Mohammad Tabrez Quasim, Fahad Algarni, Alaa Abd Elhamid Radwan, Goram Mufareh M Alshmrani
The world's healthcare systems are experiencing major transition in access, data management, control and disease treatment. With the advancements in data capturing and connected technology the amount of healthcare data is projected approximately 2314 exabyte for year 2020[10]. The cyber criminals are putting lots of efforts, time and resources to exploit and monetize healthcare data. With this threat, the growth of cybersecurity market in healthcare industry is expected to reach USD 27.10 billion by 2026[11]. The blockchain can help in creating a single database to collect data during clinical trials and allow patients' data security. In this paper we propose a secure framework which is based on blockchain to ensure the security of healthcare data. The proposed framework considers wearable sensors, Internet of things (IoT) devices, and computational power. The framework improves the security, privacy and efficiency of the data in the conventional healthcare system.
Dawid Połap, Gautam Srivastava, Alireza Jolfaei, Reza M. Parizi
In today's technological climate, users require fast automation and digitization of results for large amounts of data at record speeds. Especially in the field of medicine, where each patient is often asked to undergo many different examinations within one diagnosis or treatment. Each examination can help in the diagnosis or prediction of further disease progression. Furthermore, all produced data from these examinations must be stored somewhere and available to various medical practitioners for analysis who may be in geographically diverse locations. The current medical climate leans towards remote patient monitoring and AI-assisted diagnosis. To make this possible, medical data should ideally be secured and made accessible to many medical practitioners, which makes them prone to malicious entities. Medical information has inherent value to malicious entities due to its privacy-sensitive nature in a variety of ways. Furthermore, if access to data is distributively made available to AI algorithms (particularly neural networks) for further analysis/diagnosis, the danger to the data may increase (e.g., model poisoning with fake data introduction). In this paper, we propose a federated learning approach that uses decentralized learning with blockchain-based security and a proposition that accompanies that training intelligent systems using distributed and locally-stored data for the use of all patients. Our work in progress hopes to contribute to the latest trend of the Internet of Medical Things security and privacy.
U. Palani, Sure Sai Mahesh, D. Vasanthi, D. Sathish Kumar
Thirty-five % of the US population is affected by data breach occurred in the healthcare industry. It is a total of 114 million people affected in 2015. On average of 4 data breaches happens per week. Health care industry is losing 300 billion dollars each year in poor data integration. we can overcome this problem by bringing a decentralized system in the hospital organization. This prototype helps us to stop and prevent data breaching in the health care industry and to remove fake patient IDs in the hospital data base.
In the emerging world of IoT applications, machines are going to be at the endpoints of the Internet engaging in complex Machine to Machine (M2M) communications. Be it a personal assistant (softbot)making an appointment with a doctor or an autonomous car filling fuel or charging at a refueling station, in the future, it is going to be M2M communications without human intervention. In such a scenario, robust and secure technology is essential to record every M2M transactions. This paper makes use of blockchain, a distributed ledger technology for intelligent transportation systems. It is proposed that blockchain networks such as Ethereum have the foundations to record and satisfy the transaction that has happened between the machines. A permissioned Ethereum blockchain the smart contract is used for recording each every transaction that come off between the car and electric station. An algorithm is proposed to recharge the autonomous electric vehicles as a case study.
The higher education system in developing countries has remained quiet unchanged for long time. Even with new and better technologies in this field has emerged tremendously; their adoption is marked extremely narrow. The connection between student and faculties is unchanged and the records are still stored and validated centrally. Block chain has introduced a fresh and novel path to decentralize the records and their exchange for gaining knowledge and skills. This paper is an attempt to understand block chain technology and its application on education. It discusses the use of block chain and the few of the many models designed to support educational bodies. The mere attempt to discuss the problem and challenges faced by block chain for successful support to education is presented in this article.
Industry 4.0 has revolutionized industrial processes. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has increased due to the need to facilitate automation. Initially, drone usage was confined to military usage and other institutions that required high-level government clearance. Back then, the number of operating drones was few who made it easier to regulate and secure. However, with the emergence of Industry 4.0, the need for drone usage has increased in various industries. These industries include insurance, health, e-commerce, learning institutions, conducting and coordinating military airstrikes, and performing weather monitoring, among other crucial functionalities. The increased use and adoption of drones has resulted in the Internet of Drones. As more industries continue to adopt drone usage, the issue of securing them arises. The need for organizations to ensure and coordinate thousands of drones has necessitated the adoption of a security mechanism that guarantees the security of these devices. We explore the use of Blockchain technology as a means of enhancing drone cybersecurity. We research how industrial players perceive Blockchain and its contribution to cybersecurity.
