Thomas Morstyn, Alexander Teytelboym, Malcolm McCulloch
This paper proposes the novel application of matching markets with contracts for electric vehicle smart charging. The flexibility inherent in electric vehicle charging presents the new opportunity for automation and coordination to shape overall demand. Mechanisms that incentivise coordination are a promising approach for integrating the individual preferences and energy requirements of electric vehicle owners. However, these mechanisms require careful design, since they directly influence power system operation. This paper proposes a new market design, allowing owners of electric vehicles and aggregators to competitively negotiate contracts specifying the time and price of charging at discrete power levels. It is shown that the agents' preferences over contracts satisfy the condition of substitutability, establishing the existence of a stable outcome - an agreed set of contracts no group of agents wish to mutually deviate from. A distributed price-adjustment process is then presented for finding stable outcomes, which only requires local agent decisions and agent-to-agent negotiation. An advantage of the proposed market design is that contracts specify discrete charging power levels, rather than requiring continuously controllable charging powers. This makes it suitable for standard charging infrastructure, and could potentially increase efficiency compared with strategies that operate chargers at low power levels.
Aug 1, 2018·2018 IEEE 16th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 16th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech)
The smart community (SC), as an important part of the Internet of energy (IoE), can facilitate integration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid. However, due to the potential security and privacy issues caused by untrusted and opaque energy markets, it becomes a great challenge to optimally schedule the charging behaviors of EVs with distinct energy consumption preferences in SC. In this paper, we propose a contract based energy blockchain for secure EV charging in SC. Firstly, a permissioned energy blockchain system is introduced to implement secure charging services for EVs with the execution of smart contracts. Secondly, a reputation based delegated Byzantine fault tolerance (DBFT) consensus algorithm is proposed to eficiently achieve the consensus in the permissioned blockchain. Furthermore, based on the contract theory, the optimal contracts are analyzed and designed to satisfy EVs' individual needs from energy sources while maximizing the operator's utility. Finally, numerical results validate the effectiveness and ef?ciency of the proposed scheme through comparison with other conventional schemes.
This paper presents a distributed Load Balancing Trade Framework (LBTF) with focus on demand response and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) security in smart grid. This comprehensive energy market model LBTF framework can achieve good balance in demand response in two ways. First way is utility-grid contract, which introduced a simple reward policy using distributed proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm in Blockchain to motivate consumer to use less energy in peak hours. Through this policy consensus algorithm reward electric units to the consumers in peak hours. And in second way scheme introduce Micro-grid contract, which is a peer to peer (P2P) trade in global market. Those consumer (prosumer) who can generate energy using renewable resources can sell their surplus energy to other consumer through this contract. Furthermore, hash functions, public key encryption and digital signatures have been used to provide privacy preserving to the consumers and integrity to the stored data.
Nowadays, many home appliances use electricity to operate. However, prediction of the electricity usage is not easy and accurate. A prepayment scheme provides the better way to forecast domestic electricity usage. Traditionally, the prepayment scheme is based on the centralized server or the standalone embedded machine, but the centralized service is highly vulnerable to security threats and potential attacks. The purpose of this paper is to describe our design of a peer-to-peer token bill system for the domestic electricity distribution. It also describes the trusted information transaction among the Internet-of-Things devices. In addition, we provide a conceptual overview of the blockchain-based Wattcoin payment system. In this system, a wallet is created by using the cryptography technique that generates private key, public key and the wallet address. Then, the transaction is done when the digital signature is used to authenticate every transaction floating in the network. Moreover, this paper illustrates blockchain message protocol for message exchange among devices.
