The COVID-19 is an exponentially growing disease that has intentioned nations to use technologies to detect the coronavirus infection. Several nations are working greatly to fight against COVID-19. Many nations have been using a range of devices to combat the pandemic, seeking information about growth, monitoring as well as the leaking the confidential information of the residents. This research aims to assist infected people online using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain technologies through smart devices. IoT-based healthcare devices gather useful information, provide additional insight through symptoms and behaviors, allow remote monitoring, and simply give people better self - determination and healthcare. Blockchain allows the secure transfer of patient health information, regulates the medical distribution network. A four-layer architecture is proposed using IoT and Blockchain to detect and prevent individuals to be COVID 19. This research provides a framework for patients with COVID-19 infectious disease and recognizes health issues and diagnoses online. Smart devices such as smartphones can install any mobile apps such as Aarogya Setu, Tawakkalna, and so on. These applications can track COVID-19 patients properly. The installation of mobile apps on smart devices focuses to reduce the time and cost and increase the performance of the infectious patient’s condition. A four-layer architecture is proposed using IoT and Blockchain technologies. Many research works focus on investigating, analyzing, and highlighting the affected individuals through guiding the COVID-19 infection. Eventually, various mobile apps are recognized and addressed in this paper.
In agricultural production, the supply chain transparency and data integration system plays a major role in certifying food products genuinely. Anyway, agriculturist like (sodbuster, granger, husbandman, etc.) right now are facing n number of problems like relationship between supplier and retailer, transparency causes devastating in production, less financial foundations for agriculturist in developing countries, overpriced interceder and hence it is very difficult to maintain the records and a state of satisfaction with a centralized approach. To address the problems arising from the farmers related to agriculture, the blockchain technology plays a major role in the agriculture industry by improving transparency and food provenance in the supply chain, which is featured by the distributed ledger, centralized servers, P2P (Peer to Peer) networks, As in [1] [10] RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tag, consensus verification. Hence, the proposed work explores the different problems faced in agriculture production and the solutions to those problems are addressed by using blockchain technology. By applying blockchain technology as in [5] [7] [8] [9] the supply chain and food provenance not only lengthens the practical domain of blockchain but also upkeeps real heroes of the country around agricultural production. The theoretical analysis of the proposed model reveals that the use of blockchain technology in the food tracking system builds trust among different stakeholders at different stages in the process of agriculture production and provides a hundred percent benefit to them.
Any new technology has a life cycle. Development, ascent, peak and decline periods. For blockchain technology, the successful primary implementation was done by combining several existing technologies. The research and development phase of it was done by the inventor of Bitcoin in this case. Blockchain too had its burst out period after the humongous success of Bitcoin. Bitcoin took everyone by surprise with its ingenuity, effectiveness, and efficiency in achieving it. The clever way of completely removing a centralised control with the help of cryptography and chaining of data with Merkle tree opened a whole new approach to consensus mechanisms, distributed computing, and data storage technologies. Blockchain, the underlying technology of bitcoin got the attraction of several industrial domains other than finance. This led to a boom of research in making use of blockchain in varied domains including enterprise environments where distributed decision making and validation is a necessity. Even though the enterprise solutions need the distributed consensus, computing, storage properties and most importantly the immutability characteristic of the blockchain, they also need a slightly different set of other properties like granular control over the network. They need protected blockchain network where only pre-approved, permissioned parties could get access to read, write, and modify the records. Enterprises also require full control over their business logic. Businesses have varying and evolving business logic. Enterprise solution providers need a way to fully utilise all features of blockchain to their business logic, which is somehow limited in the initial versions of cryptocurrency-based blockchains. These different set of requirements and the rapid developmental changes of blockchain technology initiated the development of a different set of enterprise Blockchain solutions. Enterprises need reliable and stable tools and methodologies to build their solutions. As blockchain is getting matured it goes through rapid changes and improvements. The characteristics of rapid development introduce instability. Enterprises cannot risk their business on the ever-changing platform, they need longevity. Enterprises prefer stability and reliability over new and rapidly changing features. The rapid development of blockchain also creates a lot of innovation silos. These solutions focus on a particular property of blockchain and addresses one or a few of requirements in a detailed manner over others. In general, choices while building a blockchain solution is high as it is a combination of several other technologies. At several stages of building up a blockchain system has a lot of places where the user must choose an option from a plethora of choices such as cryptographic algorithm, consensus algorithm, data dissemination etc. Several industry giants have come together to create a stable, well defined, and supported blockchain solutions for enterprise purposes. This doctoral thesis provides an overview of these enterprise blockchain solutions in general and analyses few well known and most used blockchain technological solutions. The analysis of enterprise blockchain solutions discusses the key properties, differences between a set of available solutions. This analysis helps to make the decision easier when selecting a blockchain/DLT solution. It also helps in selecting a blockchain solution for application development and designs a set of parametric software tools to support the complex and expensive configuration activities related to the deployment of corporate blockchains in distributed and unsafe environments.
