapid pace. By 2050, projections show that there will be 9.2 billion people on the planet that needs to be feed. Farmers need more sustainable and productive ways to be employed to seize a prominent place in the market with compelling profits. One effective way to do that is by using Blockchain to eliminate the middleman and scaling the product effectively. A Blockchain is a distributed and immutable ledger that holds a permanent record of transactional data. It operates as a decentralised database managed by the peers in the network eliminating the middleman. Blockchain helps the farmers to secure more profits, achieving them at least 30% more than what they are earning by currently followed conventional techniques. Especially in the Indian market, the price gap is high between producer and retailer due to the intervention of a middleman. Blockchain not only increases the profits but also ensures the authenticity of the product in real time, providing the customers and peers more information about the product as it is easier to trace the details of the product back and forth through the chain. This also enhances and regulates the price variations providing farmers with the best price they can expect for their product. This will gradually increase the involvement of more people and drives more investors towards the agriculture industry, funding more agriculture-based businesses increasing food production that can be able to feed the massive population sooner.
In 2016, India launched the smart cities mission. The objective of this mission is to developed cities by using ‘Smart’ solutions that provide core infrastructure and give citizens a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development. To achieve this it uses the technology to integrate and manage the infrastructures to provide better services and ensure efficient and optimal utilisation of available resources. Incorporation of new technologies for the development of smart cities gives the new ways of rethinking different services. In this paper, we are going study the applications of blockchain technology in smart city development
By the emergence of many intelligent application areas that can be diversified, such as homes and cities being smarter, creates new opportunities. It is clear that the Internet of Things (IoT) will be a large network with a growing number of connected devices at as a logarithmic speed in the coming years. IoT devices are embedded system elements that range from simple to complex. Typically, these IoT devices are more vulnerable to attack than other IoT endpoint devices, such as smartphones, tablets, computers, or servers, because they are limited in processing, storing, and networking capacity for information. Blockchain is a distributed, encrypted, immutable, and low-tolerance distributed ledger application. It is increasingly used in areas where data security is important. In this study, it is aimed to use IoT devices as blockchain elements as a solution to existing IoT security problems. A blockchain network was created by using Raspberry Pi 3 elements.
Hasan Al-Sakran, Yaser Alharbi, Irina Serguievskaia
The botnet problem of launching Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on other networks mainly arises from the rapid growth in the number of insecure Internet of Things (IoT) devices distributed across these networks. The focus of this work is to defend such an IoT network and its associated resources from attacks, and to prevent such networks from becoming a part of botnet launching DDoS attacks on other networks and resources. To achieve these objectives, this research emphases designing of a botnet prevention model for Internet of Things using emerging technologies such as Blockchain, Smart Contract, and Software Defined Networking (SDN). Blockchain is decentralized structure which fits with the decentralized nature of IoT. For securing IoT network, the proposed solution presented in this research based on building above the IoT network a Blockchain network and on top of it to use Smart Contracts that embedded the SDN rules.
The main purpose behind Internet of Things (IoT) is to extract extensive economic as well as other benefits and to alter day to day life of human being. but along with so many benefits IoT has a major disadvantage that it is considered to be an unreliable platform. However, in recent times block has received a enormous attention. One of the key features of blockchain is that it is a distributed and tamper- resistant ledger which holds a congruous record of data at distinct levels as a result of which it helps in overcoming the security issues in IoT networks. Applications based on blockchain are emerging, covering a number of platforms. However, blockchain is still facing a number of obstructions in its way which need to be solved. In this paper a review based on blockchain technology has been presented focusing on the characteristics, architecture and application areas of blockchain technology. The paper also highlights the advancements in various consensus algorithms and the challenges faced in implementing blockchain in the IoT domain. Finally the paper addresses several open research directions in the related field.