Apostolos C. Tsolakis, Ioannis Moschos, Konstantinos Votis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis · 9 authors
The aim of the proposed work is to introduce a secure and interoperable Demand Response (DR) management platform that will assist Aggregators (or other relevant Stakeholders involved in DR business scenarios) in their decision making mechanisms over their portfolios of prosumers. This novel architecture incorporates multiple strategies and policies provided from energy market stakeholders, establishing a more modular and future-proof DR solution. By employing an innovative multi-agent decision making system and self-learning algorithms to enable aggregation, segmentation and coordination of several diverse clusters, consisting of supply and demand assets, a fully autonomous design will be delivered. This DR framework is further fortified in terms of data security by not only implementing cutting-edge blockchain infrastructure, but also by making use of Smart Contracts and Decentralized Applications (dApps) which will further secure and facilitate Aggregators-to-Prosumers transactions. The blockchain technologies will be combined with well-known open protocols (i.e. OpenADR) towards also supporting interoperability in terms of information exchange.
Abstract Blockchains were developed as a technology used for transactions of Bitcoins (cryptocurrency). Blockchains have several features such as decentralized transaction without third parties, tolerance network, prevention of data manipulation, and operational cost reduction. This technology is gaining attention in the world, and by adding extensions, improvements, or new technologies, it is expected to be used not only in cryptocurrency and fintech but also in the power and energy system field. This technical note explains the outline of the blockchain technology and its application to the field of power and energy system.
The amalgamation of information and communication technologies in power industry has led to a revolution known as smart grid (SG). The energy consumers interact with the power utility using a bidirectional communication channel for energy trading in SG ecosystem. However, the traditional energy trading mechanisms strongly rely on trusted third parties which act as a single point of failure. Therefore, it is important to equip SG with a decentralized and secure energy trading system which can execute contracts and handle negotiations among various trading parties. Hence, in this paper, EnergyChain, a blockchain model for storing and accessing the data generated by smart homes in a secure manner is proposed. EnergyChain works in following phases: 1) a miner node is selected on the basis of power capacity of various smart homes, 2) a block creation and validation scheme is presented, and 3) a transaction handling mechanism is designed for secure energy trading. After evaluation, the superiority of EnergyChain is validated. The results obtained show that EnergyChain outperforms the traditional scheme in terms of communication costs and computation time.
Jelena Pajić, José Rivera, Kaiwen Zhang, Hans‐Arno Jacobsen
The recent success of electric vehicles leads to unprecedentedly high peaks of demand on the electric grid at the times when most people charge their cars. In order to avoid unreasonably rising costs due to inefficient utilization of the electricity infrastructure, we propose EVA: a scheduling system to solve the valley filling problem by distributing the electricity demand generated by electric vehicles in a geographically limited area efficiently over time spans in which the electric grid is underutilized. EVA is based on a smart contract running on the Ethereum blockchain in combination with off-chain computational nodes performing the schedule calculation using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM). This allows for a high degree of transparency and verifiability in the scheduling computation results while maintaining a reasonable level of efficiency. In order to interact with the scheduling system, we developed a decentralized app with a graphical frontend, where the user can enter vehicle information and future energy requirements as well as review upcoming schedules. The calculation of the schedule is performed on a daily basis, continuously providing schedules for participating users for the following day.
Jun 1, 2018·2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
This paper proposes a demand response framework for near-real time autonomous demand response management combined with a democratic market driven pricing scheme. The approach aims to aggregate groups of prosumers and develop new financial/business models for maximizing the prosumer's benefits in terms of: renewable energy usage maximization, cost minimization, etc. The framework will feature a blockchain based near-real time closed-loop semand response validation, fully autonomous, secured and decentralized. This will enact each prosumer with the possibility to verify the authenticity and integrity of all DR events and bid notifications.
Jun 1, 2018·2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Maria Luisa Di Silvestre, Pierluigi Gallo, Mariano Giuseppe Ippolito, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino · 6 authors
The recent advances in distributed energy systems require new models for exchanging energy among prosumers in microgrids. The blockchain technology promises to solve the digital issues related to distributed systems without a trusted authority and to allow quick and secure energy transactions, which are verified and cryptographically protected. Transactions are approved and subsequently recorded on all the machines participating in the blockchain. This work demonstrates how users, which are nodes of the energy and digital networks, exchange energy supported by a customized blockchain based on Tendermint. We focus on the procedures for generating blocks and defining data structures for storing energy transactions.
