Blockchain Papers

Muhammad Siddiqui

No abstract is available for this record.

S. Anuswethaa, Akshaya Hariharan, Yash Puthalath, Uma Jothi

No abstract is available for this record.

Dimpi Gulati

Abstract Originally designed to support cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain technology has evolved into a powerful tool with applications far beyond digital currency. This paper explores how blockchain is transforming software development by enabling decentralized, secure, and transparent systems. Key areas of focus include digital identity verification, smart contract automation, supply chain tracking, decentralized data storage, and secure e-governance solutions such as digital voting. The study outlines fundamental blockchain components—such as distributed ledgers, consensus mechanisms, and tokenization—and explains how they contribute to building tamper-resistant applications. It also examines blockchain’s role in powering Web3 technologies, decentralized finance (DeFi), and cross-chain interoperability. Through real-world case studies in healthcare, logistics, and digital governance, the paper highlights the tangible benefits of blockchain-based solutions while acknowledging current limitations like scalability, energy use, and regulatory issues. The analysis offers a forward-looking perspective on how software developers and organizations can harness blockchain to create resilient, next-generation applications.

Firuzi Kotwal

No abstract is available for this record.

Alicia Lopez, Johan Andersson, Lucia Moretti

Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool for securing online transactions by providing a decentralized, transparent, and immutable ledger for digital records. This technology operates on the principles of cryptography and consensus mechanisms, making it resistant to tampering and fraud. As online transactions have become an essential part of modern economies, ensuring the security and integrity of these transactions has become a critical challenge. Blockchain addresses these concerns by enabling peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries, thereby reducing the risk of fraud, data breaches, and financial theft. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of blockchain technology in enhancing the security of online transactions, focusing on its implementation in various industries such as finance, healthcare, and e-commerce. This paper will analyze the fundamental features of blockchain, including its decentralized nature, transparency, and the cryptographic techniques used to ensure data integrity. Additionally, it will examine the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of blockchain, including scalability issues, regulatory concerns, and technological barriers. The paper also discusses the future potential of blockchain technology, particularly in relation to its integration with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. By reviewing current trends, case studies, and research findings, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of blockchain technology’s impact on securing online transactions and its potential to revolutionize digital economies.

Ameeta Jaiswal‐Dale, Romain M. Lorentz, Ernest L. Owens, Bhuvanesh Singh

This study presents a practical framework for implementing blockchain technology, specifically smart contracts, to optimise operations and enhance financial performance in the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) sector. It identifies best practices for operational efficiency and outlines the structural flow and challenges of implementing smart contracts in a small-scale CPG company. While blockchain is often associated with cryptocurrency, its value lies in enhancing core business processes such as vendor selection, procurement and legal compliance monitoring. The framework integrates blockchain-enabled smart contracts with project management lifecycle updates to streamline operations, enhance cash flow and reduce the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). It highlights how procurement processes, legal requirements and vendor management can be streamlined through smart contracts, providing transparency, reducing delays and ensuring regulatory compliance. Blockchain is a decentralised database, and its applications span procurement, production processes and inventory management. However, leveraging blockchain effectively requires smart contracts. Integrating these contracts with project management tools ensures efficient operations and measurable financial metrics. This interdisciplinary approach combines technology, business law and project management to deliver actionable insights. The study highlights how modest operational efficiencies can drive profitability in low-margin industries, such as CPG, and establishes a foundation for future implementation studies across other sectors.

Alock Gupta, Kamlesh Lakhwani

An independent, trusted third party or governing body is no longer necessary to conduct secure financial transactions because of blockchain technology. The topic of smart contracts and their ability to facilitate additional computational progress has risen to the forefront of academic and industry conversations in response to the dizzying rate of growth in blockchain technology. The scholarly work takes into account the material that has been assessed by experts and aims to explain the fundamental idea and provide a comprehensive computational analysis of relevant literature. Such an approach contributes to the advancement of decentralized applications (dApps) by providing technical insights into their development frameworks. The initial section presents a brief overview of smart contracts, including their conceptual foundations, system architecture, and application domains. Furthermore, in a detailed review of existing platforms for developing smart contracts, it was found by comparison that the Tron and CoreDAO blockchains offer the most computationally efficient platforms to enhance the quality-of-services (QoS) in decentralized environments. These low-cost transaction models support the creation of resource-efficient smart contracts. In addition, this study includes a simulation work that considers the blockchain transactions as a dataset to train an artificial intelligence model that would support the computational prediction of the success and failure of the transactions. Received: 25 July 2025 | Revised: 23 October 2025 | Accepted: 5 December 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Alock Gupta: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Kamlesh Lakhwani: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision.

