The successful operation of a blockchain system crucially relies on its management of software development activities. Not only does the technological functionality of a blockchain system depend on the quality of its source code, but also the “neutrality” of a blockchain system depends on access to and control over its source code. In this paper, we delve into the dynamic evolution of collaboration within the open-source developer community of Ethereum, a leading blockchain platform today. Utilizing network analysis techniques, we demonstrate the tendency of initially decentralized open-source communities to gravitate toward local modular structures. Additionally, our analysis reveals that inputs to the blockchain’s software code are concentrated among a small group of contributors. Our findings have implications for the managers of decentralized open-source technology and policymakers who aim to preserve impartial access to technology.
Abstract Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are digital assets based on blockchain technology that are increasingly being used for various applications in organizations. Given NFTs’ unique technological features, we posit that traditional, centralized organizations can adopt them to introduce novel solutions to the fundamental problems of organizing, namely, division of labor and integration of efforts. We examine the prospects and promises of NFT-enabled organization design and suggest how organizations can navigate its potential hurdles. We discuss critical boundary conditions for the deployment of NFTs in organization design and conclude by articulating how our Point of View article contributes to scholarship on blockchain technology and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).
The recent explosive development of new forms of the digital currency creates unprecedented opportunities while posing significant governance challenges.These challenges call into question whether bitcoin should adopt an institutionalized framework.It also raises concerns about whether bitcoin governance following the path of internet governance will be a viable solution to the challenges.This paper investigates the concept of the bitcoin ecosystem, the governance challenges that the ecosystem faces, stakeholder roles in governance, and whether having an institutionalized framework will effectively minimize the challenges that bitcoin network users face.
During the global pandemic, information workers were abruptly forced to engage in virtual work. This paper reports from an experiment seeking to formalize the formalization of small team coordination at London Blockchain Lab through the use of blockchain supported tokenization. The Web3 organizing vision promotes the technology as an enabler of new ways for individuals and organizations to engage in the transparent exchange of scarce digital rights. However, little attention has been paid to the use of blockchain technologies to coordinate distributed collaborative activities. This paper seeks to understand the viability of this vision amongst a community of expected early adopters through design experimentation resulting in interview data. The study points towards the significant gap between the Web3 vision and the problems of realizing this in practice. This highlights fundamental barriers to using blockchain for team collaboration while also pointing toward its potential. Even the most willing and able find it hard to turn code into law through tokenizing collaboration.
Abstract Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a disruptive technology with the potential of improving extended enterprise (EE) which comprises organizations that combine their capabilities and knowhow to achieve a common goal. Within the extended enterprise, governance enables distributed ledger control and stewardship and provides effective ways for enforcing ledger access and ownership policies. Although research related to DLT has received attention from academics and industries, the decentralized governance perspective of DLT remains less explored, and it is uncertain how decisions are made concerning the deployment of DLT within EE. These call for governance policies to protect the interests and needs of all stakeholders within the extended enterprise. Therefore, there is need for research that provides insight regarding the decentralized governance of DLT, showing how stakeholders and actors within EE make informed decisions. Accordingly, grounded on academic literature, this study develops governance of DLT framework for extended enterprises which comprises DLT governance dimensions, stakeholder/actors, and DLT governance mechanisms. The findings also present the governance actors and categories of DLTs, potentials, and challenges regarding decentralized governance of DLT in extended enterprises. Findings provide implications to enterprises, researchers, practitioners, industries, and policymakers on the concept of decentralized governance for organizational transformation. Finally, findings from this research are instrumental for designing governance policies to support DLT implementation and stimulate potential research within this direction.
Innovation breakthroughs prompt sensemaking discourses that promote community learning and socially construct the innovation. Through this discourse, interested actors advance diverse frames, appealing to consumers with disparate preferences but raising concerns for the coherence of that discourse. We unpack this diversity-coherence paradox by recasting coherence as the relatedness of innovation frames and spotlighting the role of discursive fields that circumscribe meaning. Our empirical context is the first six years of blockchain discourse across seven discursive fields. Our research offers three insights in furtherance of an ecological perspective on innovation discourse. First, framing diversity emanates from discursive fields rather than from actors. Second, fields play differentiated roles in the framing process. Enactment fields comprised of actors with direct experience with the technology limit diversity. They do so by erecting walls that circumscribe discourse through imprinting on their original frame and retracting from or abandoning frames learned from other fields. In contrast, mediated fields, in which actors lack direct experience with the technology, enhance diversity. They do so by imitating or learning from other fields and foreshadowing or anticipating the frames used by other fields, thereby building bridges. Third, rather than opposing each other, diversity and coherence coevolve as the diversity induced by mediated fields increases framing redundancies, synthesizing frames into a coherent community understanding of the innovation. Our research signals to the actors who serve as innovation ambassadors and gatekeepers that diverse views of an innovation are not only inevitable, given the many discourse fields in which those views are formulated, but can also be coherent and desirable.