The trend in the energy market has led in the last few years the increase in demand (eg the spread of electric vehicles) and an increase in volatile renewable energy sources (PV, Wind, etc.), a reduction in the use of fossil fuels, that destabilize the grid leading to black outs. The electricity grid is developing in a distributed network, so the connected energy markets are moving towards a new decentralized structure, where renewable sources and storage facilities (EVs), will have a significant penetration and adoption by energy customers, with the intent to provide sustainable solutions.[1] Balancing the demand and supply of electricity, in a system dominated by random elements, such as solar and wind production that depend on weather conditions, combined with the highly variable demand from domestic users, must lead to a new model of consumers and producers at the same time that is the so-called Prosumer and will be a challenge of great importance. With this paper we want to verify how the smart communities, made up of Prosumers, within smart cities, are the key to the new electricity distribution, based on ICT, IoT and smart metering. A significant contribution will be provided by the Blockchain to make the energy networks and related economic transactions secure and reliable.
Bent Richter, Esther Mengelkamp, Christof Weinhardt
Currently, blockchain technology is a widely discussed hype in the energy community. It may have the potential to revolutionize the energy system and support the energy transition towards distributed renewable generation. In particular, local electricity markets (LEMs) seem to provide applications for the usage of blockchain technology. Through its innovative design as a distributed and decentralized information system, blockchain supporters see its potential in organizing residential households and prosumers in LEMs. We assess the current maturity of blockchain-based applications for LEMs. To this end, we develop a blockchain maturity model that constitutes a framework for analyzing the current and future maturity of blockchain-based LEMs in a comprehensive structured approach. In a second step, we apply the new blockchain maturity model to an use case of a blockchain-based LEM. Our assessment shows that, in the current status, the project is in an early stage of maturity due to missing regulatory rules and standardization.
Jun 1, 2018·2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Caroline Plaza, J. A. C. Gil, Francois de Chezelles, Karl Axel Sträng
Self-consumption and local energy communities have a significant role to play for the energy transition and the development of renewable energies. This paper introduces a blockchain-based solution designed to serve energy communities sharing solar energy. This solution has been defined and developed to manage the energy exchanges according to the rules set by the energy community. It harnesses the available smart metering infrastructure installed by the DSO, as the trusted party for energy data to the energy stakeholders, to stay focused on the governance of the energy community. This paper summarizes the characteristics and field-proven benefits of the implementation.
This paper considers the design, the development and the experimental evaluation, of a blockchain based smart contract specifying the operating rules of a real time, uniform-price double auction energy market. Producers and consumers interact with this contract sending their offers and bids accordingly and the contract clears the market based on a double auction model. We propose four different approaches for implementing, through the Ethereum platform, both the P2P network as well as the smart contract. We systematically compare the above approaches on the basis of their decentralization nature, operating costs, computational costs, effectiveness, security, privacy and beyond. This comparison is achieved through large scale, real time simulations based on the GridLAB-D platform.
David Vangulick, Bertrand Cornélusse, Damien Ernst
Energy communities and peer-to-peer energy exchanges are expected to play an important role in the energy transition. In this context, the blockchain approach can be employed to foster this decentralized energy market. Our goal is to determine the design that should allow a Distribution System Operator (DSO) to accept peer-to-peer energy exchanges based on a distributed ledger supported by the blockchain technology. To this end, we will evaluate several designs based on criteria such as acceptance of the wholesale/retail market, the resilience of the consensus to approve a block, the accuracy, traceability, privacy and security of the proposed schemes.
Van Hoa Nguyen, Yvon Bésanger, Quoc Tuan Tran, Minh Tri Le
As more and more distributed renewable energy resources are integrated to the grid, the traditional consumers have become the prosumers who can sell back their surplus energy to the others who are in energy shortage. This peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transaction framework benefits the end users, financially and in term of energy security; and the network operators, in term of flexibility in DRES management, peak load shifting and regulation of voltage/frequency. Environmentally, P2P energy transaction also helps to reduce carbon footprint, reduces DRES payback period and incentivizes the installation of DRES. The current centralized market model is no longer suitable and it is therefore necessary to develop an adapted decentralized architecture for the advanced P2P energy transaction framework intra/inter-micro grid. In this paper, we discuss several distributed ledger approaches for such framework: Blockchain, Block Lattice and Directed Acyclic Graph (the Tangle). The technical advantages of these architectures as well as the persistent challenges are then considered.