Precise information flow in a supply chain (SC) improves profitability. Distorted information in SC results in coordination and transaction issues that diminish trust between SC partners. The prime objective of the present study is to enhance transparency in SC for both suppliers and consumers and boost legitimate coordination within the SC network using Blockchain Technology (BT). BT is a tool having an open-source, decentralized, and distributed database for storing transaction information. It allows two parties to perform direct transactions using their distributed ledgers without the interference of a centralized third party to achieving more transparent transactions than traditional systems. Consequently, the architecture of BT in SC has been developed based on factors identified from the literature review that leads to offering tracking and monitoring of entire SC. Subsequently, the blockchain architecture has been tested considering transactions between manufacturer, distributor, retailer, and customer to accomplish real-time transparency. Accordingly, it has been observed that transaction errors have been minimized, transparency has been improved in SC of the manufacturing industry using BT. Moreover, this paper provides a productive relationship between BT and SC management.
Manaf Zghaibeh, Umer Farooq, Najam Ul Hasan, Imran Baig
Governments rely on collected data to analyze their citizens' health requirements and needs. Such data is usually of scattered manner gathered by several agencies and entities that fall under different business models and goals. Hence, the scattered nature of this data creates a burden on governments in precisely planning adequate health bills that guarantee the wellbeing of their citizens. Furthermore, the issue of synchronizing and having a real-time access to such data exacerbates the problem even more. Therefore, a system that guarantees the integrity, accessibility, correctness and security of medical data in a highly synchronized environment is crucial for governments to accurately project their future needs. In this paper, we present Smart-Health (SHealth), a blockchain-based health management system. In its crux, SHealth is a private multi-layered blockchain integrated with a multi-tiered addressing scheme that defines the privileges and permissions of entities in the system. Blockchain-based systems assure security, reliability, availability, resistance against tampering and malicious attacks, seamless integration, and easy data management. SHealth proposes a complete autonomy to its users. Through a user-friendly graphical interface it capitalizes on smart contracts to initiate various requests and inquiries pertaining to patients such as appointments, medical tests, medications, medical procedures, or history. SHealth is simple, robust, efficient, secured, and completely automated. All the stakeholders in the system can access the health related data stored in a distributed database without compromising its authenticity. SHealth covers all the possible scenarios in health systems from which some of them are explained in this work.
Noshina Tariq, Ayesha Qamar, Muhammad Asim, Farrukh Aslam Khan
The Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrated its roots in almost every domain of life. Smart healthcare is one of the major domains that extensively uses IoT infrastructures and solutions. IoT-based smart healthcare systems have immensely added value to the healthcare domain with the use of wearable and mobile devices. This leads to a substantial use of health data sharing for the improved, accurate, and timely diagnosis. However, smart healthcare systems are highly vulnerable to several security breaches and various malignant attacks, such as privacy leakage, tempering, forgery, etc. Recently, the blockchain technology emerged as a propitious solution against such breaches and challenges. This paper presents an up-to-date survey on different challenges and open issues faced in smart healthcare due to the traditional security measures along with the security requirements of such domains. It also amalgamates the potentials of blockchain technology as a promising security measure, highlights potential challenges in the healthcare domain, and provides an analysis of different blockchain-based security solutions.