The Deepen understanding of why new technologies and innovative ideas that are the basis of innovation are difficult to understand and support from management and funders. In other words, although the Hype Cycle is actually multi-layered, the recognition will be clarified by considering the gap in recognition that occurs between the proposer/engineer and the entrepreneur. In this paper, taking blockchain and distributed ledger technology field (BC), and music contents service industry (using smart phone etc.), as examples as specific fields, if we consider in the context of this stratification, we will deepen our understanding of the current situation and future movements for innovation.
Alan Rodrigues, Allysson Allex Araújo, Matheus Paixão, Pamella Soares
Presencia-se uma adesão de projetos de Contratos Inteligentes (CIs) ao desenvolvimento open source. Ademais, reconhece-se que o desenvolvimento de CIs lida com novas restrições as quais motivam novos questionamentos sobre a dinâmica de colaboração entre desenvolvedores e para com a comunidade. Enquadrando-se a partir de uma pesquisa exploratória-descritiva, o presente artigo objetiva discutir resultados preliminares sobre elementos colaborativos quanto ao desenvolvimento open source de CIs, em específico: i) a relação entre commits e colaboradores, e ii) quanto ao report e resolução de issues.
This intersection of Web3 technology and the metaverse constitutes a major leap into decentralized digital environments. Web3, which is based on blockchain technology, offers a user-centric architecture that allows users to own and control their digital assets, identities, and interactions. Blockchain ensures transparent, immutable records in the metaverse; smart contracts enable secure, trustless transactions to happen automatically. Non-fungible therapy tokens (NFTs) advance ownership online by showing original virtual items. Metaverse is a notion that envisions a communal, virtual shared environment that exists beyond the physical world. This space is shared by all individuals. It is a digital world in which users can interact with computer-generated surroundings, connect with other users, and participate in a variety of activities by utilizing AR, VR, and other immersive technologies. This article investigates how the integration of Web3 technology supports distributed governance, virtual commerce, and interoperable experiences, thereby ushering a new era of immersive, fair digital places. We also look at potential adoption chances as well as challenges.
Wilfrid Azan, Pierre Valiorgue, Éric Peyrol, Pr. Hamda Ben Hadid · 6 authors
Recognition of the skills that students acquire during their training is essential for them to access to more complex activities or to pursue further studies. An integrative student-centric framework is proposed in order to fade the boundaries between students, educational institutions and potential employers by making block-chain certification issuers and HR software interoperable. The contributions and demands of stakeholders taking part in the process are investigated. Key drivers of performance are identified for Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) aiming to improve the chances for students in higher education system entering the labor market.
[概要]NFT（Non-Fungible Token：非代替性トークン）は模倣困難性，トレーサビリティ，所有権の証明によってデジタル資産の流通を保証し，デジタル・エコシステムが持ついくつかの特性を刷新しつつある。本稿では，文献レビューを通じて近年急成長を遂げているNFTの視点からユーザー・コミュニティとUGC（User Generated Content）を再考し，こうした技術的変化が今後のオンライン創造活動のマネジメントに与えうる様々な影響を検討する。 [Abstract] Non-Fungible Token (NFT) guarantees the circulation of digital assets through imitation resistance, traceability and proof of ownership, and is also renewing some of the characteristics of digital ecosystems. Through a literature review, this paper reconsiders user communities and UGC (User Generated Content) from the perspective of NFTs, which have been growing rapidly in recent years, and examines the various impacts that these technological changes may have on the management of online creative activities in the future.
This paper presents a social-media data analysis tool to support investors making their decision on play-to-earn projects. The tool was developed in a web application by featuring (1) the common data about the game project and (2) its trend on Twitter by using NLP AI to analyze the tweets and visualize the results in graph presentation. The use scenarios are also presented by how to find answers by using the proposed analysis tool.
This research study explores the use of near-miss clone detection to support the characterization of domain models of smart contracts for each of the popular domains in which smart contracts are being rapidly adopted. In this paper, we leverage the code clone detection techniques to detect similarities in functions of the smart contracts deployed onto the Ethereum blockchain network. We analyze the clusters of code clones and the semantics of the code fragments in the clusters in an attempt to categorize them and discover the structural models of the patterns in code clones.
Rafael Belchior, Luke Riley, Thomas Hardjono, André Vasconcelos · 5 authors
Entrepreneurs, enterprises, and governments are using distributed ledger technology (DLT) as a component of complex information systems, and therefore interoperability capabilities are required. Interoperating DLTs enables network effects, synergies and, similarly to the rise of the Internet, it unlocks the full potential of the technology. However, due to the novelty of the area, interoperability mechanisms (IM) are still not well understood, as interoperability is studied in silos. Consequently, choosing the proper IM for a use case is challenging. Our paper has three contributions: first, we systematically study the research area of DLT interoperability by dissecting and analyzing previous work. We study the logical separation of interoperability layers, how a DLT can connect to others (connection mode), the object of interoperation (interoperation mode), and propose a new categorization for IMs. Second, we propose the first interoperability assessment for DLTs that systematically evaluates the interoperability degree of an IM. This framework allows comparing the potentiality, compatibility, and performance among solutions. Finally, we propose two decision models to assist in choosing an IM, considering different requirements. The first decision model assists in choosing the infrastructure of an IM, while the second decision model assists in choosing its functionality.