This paper describes the proof of concept of a blockchain based organization of a local low voltage energy community. The focus of the concept is efficient use of shared resources to minimize external dependence, and not energy trading. A previously proposed control algorithm, which exploits the power dependency of the efficiency of electrical energy storages, is implemented as a smart contract on a private instance of an Ethereum blockchain to coordinate the operation. It is implemented using four connected Raspberry Pis representing the participating households with pre-given electrical load and photovoltaic conversion as well as a battery. Each household runs an Ethereum full node and an interfacing software. Only the energy technology components are simulated, while the blockchain is actually running on the Raspberry Pis in order to mind the full complexity of the technology. The practicability is proved in a test run and positive effects on the efficiency and the self-sufficiency within the community are observed. A first cost-benefit estimate is given and a further research agenda is presented.
Sanal para sistemi bitcoin ve altcoins olarak tanımlanan türevleri mevcut para politikasını ve para sistemlerini değişim ve dönüşüme zorlayacak bir trendin içinde oldukları gözlenmektedir. Genel olarak kripto para olarak tanımlanan bu sistem elektronik ortamda oluşturulabilen ve nakit benzeri bir ödeme aracı sisteminden ibarettir. Bu sistemin mevcut para ve ödeme araçlarına alternatif ve hatta geleneksel para teori ve uygulamalarının yerini alacağı yönünde bir gelişim süreci içinde olması bu sisteme odaklanmayı zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Bu makalede bitcoin ve benzeri kripto paraların yapıları, işlevleri ve mevcut para sistemi içerisindeki yeri ve önemi karşılaştırmalı ve analitik bir analizle değerlendirilmiştir.
Under the background of rapid development of distributed renewable energy (DRE) and demand response (DR), the traditional DR will develop into integrated demand response (IDR). The current centralized trading of electricity market model is unable to meet the trading needs of scattered IDR resources. As the decentralized and distributed accounting mode, the blockchain technology fits the requirement of IDR resources to participate in energy market. The blockchain-based DRE transaction platform can support the credible transaction and settlement between the IDR resources, and promote the development of DER. Corresponding to the transaction principle, the frame of blockchain-based IDR resources transaction scheme was proposed. The transactions between DER and DR are taken for example to explain the detail trading process. Finally, the smart contracts of the transactions are designed and deployed on Ethereum private blockchain to prove the validity of the proposed transaction scheme.
We consider users which may have renewable energy harvesting devices, or distributed generators. Such users can behave as consumer or producer (hence, we denote them as prosumers) at different time instances. A prosumer may sell the energy to other prosumers in exchange of money. We consider a demand response model, where the price of conventional energy depends on the total demand of all the prosumers at a certain time. A prosumer depending on its own utility has to select the amount of energy it wants to buy either from the grid or from other prosumers, or the amount of excess energy it wants to sell to other prosumers. However, the strategy, and the payoff of a prosumer inherently depends on the strategy of other prosumers as a prosumer can only buy if the other prosumers are willing to sell. We formulate the problem as a coupled constrained game, and seek to obtain the generalized Nash equilibrium. We show that the game is a concave potential game and show that there exists a unique generalized Nash equilibrium. We consider that a platform will set the price for distributed interchange of energy among the prosumers in order to minimize the consumption of the conventional energy. We propose a distributed algorithm where the platform sets a price to each prosumer, and then each prosumer at a certain time only optimizes its own payoff. The prosumer then updates the price depending on the supply and demand for each prosumer. We show that the algorithm converges to an optimal generalized Nash equilibrium. The distributed algorithm also provides an optimal price for the exchange market.