Blockchain technology uses the cryptographic technique to create expanding list of data records called blocks. Along with transaction and timestamp data, each block holds a hash value obtained using cryptographic technique. Blockchain gains importance for its decentralized data transaction and authorization without the need for third-party intervention. Although, it is mostly used in Finance sector these days, due to its inherent ability to protect data it can be applied to every field of computation especially in fields where data transaction is voluminous. Internet of Things (IoT) is one such area where it involves collection, transfer and processing of real time data from objects, humans and sensors to automate various tasks. Hence, this paper reviews the blockchain technology, and how it can be coupled with IoT to overcome the privacy and security issues. This paper first systematically introduces the concept of blockchain technology, its applications along with the need for IoT devices and its implementation. Finally, it discusses the blockchain based IoT (BIoT) its architecture, advantages, challenges in implementation
Benefiting from the real-time processing ability of edge computing, computing tasks requested by smart devices in the Internet of Things are offloaded to edge computing devices (ECDs) for implementation. However, ECDs are often overloaded or underloaded with disproportionate resource requests. In addition, during the process of task offloading, the transmitted information is vulnerable, which can result in data incompleteness. In view of this challenge, a blockchain-enabled computation offloading method, named BeCome, is proposed in this article. Blockchain technology is employed in edge computing to ensure data integrity. Then, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm III is adopted to generate strategies for balanced resource allocation. Furthermore, simple additive weighting and multicriteria decision making are utilized to identify the optimal offloading strategy. Finally, performance evaluations of BeCome are given through simulation experiments.
Blockchain is a distributed operation and information supervision technology programmed initially for Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The awareness in Blockchain technology is rapidly growing since the notion was invented in the year 2008. The motivation for the concentration in Blockchain is its significant characteristics that deliver security, privacy, and information reliability devoid of any additional system regulating the communications, and consequently it generates fascinating research domains, specifically from the viewpoint of methodological difficulties and restrictions. This study discovers the wide‐ranging Blockchain technology and studies it's perspective with respect to ‘ internet‐of‐things ’ controlled nodes. A resilient prototype method has been programmed that reveals a basic system exhausting Blockchain. The outcome illustrates that the established method is functional in test‐bed environment.
This research focuses on the decentralised distribution of solar energy between networks using IoT (Internet of Things) enabled devices and Blockchain technology. IoT provides a medium for software part to interact with the physical part which is energy and transmission grid. IoT connects the physical battery containing the energy to the cloud database which is then used to interact with the software. IoT also enables the transfer of energy through the physical medium on the command given by the user through the user application. To make the system decentralized, blockchain is used, which helps to connect all the users in the network where they can transact without the need of knowing each other or having the obligation of any intermediary. Decentralisation helps in achieving a system which doesn't require any middleman and works on the cumulative trust of the nodes - often referred to as the Consensus-Based Algorithm. There are a number of such algorithms but Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are widely used for blockchains. We suggest using the PoW algorithm. We need to take care if the certain conditions meet before enabling any user to transact. For such condition, we used the application logic on the server side to enable a valid transaction (similar to smart contracts on Ethereum). Blockchain also offers security, transparency, immutability and customer centricity to develop the most advanced and automated platform.
Mohammad Hammoudeh, Ibrahim Ghafir, Ahcène Bounceur, Thomas A. Rawlinson
This paper is set to demonstrate the methodology and benefits of applying blockchain to the Internet of Things (IoT). It outlines the design of a mission-critical monitoring system using the IoT and blockchain technologies. Blockchain is used to ensure the integrity of data gathered by IoT devices. Smart contracts are used to verify and enforce the conditions of monitored assets during their lifecycle. This system provides continuous, real-time and secure monitoring. A highly configurable interface is designed to allow users set thresholds and alerts.
Syed Sayeed Ahmad, Shahzad Maqsood Khan, Mohammad Amjad Kamal
BACKGROUND: The promising eventual fate of blockchain in healthcare has a lot more extensive prospect. Blockchain is a novel structure that gives another design to storage and trade of data among different members of a particular network. In case of a hospital, blockchain takes into consideration the creation of a better treatment structure by the expert doctor in order to arrange the meeting based on the symptoms of patients throughout the world by the electronic system. Blockchain technology is crucial for biomedical and human services applications as social insurance has turned out to be a standout among the most essential rising application areas of the blockchain distributed ledger technology. RESULT: By and large, blockchain is treated as a conveyed record to store social insurance related information for allocation, trading, dissecting, footage, and affirming purposes among accomplices. The advantage of blockchain databases versus traditional dispersed databases is that they are decentralized, permanent, and perfected with advanced digital payment frameworks and hash chain occasion structure. The blockchain code is an unlocked resource and can be utilized, altered, and customized by its clients. CONCLUSION: Nowadays, blockchain is expected to be almost universally adopted across medical organizations around the world. The purpose of this review article is to comprehend the current explored subjects, difficulties, and future headings in regards to blockchain innovation from the specialized perspective in the health care system.