Dr G A Pethunachiyar, Dr A Martina

The rapid growth of the digital economy has brought unprecedented advantages, enabling seamless transactions, real-time data exchange and global connectivity for the businesses. However, this digital expansion has also exposed businesses, governments and individuals to an evolving landscape of cyber threats. Traditional cybersecurity frameworks which rely heavily on centralized models are increasingly proving inadequate in the face of sophisticated cyber intrusions. Blockchain technology is a decentralized, cryptographically secure and immutable ledger system that introduces an innovative approach to cybersecurity. This research article examines the role of blockchain technology in enhancing cybersecurity, discussing its capabilities in securing online transactions, ensuring data integrity, preventing cyber threats and facilitating a proactive security mechanism against cyberattacks for businesses by integrating the CHIPS framework (Connect–Harness–Innovate–Protect–Sustain). This framework emphasizes the ability of blockchain to Connect stakeholders via trust less networks, Harness distributed ledgers to ensure data integrity, Innovate mechanisms for secure transactions, Protect digital assets with tamper resistant architectures and Sustain long term cyber resilience through scalable and adaptable systems. This study also highlights the effectiveness of this integration in securing digital transactions, thwarting cyberattacks and facilitating proactive cybersecurity strategies in business operations.

Tarig Khidir Eltayeb

Introduction: The study examined how Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can play a role in business ethics and how the ethical conduct of business can help consumers have more confidence in the global supply chain. It further explored how the adoption of Ethical Sourcing Practices (ESP) mediates the relationship between DLT adoption and consumer confidence in the Saudi Arabian context. Methods: A purposive sampling approach was followed in accordance with a positivist approach. In order to gather the information among 355 respondents, an online survey was distributed, and the data have been analysed with the help of partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4.0. Results: The findings of the PLS-SEM established that DLT significantly predicted Ethical Sourcing Practices (0.641, p < 0.001) whereas ethical sourcing practices also had significant and positive impact on perceived consumer trust (0.518, p < 0.001). The direct effect of DLT on perceived consumer trust was significantly positive (β = 0.325, p < 0.001). The model explains 41% of ESP and 59% of trust. Additionally, a significant indirect effect of DLT on perceived consumer trust via ethical sourcing practices was confirmed, indicating partial mediation (β = 0.331, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This research combined model that correlates DLT adoption, ethical sourcing practices, and perceived consumer trust using the TOE and signalling theories. It uses data on multi-industry supply chains from multi-industry surveys (Saudi Vision 2030) to illustrate the capacity of blockchain-enabled sourcing capabilities and turn it into a trust gain. The research involves the cross-sectional survey data, which would allow finding statistical correlations but would not allow to establish the causality. Additionally, the results may not apply to all individuals in the industry.

Aysha Alsalih

The application of blockchain-based smart contracts within Islamic finance presents both opportunities and significant governance challenges. While these technologies promise enhanced efficiency, automation, and immutability, their integration into Shariah-compliant financial instruments, such as Murabaha, Ijarah, and Sukuk, raises critical concerns regarding auditability, interpretive flexibility, and adherence to foundational Islamic legal and ethical principles. This study examines the tensions between automation and religious oversight by investigating how smart contracts intersect with Shariah governance and IT audit frameworks in Islamic financial institutions.Utilizing a qualitative multiple-case study approach, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with Shariah scholars, auditors, compliance officers, and blockchain developers across Islamic fintech ecosystems in Malaysia, Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Thematic analysis, supported by document review, reveals systemic challenges in embedding ethical discretion and human oversight into immutable contractual code. Analytical framing is guided by established IT assurance frameworks (e.g., COBIT, ISO 27001) and Shariah governance standards issued by AAOIFI and IFSB.Findings highlight the emergence of "risk zones" where algorithmic rigidity, audit traceability limitations, and ethical ambiguity converge, potentially undermining religious compliance. In response, the study proposes a conceptual governance model that integrates technological assurance mechanisms with structured Shariah supervisory engagement. The findings contribute to the discourse on responsible FinTech governance in Islamic finance and offer practical implications for policymakers, auditors, and technology developers navigating the intersection of blockchain innovation and faith-based financial regulation.

Vikas Kumar Jain, Meenakshi Tripathi

No abstract is available for this record.