This paper presents research challenges on security and privacy issues in the field of green IoT-based agriculture. We start by describing a four-tier green IoT-based agriculture architecture and summarizing the existing surveys that deal with smart agriculture. Then, we provide a classification of threat models against green IoT-based agriculture into five categories, including, attacks against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability, and integrity properties. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward secure and privacy-preserving technologies for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. In addition, we analyze the privacy-oriented blockchain-based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. Based on the current survey, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions in the security and privacy of green IoT-based agriculture.
Internet of Things (IoT) equipment is usually in a harsh environment, and its security has always been a widely concerned issue. Node identity authentication is an important means to ensure its security. Traditional IoT identity authentication protocols usually rely on trusted third parties. However, many IoT environments do not allow such conditions, and are prone to single point failure. Blockchain technology with decentralization features provides a new solution for distributed IoT system. In this paper, a blockchain based multi-WSN authentication scheme for IoT is proposed. The nodes of IoT are divided into base stations, cluster head nodes and ordinary nodes according to their capability differences, which are formed to a hierarchical network. A blockchain network is constructed among different types of nodes to form a hybrid blockchain model, including local chain and public chain. In this hybrid model, nodes identity mutual authentication in various communication scenarios is realized, ordinary node identity authentication operation is accomplished by local blockchain, and cluster head node identity authentication are realized in public blockchain. The analysis of security and performance shows that the scheme has comprehensive security and better performance.
Many existing business processes can be more effective and efficient with blockchain technology to save time, reduce risk and save money. Blockchain is a digital ledger where each block is linked to another block in a time stamped and every block has numbers of transaction with meta data like index, previous Hash and hash of that block. These hash make this digital ledger to an immutable public record of digital transactions. Every new transaction is validated by the other nodes across the distributed network before it is stored in a block. All transaction information once stored on the ledger is verifiable and auditable but not editable. With blockchains, business can establish what they are and then trade items like money, votes, deeds, intellectual property, stocks and bonds, loyalty points, and anything else that has value. One of the biggest divisions in blockchain technology is permissioned versus permissionless blockchains. Permissioned Blockchain is especially useful for the business that have to comply with regulations and wants to complete control of their data. Hyperledger works in this direction that has the aim of improving cross-industry permissioned blockchain technologies. In this paper we explained the some parameter for selecting platform of blockchain for business applications with some use cases and business people can also use Blockchain-as-a-service to deploy their own blockchain app easily that's managed and administered by cloud-based service providers.
Koushik Roy, Nur Islam, Tarango Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan
Unlike long ago information storage in recent times heavily relies on technology. Physical representations like paper-based documents of data have minimized to a negligible amount. But relying on technology has also its drawbacks. These drawbacks can essentially be in terms of security and security breaches can result in compromising data worth a lot of money. In order to tackle this problem, this research looks into the state-of-the-art cryptographic algorithms and data storing paradigms, more specifically focus on the form of data storage known as Blockchains. Currently no such system is available where the user has the capability to create dynamic schemas to store their data in Blockchains along with the its integration with their existing system. Leveraging the concepts of Smart Contracts and Blockchain, on this paper a novel data storing engine by which users can create dynamic data schemas is proposed and also the data query abstractions to manage the data, integration of this system with the users existing system will also be an unchallenging problem. Finally, the results are presented by building an application which is built using the proposed engine and thus evaluate the solution.