Internet of Things (IoT) as per estimated will connect 50 billion devices by 2020. Since its evolution, IoT technology provides lots of flexibility to develop and implement any application. Most of the application improves the human living standard and also makes life easy to access and monitoring the things in real time. Though there exist some security and privacy issues in IoT system like authentication, computation, data modification, trust among users. In this paper, we have identified the IoT application like insurance, supply chain system, smart city and smart car where trust among associated users is an major issue. The current centralized system does not provide enough trust between users. Using Blockchain technology we have shown that trust issue among users can be managed in a decentralized way so that information can be traceable and identify/verify any time. Blockchain has properties like distributed, digitally share and immutable which enhance security. For Blockchain implementation, Ethereum platform is used.
Block chain technology, while revolutionizing various sectors, faces significant challenges regarding data privacy and security. As block chain networks become more widespread, the need for privacy-preserving techniques becomes critical to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and anonymity of user data. This article reviews various privacy-enhancing techniques implemented in block chain networks, including cryptographic protocols, zero-knowledge proofs, and off-chain solutions. The aim is to identify their effectiveness, limitations, and the trade-offs between privacy and performance. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study explores existing methodologies and suggests potential improvements for safeguarding privacy while maintaining the decentralized and transparent nature of block chain systems.
The Internet of Things (IoT) system is a concept that binds together multiple deployments of heterogenous distributed and decentralized systems. In such systems it is very hard to keep track of user data, enforce complex privacy policies, ensure safe data storage and sharing, as well as employ an efficient mechanism for process and resource management. Blockchain is a technology that emerged in 2008 with Bitcoin, and has proven to be effective in solving these problems. IoT applications are distributed by nature. Hence, distributed ledger technology (DLT) such as blockchain has the potential to play a significant role in how devices communicate in IoT. This paper will address these issues by introducing the high-level concept of blockchain as a service or BCaaS - a blockchain-based framework for internal and external collaboration throughout the IoT ecosystem. It will also discuss current problems with IoT and blockchain technologies integration, as well as how to overcome them.
Abstract In this paper, the authors propose to increase the efficiency of blockchain mining by using a population-based approach. Blockchain relies on solving difficult mathematical problems as proof-of-work within a network before blocks are added to the chain. Brute force approach, advocated by some as the fastest algorithm for solving partial hash collisions and implemented in Bitcoin blockchain, implies exhaustive, sequential search. It involves incrementing the nonce (number) of the header by one, then taking a double SHA-256 hash at each instance and comparing it with a target value to ascertain if lower than that target. It excessively consumes both time and power. In this paper, the authors, therefore, suggest using an inner for-loop for the population-based approach. Comparison shows that it’s a slightly faster approach than brute force, with an average speed advantage of about 1.67% or 3,420 iterations per second and 73% of the time performing better. Also, we observed that the more the total particles deployed, the better the performance until a pivotal point. Furthermore, a recommendation on taming the excessive use of power by networks, like Bitcoin’s, by using penalty by consensus is suggested.
Shovon Paul, Jubair Islam Joy, Shaila Sarker, Ahmad Javid Shakib · 6 authors
Blockchain technology has opened the gate of creating decentralized applications, where security is a big concern. Here, any transaction ever held is recorded permanently. Over the years, some non-reputable sources have been publishing fake and attractive news stories. Due to the lack of any regulatory systems, this news cannot be verified. Hence, these unreliable sources can publish whatever they want, and even in some cases, it makes chaos in society. In recent times due to the ease in internet availability and social media, inappropriate news can spread more quickly than ever before. In some cases, fake news is more attractive than the real one. Thus, people become misguided. Using the advantages of Blockchain's peer-to-peer network concepts, we will discuss a way to detect fake news in social media.