Ashwag Alotaibi, Huda Aldawghan, M. M. Hafizur Rahman

This study summarizes the body of research on the IoT and NFTs overlap, highlighting important security concerns, the function of blockchain technology, and implications for future study and smart environment applications. IoT devices provide creative solutions that boost operational effectiveness and enhance user experiences as they spread throughout different sectors. But there are also serious drawbacks to this expansion, especially in terms of security and privacy. At the same time, NFTs unique digital assets verified by blockchain technology—have become extremely popular because of their unique features and wide range of uses. This paper carefully looks at how security frameworks in digital ecosystems may be impacted by the integration of IoT and NFTs. The results emphasize how urgently this integration must be studied further to minimize new risks and maximize the advantages of IoT and NFTs across a variety of sectors. The study intends to contribute to a more secure and effective IoT ecosystem by examining the difficulties presented by this integration. Contributing to the development of a more robust and secure IoT ecosystem is the ultimate aim of this research. This study aims to open the door for future developments that optimize the benefits between the two technologies while reducing risks by recognizing and evaluating the difficulties brought about by the integration of IoT and NFTs. Both academics and industry stakeholders navigating the rapidly changing IoT and blockchain world will find great significance in the results of this research.

Wanli Liu, Jianlin Li, Na Chen

Accounting is undergoing a radical transformation due to the integration of traditional information systems with blockchain technology and artificial intelligence. Openness, automation, and smart decision-making will all become a reality via this connection. However, traditional SAIS are typically centralized and do not inherently include blockchain or AI. In this study, Smart Accounting Information System (SAIS) technologies are redefined through the integration of these technologies to enhance transparency, automation, and real-time assurance. Blockchain technology's immutability, traceability, and AI's ability to recognize abnormalities and predict provide a more intelligent and secure auditing process. Conventional accounting methods have several issues, including delayed audits, lack of transparency, fraud, and human mistakes. Existing systems fail to provide intelligent anomaly detection and real-time transaction traceability. Financial reporting and audits need immutable records and proactive analytics. There is an urgent need for a single framework to ensure this requirement and its quick implementation. This study proposes the collaborative blockchain-AI audit trails method (CBAATM) for Smart Accounting Information Systems. This is done due to the difficulties mentioned. AI-powered modules utilize fuzzy inference to dynamically analyze audit risks and Random Forest classifiers to detect real-time fraud. This research project utilizes zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption to simultaneously handle data aggregation, privacy, and independent audits. Using middleware application programming interfaces makes integration with ERP and AIS systems easy. Throughout the testing process, the model outperforms conventional audits. The methodology, according to statistical research, ensures the detection accuracy ratio of 95%, integrity of the blockchain 99.2% of the time, identifies abnormalities 94.1% of the time, satisfies compliance standards 95.4% of the time, and reduces audit latency by 41.5% compared to other existing models.

Abhilash Narayanan, Vanitha M

A growth in the popularity of interconnected banking systems that make use of the Internet of Things (IoT) has occurred as a result of the rise in the acceptance of digital financial services, which has become increasingly ubiquitous. The Internet of Things devices, despite the fact that they make banking operations more efficient and improve the experience for customers, also make them more vulnerable to hackers on the other hand. It is the case that this is the situation, despite the fact that these devices are advantageous to customers. The goal of this study is to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in order to determine whether or not it has the capability of enhancing the cybersecurity of financial institutions by means of the implementation of real-time threat detection and protection strategies that are based on blockchain technology: this is the purpose of this research. By deploying sensors that are connected to the Internet of Things in conjunction with analytics, it is feasible to perform continuous monitoring of the activity that occurs on the network, the patterns of transactions, and the interactions that occur between devices. It is projected that as a result of this research, a decentralized security model that makes use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain will be built. This is something that is anticipated to happen. The objective of this study is to ensure that all of these things are achievable in order to guarantee that the flow of data is as transparent as possible, that it is not subject to tampering, and that transaction records cannot be altered. This enables the solution to be implemented. This is accomplished through the use of the IoT. The distributed ledger is the component of blockchain technology that is responsible for guaranteeing that audit trails and transaction data are protected from unauthorized changes or fraudulent activity. This responsibility falls under the purview of the distributed ledger. A superior predictive analysis is produced as a result of the incorporation of algorithms based on artificial intelligence into the ecosystem of the Internet of Things.