The software industry's history is also its future. Its history has been defined by both abundance and scarcity, and its future will be, too. In the 1970s and 80s, perceived software scarcity led U.S. legislators to formally grant intellectual property protections to software creators. Later, a different kind of scarcity-a lack of access to source code-led the founders of the free and open source software movement to flip intellectual property protections on their head in an effort to better promote abundance. That movement proved wildly successful, with today's software industry based on vast amounts of freely available open source software resources that both organizations and individuals collaboratively build. Abundance and scarcity will also define software's future, but in different ways. The abundance that the open source software movement spawned is in the midst of a significant commercial phase. That sometimes means that commercial competitors bring to the table a scarcity mindset that conflicts with the norms that made that movement so successful. Intellectual property concerns at times derail what may otherwise be even greater software abundance. And because so much software is moving into the Cloud, trade secrecy may become the software industry's most important form of intellectual property to the extent the industry abandons open models of innovation. The software industry's growing dependence on artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to contribute to these trends. The software industry is increasingly becoming synonymous with the AI industry, as more and more software companies either rely on AI in running their services or provide AI products to the public. As with all software, these AI technologies are increasingly provided from the Cloud, where trade secrecy is not only possible, but often preferable. But trade secrecy may be even more likely in the AI context because much of the magic in implementing AI systems lies in the know-how to piece them together from available open source software resources, decades-old AI techniques, and data. Hence, to the extent that software and AI technologists spurn open innovation in favor of a scarcity mindset, trade secrecy is likely to become its dominant form of legal protection. The advent of web3 technologies may eventually change some of these trends. But for now, increasing secrecy seems the most likely outcome. I conclude by arguing that this shift to secrecy is likely preferable to other forms of intellectual property.
The IS discourse on the potential of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in the financial services has grown at a tremendous pace in recent years. Yet, little has been said about the related implications for the costly and highly regulated process of compliance reporting. Working with a group of representatives from industry and regulatory authorities, we employ the design science research methodology (DSR) in the design, development, and evaluation of an artefact, enabling the automated collection and enrichment of transactional data. Our findings indicate that DLT may facilitate the automation of key compliance processes through the implementation of a "pull-model", in which regulators can access compliance data in near real-time to stage aggregate exposures at the supranational level. Generalizing our preliminary results, we present four propositions on the implications of DLT in compliance. The findings contribute new practical insights on the topic of compliance to the growing IS discourse on DLT.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have found use in the governance of Open Source Software (OSS) projects. However, the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance. Existing decentralized governance frameworks do not contain all the governance activities of open source software projects. Therefore, this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce open source software. The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance. The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce open source software. The evaluation underscored the significance of the framework and proved the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms. Finally, we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.
Distributed ledgers (DL) and ‘blockchains’ are being applied to manage planetary-scale information systems, such as the ledgers for cryptocurrencies, transactions across critical infrastructures for energy, food and water, and for managing public documents such as registries of land holdings. DL/blockchains are operationalised through the combined actions of complex software algorithms and digitally distributed Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks which act together to validate data and transactions, and then create and hold the record of transactions and asset holdings (the ledger). P2P digital networks are both cyber and social in nature; these new organizational forms also exhibit political intentionality, exclusionary behavior, and at times require extra payments (or bribes) to prioritize certain transactions. This paper examines various examples of skullduggery which digital P2P networks have perpetrated, and argues socio-technical theories are not enough to explain these cyber-social collectives, we need a new cyber-social theory.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) manage by leveraging distributed ledger technology to capable unfaithful adjustment among members, allowing organizational regulations and operations to be executed autonomously through verifiable and tamper-resistant code.DAOs seek to encourage open and associate ecosystems in which members allocate resources, allocate capital, and build collective judgments transparently through predetermined, programmable governance mechanisms. This study observes the theoretical bases of DAOs, examines their possible real-world applications, and analyzes the importance of open-source improvement in advancing decentralized organizational models. Despite their innovative potential, DAOs encounter sufficient barriers such as suspicious regulatory frameworks, restrictions in governance mechanisms, and safety weaknesses arising from dependence on smart contract code. By integrating scholarly literature, real-world case analyses, and present actualizations, this paper provides an extensive perspective on the developed influence of DAOs within digital and financial ecosystems while identifying promising ways for ongoing research. Although DAOs remain extensively experimental, they reflect a potential purpose to review and redesign organizational combination, cooperation, and governance exercises appropriate to the claims of the digital era.