Saqib Hakak, Wazir Zada Khan, Gulshan Amin Gilkar, Noman Haider · 6 authors
The inefficient disposal of industrial waste causes water and soil pollution; thus, to protect the health of different ecosystems, industrial wastewater management is essential. Wastewater treatment's aim is to clean and protect water and to extract pollutants and remove toxicants before the remaining water is discharged into the environment. Currently, the disposal of industrial wastewater is an important topic because of the serious threat of wastewater to aquatic life and surrounding environment. Therefore, wastewater must be effectively treated and safely discharged into water bodies. In this study, for industrial wastewater management, we aim to use blockchain technology. Thus, we propose a conceptual architecture based on blockchain and present three case studies. Subsequently, we discussed requirements for incorporating blockchain into wastewater management. Finally, we demonstrated directions for future work.
Alma E. Guerrero-Sánchez, Edgar A. Rivas-Araiza, Jose L. Gonzalez-Cordoba, Manuel Toledano‐Ayala · 5 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm allows the connection and exchange of information between millions of smart devices. This paradigm grows and develops exponentially as do the risks and attacks on IoT infrastructures. Security, privacy, reliability, and autonomy are the most important requirements in IoT Systems. If these issues are not guaranteed, the IoT system could be susceptible to malicious users and malicious use. In centralized IoT systems, attacks and risks are greater, especially when data is transmitted between devices and shared with other organizations. To avoid these types of situations, this work presents a decentralized system that guarantees the autonomy and security of an IoT system. The proposed methodology helps to protect data integrity and availability based on the security advantages provided by blockchain and the use of cryptographic tools. The accuracy of the proposed methodology was measured on a temperature and humidity sensing IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The obtained results prove that the proposal fulfils the main requirements of an IoT system. It is autonomous, secure to share and send information between devices and users, has privacy, it is reliable, and the information is available in the infrastructure. Furthermore, this research demonstrates that the proposal is less susceptible to the most frequent attacks against IoT systems, such as linking attack, man in the middle, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack.
Data is one of the most significant resources. In this digital era, cyber security has become the worldwide issue. Since cyber criminals are getting progressively skilful in their attempts to destroy the valuable data, securing this data has become mandatory. Different procedures have been developed in the past to secure the data, but there are no bounds to security threats, resulting in theft of information from the devices. Currently Blockchain technology is the best tool to secure the data. Blockchain, originally known as Bitcoin, has become very popular technology to digitally create and manage transactions. It is a form of distributed public ledger which analyses and verifies transactions in decentralized manner and data is not under the control of any third party organization. This rapidly evolving technology can possibly change the opinion about digital transactions in various areas such as energy supply, peer-to-peer global payments, financial transactions, agriculture and industry. Regardless, this rising innovation is still in its beginning period of progression. Inspite of several opportunities offered by blockchain, it has limitations such as transaction cost, scalability, consistency security and administration issues which has not yet been addressed and investigated. In spite of the fact that there are a couple of studies on the security and privacy issues of the blockchain, they do not have an efficient assessment of the securing blockchain architectures. This paper presents a detailed architecture of blockchain technology along with systematic study of the security attacks rising in blockchain technology.
There is exponential growth in the Internet of Things (IoT) research but still it faces potential privacy and security challenges. For safe and secure transaction blockchain technology is the best-known for powering cryptocurrencies, for making secure and safe transactions from a person to another. Blockchain is a technology that is booming for a decade and many areas must go under improvisation despite its numerous advancements. The proposed system predominantly focuses on providing security to the blockchain system using various mechanisms. the proposed model consists of the financial transaction-based system which works on the RFID technology. The data obtained from the system can be only accessed by the clients who are authorized hence providing the first level of security by providing authentication to the valid client using M2M authentication. Once the user is authenticated, he can then have access to the transaction system. The transaction data that is stored in the local system is guarded by using blockchain technology by using hashing. The hash generated is again guarded by dividing and keeping the hash in two different places. Experiment results indicate that the application of various security mechanisms for the proposed scheme does indeed improve the privacy of the generated hash, authentication speed while also satisfying requirements of data security.