Songtao Li, Geng Jiang

Abstract The demand for secure, effective, and scalable payment systems has increased due to the rise of Internet-based financial transactions. Through traditional techniques, such as Proof of Work (PoW), conventional financial systems often encounter issues with high transaction latency, concerns about fraud, and excessive energy consumption. These problems are widespread in traditional systems. This research proposes a Secure Hybrid Consensus Protocol (SHCP) with the intention of enhancing the effectiveness, velocity, and reliability of financial transactions based on Blockchain technology. The Proof of Stake (PoS) protocol is combined with the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol by SHCP. Through the utilization of adaptive prioritization, Bayesian inference, and anomaly recognition, SHCP can incorporate the most advanced fraud detection technology. The SHCP framework uses anomaly recognition to identify fraud with 92% accuracy, 38% faster validation, and 43% less energy than PoW-based systems. The system delivers ~ 7,000 TPS (Transactions Per Second) and a 27% increase in decision risk prediction stability. Anomaly scoring, Bayesian inference, and adaptive prioritization aid fraud detection. These advances enable safe, rapid, and affordable financial transactions, creating a sustainable Blockchain-based payment ecosystem.

Dhirendra Kumar Sharma, Saizal Chaudhary, Varun Tripathi

Assets security is a critical subject for employers because it decides the fate of organizations. If the employers fail to control the asset management, then they face drastic losses. Organizations use several strategies for controlling the asset management in operations management. However, they got outdone in maintaining secure asset management, and it may result in drastic losses. Industry personnel are worried about asset management in decentralized stores as compared to centralized stores because there are a lot of foul play results that occur by willingly, fully, or intentionally attempting. These attempts can be reduced by vigilant and real-time information plans, but they can never be eliminated. Finance department analysis showed that the most minor malfunction deteriorates the operations management and could lead to an industry downturn. The present study proposed a secure decentralized architecture for operations management excellence using the blockchain concept. The architecture provides secure assets management in decentralized stores in operations management in Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0 environment. The proposed architecture resolves the challenges faced by industry personnel in establishing different decentralized stores on the shop floors. Decentralized stores play a vital role in achieving desired operations outcomes because they decrease the material handling and breakage possibilities but increase insecurity chances. The proposed architecture helps in tackling issues faced in controlling decentralized stores by implementing blockchain concepts in Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0 environments.

T.Pandiselvi

The rapid evolution of cyber threats has exposed fundamental weaknesses in traditional intrusion detection systems, particularly those dependent on centralized architectures vulnerable to data tampering, single-point failures, and delayed threat response. As organizations face increasingly sophisticated attacks, a resilient and transparent framework for detecting and validating abnormal activity has become essential. This study examines the design and effectiveness of a blockchain-based intrusion detection system (BIDS) that leverages distributed consensus, immutable logging, and cooperative threat intelligence to enhance the reliability and responsiveness of security operations. By integrating blockchain technology with anomaly-based and signature-based identification methods, the proposed model establishes a secure environment where intrusion data cannot be altered, suppressed, or manipulated by internal or external adversaries. Through experimental evaluation across simulated network environments, the blockchain-enabled detection model demonstrates significant improvements in event accuracy, traceability, and coordination between participating nodes. The decentralized ledger structure ensures that alerts are validated collectively, reducing false positives and limiting the adversary’s ability to compromise the detection process. The integrity of recorded events also enhances forensic analysis, allowing security teams to reconstruct attack sequences with greater confidence. Additionally, the study reveals that the distributed nature of the system provides high fault tolerance, enabling continuous operation even under attempted denial-of-service conditions or node outages. Performance analysis indicates that blockchain integration does introduce additional computational overhead; however, the trade-off is compensated by the increased transparency, data authenticity, and resistance to insider threats that the system delivers. The research further highlights that smart contracts can automate rule enforcement and improve response mechanisms by triggering protective actions when predefined thresholds are met. This automation contributes to shortening detection-to-response timelines, a critical factor in mitigating fast-moving cyberattacks. Overall, the findings suggest that blockchain-powered intrusion detection represents a promising direction for strengthening network security in decentralized, cloud-based, and large-scale enterprise environments. By combining autonomous threat identification with tamper-proof logging and distributed validation, the proposed approach offers a comprehensive pathway for defending modern digital infrastructures against evolving cyber risks. The study concludes that integrating blockchain technology with intrusion detection principles not only reinforces system resilience but also lays the groundwork for more collaborative, transparent, and secure cybersecurity ecosystems.