Shovon Paul, Jubair Islam Joy, Shaila Sarker, Ahmad Javid Shakib · 6 authors
Blockchain technology has the scope of creating a decentralized environment where any third-party organization does not manipulate transactions, and the transaction is recorded in a public ledger permanently within the first-ever occurrence. The backbone of the developing countries' economy depends on farming. When farmers sell their crops, they don't get their desired money following their hard work due to the existence of a loop that always creates an artificial crisis, which causes rise to the price of the farming goods. As a result, the farmer doesn't get this extra money as a middle-man between the farmers and the consumers are taking this extra money out. Though modern farming involves science and technology, still it is centralized and not transparent to all. Based on blockchain technology, the study proposed a decentralized agricultural platform, named KHET to resolve the mentioned issue. This paper constitutes trust and decentralization between agricultural stakeholders such as farmers, supply companies, and markets.
Mani Deep Karumanchi, J.I. Sheeba, S. Pradeep Devaneyan
Within a few years, many companies are adopted by the new Supply Chain Management (SCM) system for offering various services for customers. The lack of services makes a supply chain (SC) to degrade in operational efficiency, reduction in transaction cost, quality and customer satisfaction. To take over this aforementioned problems cloud computing (CC) is one of the best choices in SC by providing a platform, infrastructure, faster deployment, secure access and software solution for the entire SC. According to a recent survey, the storage of data in cloud-based SCM is also a risky due to loss of stored data, credentials, etc., so we mentioned trust as the main problem for financial and operational benefits. To provide trust to the SCM, blockchain is introduced to record transactions efficiently, providing trust between business partners, information security, extended visibility, and product traceability. Furthermore, the determination of this review is, to improve a deep understanding among the current research state and on that identifying the future challenges. Thus an investigation is presented for trust and security approach using blockchain to develop a new Supply Chain framework in a cloud environment.
Bhaskara S. Egala, S Priyanka, Ashok Kumar Pradhan
Smart healthcare monitoring systems provide better healthcare service by improving the availability and transparency of health data. However, it also posses serious threats to data security and privacy. As medical internet of things (IoT) are connected to other devices through various networks that provide a suitable attack surface for the intruders. Further, the health data are sensitive, and any breach in security may lead to wrong treatment or compromising the privacy of the patients. In this regard, a secure IoT frame is desirable, which is capable of preserving the integrity and confidentiality of the medical data. In this paper, we have proposed a novel architecture which leverages the blockchain technology to enhance the security and privacy of IoT for healthcare applications. In the proposed architecture called smart healthcare system for patients in ICU (SHPI), critical data is processed in edge computing which is located inside the hospital to reduce the communication latency. In order to provide tramper-proof medical records and data confidentiality SHPI uses blockchain technology and cryptographic methods respectively. Also, a data accessing token system is introduced to separate the group of users based on their roles. This system utilizes smart contracts to record every event for providing transparency in medical activities. In order to describe the working principles a logical analysis is carried out, that shows the system is capable of providing the desired security and privacy.
Abbas Yazdinejad, Reza M. Parizi, Gautam Srivastava, Ali Dehghantanha · 5 authors
In recent years, there has been rapid growth in developing smart cities. Nearly 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water and a large proportion of underwater environments are still unknown and have not been explored. In this context, Internet of things (IoT) is one of the most important technologies used in smart cities. Due to the growth of IoT and its influence in all areas of human life, including the underwater environment, a new class of IoT, called Internet of underwater things (IoUT) has emerged. IoUT includes a network of underwater smart devices that are connected to each other and has applications in environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, disaster prevention and military. In autonomous interactions of underwater devices, objects must be authenticated and securely interconnected to avoid security risks by malicious nodes. Most authentication methods and security mechanisms are centralized and often require a trustful third party in communications, which may well increase the computation cost and energy consumption due to the subsequent overhead, especially for underwater communications. On the other hand, there are restrictions on devices in the underwater environment, the most important of which are energy constraints. In this paper, we propose a robust, transparent, and energy-efficient decentralized authentication mechanism for IoUT using blockchain technology. We show through results that the proposed method is suitable for underwater devices with limited memory, energy, and computational power. The proposed model’s decentralized authentication in a cluster network has a significant effect on reducing the energy consumption of the devices by 74.63% compared to classic authentication methods. Moreover, using the proposed method allows a savings of more than 41.9% in end-to-end delay and increases delivery rate by 21.6%.