Building the innovative blockchain-based architecture across the Internet of Things (IoT) platform for the education system could be an enticing mechanism to boost communication efficiency among all participants within the 5G network. Wireless networking would have been the main research area allowing people to communicate without using the wires. It was established at the start of the Internet by retrieving the web pages to connect from one computer to another. Moreover, high-speed, intelligent, powerful networks with numerous contemporary technologies, such as low power consumption, and so on, appear to be available in today's world to connect among each other. The cloud features on physical things under IoT is allowed to store and process IoT and Blockchain data in any situation. One of the complex tasks throughout the area of mobile communications would be to design a new virtualization framework based on blockchain across the Internet of Things architecture. The goal of this research is to connect a new study for an educational system that contains Blockchain to the internet of things or keeping things cryptographically secure on the Internet. This research combines with its improved blockchain and IoT to create an efficient interaction system among students, teachers, employers, developers, facilitators, recruiters, and accreditors on the Internet. This specified framework is detailed research's great estimation.
Gökay Saldamlı, Vamshi Reddy, Krishna S. Bojja, Manjunatha K. Gururaja · 6 authors
The health care industry is one of the important service providers that improves people lives. As the cost of the healthcare service increases, health insurance becomes the only way to get quality service in case of an accident or a major illness. As health insurance will reduces the costs and provides financial and economic stability for an individual. One of the main tasks of healthcare insurance providers is to monitor and manage the data and to provide support to customers. Due to regulations and business secrecy, insurance companies do not share the patient's data but since the data are not integrated and not in sync between insurance providers, there has been an increase in the number of fraud's occurring in healthcare. Often times ambiguous or false information is provided to health insurance companies in order to make them pay for some false claims to the policy holders. The individual policyholder may also claim benefits from multiple insurance providers. There is a financial loss of billions of dollars each year as estimated by the National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA). In order to prevent health insurance fraud, it is necessary to build a system to securely manage and monitor insurance activities by integrating data from all the insurance companies. As blockchain provides an immutable data maintaining and sharing, we propose a blockchain based solution for health insurance fraud detection.
Erikson J. de Aguiar, Bruno S. Faiçal, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Jó Ueyama
Blockchain technology has been gaining visibility owing to its ability to enhance the security, reliability, and robustness of distributed systems. Several areas have benefited from research based on this technology, such as finance, remote sensing, data analysis, and healthcare. Data immutability, privacy, transparency, decentralization, and distributed ledgers are the main features that make blockchain an attractive technology. However, healthcare records that contain confidential patient data make this system very complicated because there is a risk of a privacy breach. This study aims to address research into the applications of the blockchain healthcare area. It sets out by discussing the management of medical information, as well as the sharing of medical records, image sharing, and log management. We also discuss papers that intersect with other areas, such as the Internet of Things, the management of information, tracking of drugs along their supply chain, and aspects of security and privacy. As we are aware that there are other surveys of blockchain in healthcare, we analyze and compare both the positive and negative aspects of their papers. Finally, we seek to examine the concepts of blockchain in the medical area, by assessing their benefits and drawbacks and thus giving guidance to other researchers in the area. Additionally, we summarize the methods used in healthcare per application area and show their pros and cons.
The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) brought innovation along with unprecedented benefits of convenience and efficacy in many operations that were otherwise very cumbersome. This innovation explosion has surfaced a new dimension of vulnerability and physical threat to the data integrity of IoT networks. Implementing conventional cryptographic algorithms on IoT devices is not future-proof as these devices are constrained in terms of computational power, performance, and memory. In this paper, we are proposing a novel framework, a unique model that integrates IoT networks with a blockchain to address potential privacy and security threats for data integrity. Smart contracts are instrumental in this integration process and they are used to handle device authentication, authorization and access-control, and data management. We further share a new design model for interfaces to integrate both platforms while highlighting its performance results over the existing models. With the incorporation of off-chain data storage into the framework, overall scalability of the system can be increased. Finally, our research concludes how the proposed framework can be fused virtually into any existing IoT applications with minimal modifications.
A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp and a transaction data. A blockchain consists of a structure of data that represents a financial ledger entry, or a record of transactions. Each transaction is digitally signed to ensure its authenticity, therefore no one tampers with it. So the ledger itself along with an existing transactions within it are assumed to be with great integrity. The basic advantages of blockchain technology includes the features of decentralization, Peer to peer network, immutability, security and transparency. If once the data has been re-entered into the record, it will not get deleted instead, it gets updated. Every block in the blockchain has a permanent timestamp that indicates authentication and verification. Here, we promote the facility of having a smart contract between the patient and a healthcare sector. It highly concentrates in the field of diabetes as it is a rapidly growing disease in today's world. It requires regular checkups to keep the disease in control. This paper consolidates the features of blockchain technology to produce an enhanced EMR in the field of diabetes.