Alexander Samuels

Background Global supply chains are increasingly challenged by disruptions, environmental pressures, and evolving market demands, necessitating a strong digital transformation. This study explores how the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing supply chain management (SCM) by improving operational efficiency, transparency, resilience, and sustainability. Methods Adhering to the PRISMA framework, a systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2024 was undertaken. Comprehensive searches were conducted in Scopus database. The collected literature was rigorously screened and analyzed using Atlas-ti software to identify recurring themes and assess the synergistic impact of AI, Blockchain, and IoT on supply chain operations. Results The review reveals that digital transformation significantly improves SCM through improved demand forecasting, optimized inventory management, and real-time decision-making capabilities. AI provides predictive insights that mitigate risks and streamline processes, Blockchain offers secure, transparent, and immutable records that improve trust and traceability, and IoT enables real-time monitoring and connectivity across the supply chain network. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including cybersecurity vulnerabilities, interoperability with legacy systems, and the need for workforce upskilling. Conclusion The integration of AI, Blockchain, and IoT into SCM presents a compelling pathway toward creating more resilient and sustainable supply chains. The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges associated with these digital technologies and provides strategic recommendations for practitioners and policymakers to encourage a balanced, technology-driven, and sustainable supply chain ecosystem. JEL codes O33, M11, M15

Abdul Razaque, Saule Amanzholova, Galimkair Mutanov, Olga Ussatova · 8 authors

This article focuses on developing an anti-corruption system for certifying students’ academic achievements in Kazakhstani higher education institutions by utilizing blockchain and artificial intelligence AI technologies. We specifically propose the Academic Integrity Verification System (AIVS), a revolutionary system that combines blockchain’s tamper-proof storage with AI’s anomaly detection capabilities. The system reduces major risks in traditional academic record management while ensuring transparency, precision, and proactive fraud detection. The simulation was conducted at the International Information Technology University (IITU) using Ethereum-based blockchain and AI models. In simulated testnet experiments, AIVS achieved an 85% reduction in verification time compared to traditional processes and delivered a 95% overall model accuracy in record validation. These results demonstrate the potential of blockchain and AI integration for improving efficiency and integrity in academic verification workflows. These findings demonstrate that our proposed AIVS enhances academic transparency, reduces corruption, and provides a scalable framework for secure academic record management. The proposed strategy marks a significant step forward in the governance of digital education in Kazakhstan and abroad.

Fatema Alkindi, Ali Cheaitou

A fragmented workflow, infrequent payment milestones, and unclear supply chains are some of the continuing problems, which complicate the contract administration in the UAE oil-and-gas construction sector. To examine blockchain and smart contract usage as a way to solve these issues, this paper reviews the literature on the topic, concentrating on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a framework that can be used to examine its use.The past research indicates that the perceived usefulness (PU) and the perceived ease of use (PEOU) play a significant role in predicting the intention of users to use new technology. They emphasize the need to be transparent and automated. Other barriers that are identified in the literature include regulatory uncertainty, system integration issues, and organizational inertia. Based on these results, we describe the prerequisites and the preconditions of successful adoption. These are regulatory clarity, clear policy frameworks, specific technical training and implementation roadmaps. This paper can provide practical advice to policy-makers in the supply-chain digitization sector and industry executives in the UAE oil-and-gas sector of construction by combining scattered studies.

Ra’ed Fawzi Aburoub, Nabeel Mahdi Althabhawi, Mohamad Rizal Abd Rahman, Ammar Abbas Kadhim

This paper explores the lifecycle of a smart contract, from the stages of coding and deployment to execution and verification, in order to show that a smart contract can indeed be self-executing, transparent, and immutable. While such functionalities introduce efficiency, trust, and reliability within industries such as financial, supply chain management, and health sectors, smart contracts at the same time have a host of technical and legal challenges arising. This paper identifies key issues: critical vulnerabilities in coding, deployment on immutable blockchains, address assignment complexities, triggering mechanisms, and aspects of privacy. This study has adopted a critical analytical approach to evaluate the technical and legal aspects of smart contract formation, complemented by inductive reasoning to derive general insights and recommendations from specific cases and patterns. The study states that the apt legal framework must be provided for liability, regulatory compliance, and solutions that would be unlooked-for. It further supports hybrid models that blend automation with human oversight, superior communication protocols regarding updating an address, and the use of technologies that allow transparency with the preservation of confidentiality in a balance. The concrete ideas it offers are attempts at technology design aligned with legal frameworks by bringing developers, regulators, and stakeholders together in implementing certain solutions. It emphasizes that continuous research will hence be important to assure reliability, security, and equitability in the adoption of smart contracts, expanding possibilities for their application in an increasingly changing digital environment.