S. Umamaheswari, Sruthi Sreeram, N. Kritika, D. R. Jyothi Prasanth
Blockchain's most basic promise for the agriculture industry is that it removes the need for third parties otherwise required to ensure trust within buyer-seller relationships, or for that matter any source-destination relationship. In an environment enabled by blockchain technology, transactions become peer-to-peer with no use for intermediaries.Apart from providing the means to transact peer-to-peer, blockchain can create `smart contracts' that execute the terms of any agreement when specified conditions are met. Every time value changes hands, whether physical products, services or money, the transaction can be documented, creating a permanent history of the product or transaction, from source to ultimate destination. Blockchain can be of great help in this sector. A transparent and trusted system can be built by putting all the information about agricultural events on a blockchain. Farmers can also get instant data related to the seed quality, climate environment related data, payments, soil moisture, demand and sale price, etc. all on a single platform.The intent of this project is to store the sensor data in a blockchain and build a smart contract deployed in the Ethereum blockchain to facilitate buying and selling of crops and land.
Jigna J. Hathaliya, Priyanka Sharma, Sudeep Tanwar, Rajesh Gupta
In Healthcare 4.0, Remote patient monitoring (RPM) becomes a more powerful and flexible patient observation through wearable sensors at any time and anywhere. The most focused application area of RPM which allows doctors to get real-time information of their patient remotely with the help of wireless communication system. Thus, RPM reduces the time and cost of the patient. It also provides the quality care to the patient. To enhance the security and privacy of the patient data, in this paper, we have presented a Permissioned blockchain-based healthcare architecture. We have also discussed the challenges and their solutions. We have described the applications of blockchain. We also have given the usage of Machine learning with blockchain technology which can impact the healthcare industry.
To decrease the talent shortage in the digital economy industry and fill the gap between academics and industry, this study establishes an innovative model to cultivate interdisciplinary talent that links the resources in the academic and industrial fields. To monitor and manage the learning performance and training history throughout the process, this study creates a Talent Management System (TMS), which uses blockchain technology to record 698 interns' data on their online learning history, project outcomes, and certification of completion. With TMS, research institutions, schools, and corporations can access the digital resumes of interns more efficiently, thus reducing the cost of management and recruiting and ensuring the authentication of resumes.
Julija Golosova, Andrejs Romānovs, Nadezhda Kunicina
With the appearance of Blockchain technology, besides cryptocurrency, interest in the use of this technology in various fields has increased, including in the energy sector. Since Blockchain technology has repeatedly proven its importance in various fields, now the advantages of technology have become obvious in large energy companies. Many developed countries are massively starting to introduce Blockchain technology into the energy industry. While it is mainly pilot projects or just technology testing but already now Blockchain can qualify for creating new energy markets. The energy sector is currently at the stage of transition from a centralized system to a decentralized one in which complete autonomy will be achieved through the production and storage of energy.
Salam Khanji, Farkhund Iqbal, Zakaria Maamar, Hakim Hacid
The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) enables addressing problems with limited human assistance. It offers communication across various modern smart city applications, for example, using communication technologies like wireless sensor networks that would generate a huge amount of data. It is imperative to maintain reliable and trustworthy interactions over things to guarantee proliferation of IoT applications. As these applications are being rolled out in many fields, sensitive data need to be safeguarded against misuse and/or leakage. Moreover, promptness and real-time responses should feature all IoT services. This paper explores, through an experimental framework, the integration of blockchain into IoT in order to investigate its impact, security enhancements, and limitations or open challenges it might bring. A private fork on Ethereum blockchain platform is developed to connect IoT devices (Raspberry pi) deployed to detect car crashes so, that, the process of insurance claims are expediated. The same scenario is also deployed on public Ethereum network in order to offer a comprehensive overview of both public and private blockchain platforms and their related security issues and challenges. The findings formulate a rigid foundation upon which a proper and efficient IoT paradigm can be provisioned to unlock blockchain technology potentials in different other domains besides IoT.