The supply chain is a complex framework of facilities working together to gain profits. Rapid changes in technology have made the commerce a place of high competition and hugely affected by price fluctuation. BitCom is a proposed architecture bolstered by the emerging concept of blockchain. It aims to provide a clean and efficient supply chain to decrease system-wide costs. It is a framework deriving its roots form both- permissioned and permissionless blockchains to achieve a feasible solution to the problem of automating commerce. The model stays true to the roots of the supply chain while maintaining security. It uses flexible smart contracts for negotiations and transactions while permissionless entry is provided to the users. The concept of a credibility score has been introduced to help introduce trust in a decentralised network.
Sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are known for fast data transfer thus, there is a need of decentralized authentication authority for the task of secure and transparent migration of the data from the nodes at a global stage in the entire network. Thus we need a Blockchain(BC) based network which involves transactions which can be duplicated and be spread across multiple nodes in a peer-peer network enabling mutual trust and data immutability enabling the network to go on and on in case some nodes get compromised or die due to heavy energy consumption. However, BC involves consensus as well before the chain is updated and traditional Proof of Work(PoW)method were being used for consensus and which we all know, consume high energy while utilizing large computational power and which makes it unfit for WSNs given they send data at a faster rate and will not be able to bear such high strain. Thus, we can either move towards an improved Proof of Stake(PoS) based method or any popular consensus method like Practical Byzatine Fault Tolerance(PBFT). We also plan to stick to a single base station(BS) having a lot many gateway nodes which perform the BC updation after consensus based on data received from the nodes.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary innovation with potential applications in various sectors, including finance, supply chain, healthcare, and more. However, the widespread adoption of blockchain technology has brought to light numerous security challenges. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of blockchain security protocols, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of consensus algorithms, cryptographic techniques, and privacy mechanisms. By examining key protocols such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and hybrid systems, this paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the security measures that underlie blockchain systems and the potential vulnerabilities that could compromise their integrity. The article also discusses the future directions for enhancing blockchain security and the role of emerging technologies such as quantum computing in shaping the future of blockchain protocols.
Information Technology, Sipna COET, Amravati, India., Pratiksha P. Gofane, Vijay S. Gulhane, Information Technology, Sipna COET, Amravati, India. · 6 authors
The Block-chain technology contain multiple blocks are interconnected to each other with help of previous hash and current hash. The Block-chain is technology which is used to enable for moving some coin, data and assets from one user to another user. Where using hash algorithm, cryptographic algorithm and block-chain maintenance/updating. Block-chain technology contain the previous hash of first block is always zero that is called genesis block and current block will generate according to the data. In block-chain technology after complete the first block system automatically generated new block. Second block contain the previous hash will be always current hash of first block for interconnect the blocks and chain will formed ahead. According to this chain automatically detect there some transparency and this transparency says that block chain is very secured technology. This block-chain technology with transaction is very safe for companies, colleges and business. It is layered framework technology. Where perception layer, transmission layer, storage layer and application layer are present. In block-chain technology transaction contain there need not any third trusted party. Previous concept of block-chain with IOT that is not secured where some disadvantages of limited storage present and reduce that limitation we are using distributed ledger of block-chain technology. Where system have occurred peer to peer transaction. Further, block-chain contain well organized their weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of block-chain based transaction application. In block-chain contain using with OTP this block-chain will be more secured and easily transfer the money. Their future scope in business, education and companies.
Darshan Vishwasrao Medhane, Arun Kumar Sangaiah, M. Shamim Hossain, Ghulam Muhammad · 5 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in the real world by providing autonomous support for communications and operations, thus enabling and promoting novel services that are commonly used in day-to-day life. It is important to do research on security frameworks for next-generation IoT and develop state-of-the-art confidentiality protection schemes to deal with various attacks on IoT networks. In order to offer prominent features like continuous confidentiality, authentication, and robustness, the blockchain technology comes out as a sustainable solution. A blockchain-enabled distributed security framework using edge cloud and software-defined networking (SDN) is presented in this article. The security attack detection is achieved at the cloud layer, and security attacks are consequently reduced at the edge layer of the IoT network. The SDN-enabled gateway offers dynamic network traffic flow management, which contributes to the security attack recognition through determining doubtful network traffic flows and diminishes security attacks through hindering doubtful flows. The results obtained show that the proposed security framework can efficiently and effectively meet the data confidentiality challenges introduced by the integration of blockchain, edge cloud, and SDN paradigm.