Najneen Shaikh, Suheb Shaikh, Gyankamal J. Chhajed
Counterfeit of medicine is major problem for consumer. Though there are more conventional methods for identifying counterfeit of medicine but they lack in security so to overcome this problem we are proposing secure software for medicine manufacturing supply chain management system by using blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is specially used in bitcoin cryptocurrency. It is characterized as an open-source, decentralized, distributed database for storing medicine information. Instead of relying on centralized intermediaries, this technology allows two parties to transact directly using duplicate, linked ledger called blockchain. Supply chain management is collection of activities required to plan, control and execute a products flow, from collecting raw materials and production through distribution to the final customer, in the most smooth and cost effective way possible. Supply Chain is beneficial when consumer or the organizations who want the information about medicine manufacturing at every stage to compare its quality. Confidential information related to medicine manufacturing is not to be unveil is accessible to authorized users.
Blockchain je rastuća lista zapisa, međusobno povezanih kriptografijom. Ti se zapisi nazivaju blokovima te je svaki od njih povezan s prethodnim i sljedećim te zajedno čine lanac (chain), odkuda je i nastao naziv. Tema ovog rada je implementacija Blockchain tehnologije u upravljanje rezervacijama. S obzirom na to da je Blockchain nova tehnologija, koja je većini ljudi nepoznanica, da bi došli do glavnog dijela tematike, rad počinje općim činjenicama o istoj. Slijede objašnjenja svake od tih činjenica da bi se potkrijepilo njihovo značenje. Glavna prednost Blockchain tehnologije je sigurnost. Sigurnost u većoj mjeri nego što su to tehnologije korištene do sada mogle postići. Ta se sigurnost postiže: algoritmima koji definiraju način na koji se postiže konsenzus za verifikacije transakcija (Proof of Work i Proof of Stake), blokovima koji sadrže sve informacije te su međusobno povezani što napadačima otežava šanse za napad, transparentnošću i povezanošću. Cilj ovog rada je pokazati kako bi takva tehnologija utjecala na svakodnevne primjere iz života. Nakon što se upoznamo s načinom djelovanja Blockchain-a u prvom dijelu rada, slijedi opis implementacije koji je prožet usporedbama s običnim bazama podataka. Prednosti Blockchain-a prikazane su kroz web aplikaciju koja služi za upravljanje rezervacijama.
Faisal Jamil, Lei Hang, Kyuhyung Kim, Do‐Hyeun Kim
At present, in pharmacology one of the most serious problems is counterfeit drugs. The Health Research Funding organization reported that in developing countries, nearly 10–30% of the drugs are fake. Counterfeiting is not the main issue itself, but, rather, the fact that, as compared to traditional drugs, these counterfeit drugs produce different side effects to human health. According to WHO, around 30% of the total medicine sold in Africa, Asia, and Latin America is counterfeit. This is the major worldwide problem, and the situation is worse in developing countries, where one out of every 10 medicines are either fake or do not follow drug regulations. The rise of Internet pharmacies has made it more difficult to standardize drug safety. It is difficult to detect counterfeits because these drugs pass through different complex distributed networks, thus forming opportunities for counterfeits to enter the authentic supply chain. The safety of the pharmaceutical supply chain has become a major concern for public health, which is a collective process. In this paper, we propose a novel drug supply chain management using Hyperledger Fabric based on blockchain technology to handle secure drug supply chain records. The proposed system solves this problem by conducting drug record transactions on a blockchain to create a smart healthcare ecosystem with a drug supply chain. A smart contract is launched to give time-limited access to electronic drug records and also patient electronic health records. We also carried out a number of experiments in order to demonstrate the usability and efficiency of the designed platform. Finally, we used Hyperledger Caliper as a benchmarking tool to conduct the performance of the designed system in terms of transactions per second, transaction latency, and resource utilization.