Itishree Barik, Shashank Pandey, Sudama Tiwari, Ashutosh Kushwaha · 5 authors

Abstract: The global real estate sector is currently hindered by centralized inefficiencies, opacity, and susceptibility to fraudulent activities. This paper presents a Real Estate Management System (REMS) utilizing Ethereum smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to establish a decentralized, tamper-proof registry. The system automates critical conveyancing processes, including ownership verification and funds escrow, thereby eliminating the need for traditional intermediaries such as brokers and notaries. By integrating a React.js frontend with a Node.js backend and MetaMask for non-custodial identity management, the proposed solution ensures high data integrity and operational efficiency. The study analyses the architectural implementation, security frameworks, and economic implications of transitioning from legacy databases to distributed ledger technology. Findings indicate that the proposed blockchain architecture significantly reduces transaction friction, enhances transparency, and provides a robust framework for secure property transfers. Index Terms: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Real Estate, IPFS, Decentralization, Ethereum.

Talgar Bayan, Adnan Yazıcı, Richard Banach

Permissionless blockchains have evolved beyond cryptocurrency into foundations for Web3 applications, decentralized finance (DeFi), and digital asset ownership, yet this rapid expansion has intensified privacy vulnerabilities. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent trends, emerging privacy threats, and mitigation strategies in permissionless blockchain ecosystems. We examine six developments reshaping the landscape: meme coin proliferation on high-throughput networks, real-world asset tokenization linking on-chain activity to regulated identities, perpetual derivatives exposing trading strategies, institutional adoption concentrating holdings under regulatory oversight, prediction markets creating permanent records of beliefs, and blockchain–AI integration enabling both privacy-preserving analytics and advanced deanonymization. Through this work and forensic analysis of documented incidents, we analyze seven critical privacy threats grounded in verifiable 2024–2025 transaction data: dust attacks, private key management failures, transaction linking, remote procedure call exposure, maximal extractable value extraction, signature hijacking, and smart contract vulnerabilities. Blockchain exploits reached $2.36 billion in 2024 and $2.47 billion in the first half of 2025, with over 80% attributed to compromised private keys and signature vulnerabilities. We evaluate privacy-enhancing technologies, including zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses, identifying the gap between academic proposals and production deployment. We further propose a Secure Development Lifecycle framework incorporating measurable security controls validated against incident data. This work bridges the disconnect between privacy research and industrial practice by synthesizing current trends, providing insights, documenting real-world threats with forensic evidence, and providing actionable insights for both researchers advancing privacy-preserving techniques and developers building secure blockchain applications.

Vladimir Gorgadze

AI-Driven Cybersecurity and Anomaly Detection in Blockchain While the decentralized and open-source nature of blockchain provides inherent security, vulnerabilities can still exist. AI tools and models can significantly bolster cybersecurity by identifying unusual patterns, detecting threats in real-time, and automating responses to maintain network integrity, prevent fraud, and enhance overall resilience. AI can detect fraud in real-time, predict vulnerabilities, and automate smart contracts for improved efficiency. It strengthens security by identifying unusual patterns that may indicate potential threats or breaches. AI-powered anomaly detection, utilizing techniques such as Long Short-Term Memory networks, can continuously monitor multi-sensor data streams to detect malicious data injection and sensor malfunctions in real-time, recording alerts on a blockchain ledger for incorruptibility and authenticity. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of blockchain address and transaction data to identify patterns indicative of malicious activity, such as deviations from typical patterns or known fraud signatures. This includes detecting double-spending, transaction spamming, or unusual transaction volumes. In Decentralized Finance, AI-powered fraud detection systems, employing machine learning and graph-based algorithms, can map complex wallet connections, detect high-risk addresses, and adapt to changing scammer tactics in real-time. This capability is critical for Anti-Money Laundering audits. The ability to freeze accounts, block transfers, or notify users instantly is a key benefit of real-time AI fraud detection in crypto, as transactions are often fast and irreversible. One of the use cases our group implemented was using a modified Smart-LLaMa model to determine the reliability rating of blockchain addresses. We used large language models for detecting vulnerabilities in closed-source Ethereum smart contracts. The model was fine-tuned on a collected dataset of operational codes to adapt to the semantics of compiled smart contracts. The method allows for assessing the reliability of addresses based on the technical content of contracts, eliminating dependence on the source code, which is an excellent tool for enhancing the security of decentralized applications amidst the growing number of attacks on blockchain. www.srcmeetings.com17International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity (ICAIC 2025)November 27-28, 2025 (Virtual)Conference Proceedings