The swift advancement of blockchain technology has introduced a transformative innovation known as smart contracts, which are self-enforcing, unchangeable computer programs for agreements. While these contracts offer benefits like efficiency and openness, their inherent qualities present major hurdles for protecting consumers, especially from the risk of inequitable terms being included. This study aims to deeply investigate the strengths and weaknesses of current Indonesian law in offering legal safeguards to consumers who use smart contracts for their transactions. Utilizing a normative juridical methodology with a statutory and conceptual framework, the research reveals several key findings. First, the essential features of smart contracts, most notably their unchangeable and self-enforcing nature, are in direct opposition to the adaptable and justice-focused principles of Indonesian contract law, like the doctrine of good faith. Second, although a foundational level of protection is offered by the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK), and the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE), substantial legal vacuums and difficult enforcement problems persist. Third, the research pinpoints specific ways unfair clauses appear as functions within the code and confirms that applying a purposeful interpretation of current legislation can help lessen their negative effects. In conclusion, this paper asserts the pressing requirement for creating specific legal rules and bolstering institutional supervision, especially by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), to ensure that consumer rights remain protected amidst the evolution of contractual technology.
Fatima Zohra Benali, Wildan Miftahussurur Miftahussurur, Rijal Ali Santos Santos, Zaenol Hasan
This study examines the application of qiyas (analogical reasoning) in assessing the legality of cryptocurrency within Islamic law, particularly through the fatwas issued by the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI). As cryptocurrency emerges as a significant innovation in the economic sector, the research analyzes classical fiqh texts and draws analogies with paper money to identify essential criteria for cryptocurrency to be considered a legitimate medium of exchange, including being valuable, pure, transferable, and beneficial. The findings indicate that while cryptocurrency lacks official backing, its value is derived from societal trust in blockchain technology. The study emphasizes the necessity for cryptocurrency transactions to comply with Sharia principles, avoiding elements of riba, gharar, and maysir. Additionally, it highlights the importance of collaboration among scholars, academics, and practitioners in Sharia economics to develop responsive fatwas and policies that address technological advancements and societal needs. Furthermore, to provide a broader perspective, examples from other countries, such as Malaysia, Algeria, and Morocco, can be referenced to understand how different Islamic authorities approach the regulation and assessment of cryptocurrency. For instance, Malaysia's Shariah Advisory Council has recognized cryptocurrencies under certain conditions, while Algeria has outright banned their use due to concerns over their volatility and speculative nature. Morocco, on the other hand, has issued warnings about the risks associated with cryptocurrency, despite the growing global interest in digital currencies. By examining these diverse approaches, the research can offer a more comprehensive understanding of how cryptocurrency fits within the frameworks of Islamic finance and law across different contexts. This research contributes to the discourse on integrating modern financial systems with Islamic principles, suggesting that cryptocurrencies can be utilized within Islamic economies if they adhere to Sharia guidelines. Ultimately, the study aims to provide practical guidance for Muslims in conducting economic activities in the digital era while leveraging technological progress to enhance welfare and prosperity.
This research aims to spread the implementation of blockchain technology in the digital financial sector through a literature study approach. The main issue raised is how blockchain is applied in financial services and what challenges and benefits come with it. The method used was a literature review of 18 relevant scientific articles. The analysis results show that blockchain has been implemented in four main categories, namely cryptocurrency, cross-border payments, decentralized finance (DeFi), and smart contracts. This implementation provides significant benefits such as transparency, cost and time efficiencies, and increased security. However, blockchain implementation still faces serious challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, scalability issues, cybersecurity risks, and low adoption by traditional financial institutions. This research suggests the importance of strengthening regulations, technical innovation, and increasing technological literacy to encourage broader and more effective blockchain implementation in digital financial systems.
The development of digital technology has encouraged the use of smart contracts as an instrument for automating agreements in Blockchain-based electronic transactions. In the context of Indonesian law, the validity of a smart contract must meet the legal requirements for an agreement, as regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which includes the agreement between the parties, legal capacity, a transparent object of the agreement, and lawful causes. Additionally, data verification in smart contracts is a key element in guaranteeing the security, authenticity, and transparency of e-commerce transactions, which is related to the provisions in the ITE Law and the PDP Law. This verification aims to prevent data manipulation, reduce the risk of fraud, and increase trust in transactions by using encryption technology, digital signatures, and Blockchain-based identity. Smart contracts can be considered valid if they fulfill the terms of the agreement and data security principles, making their use in e-commerce more effective and reliable.
David Hardiago, Rani Fadhila Syafrinaldi, Syafrinaldi, M. Musa · 5 authors
The advancement of science and technology continues to accelerate. Internet and its supporting technology became the backbone for many activities. This kind of advancement goes beyond territorial boundaries and human’s intelligence. This phenomenon triggers a new crime model. One of them is a crime related to the existence of Cryptocurrency such as money laundering, terrorism financing, and other forms of crime. This is understood given that Cryptocurrency give rise to large number of crimes as well as the emergence of a new modus operandi in several criminal acts. This is further supported by the lack of current Indonesian regulations that do not specifically accommodate the Cryptocurrency mechanism. The main issues raised in this study are related to how crimes and new modus operandi are caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism against Indonesian criminal law, as well as how the mechanism of crime prevention and handling caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism through the means of penal policy, covering targeted legislative amendments, specialised investigative units, prosecutorial guidelines, and asset-seizure procedures—to prevent and combat such crimes. This article uses normative method to answer the problem through comparative approach, case approach, literary approach and statutory approach. Initial hypotheses proposed to address these problems are: First, Cryptocurrency as a financial transaction mechanism that relies on the computational system with anonymous transactions opens a great opportunity for crime in the mechanism of the transaction. Second, the establishment of new rules in order prevent and combat crime and the modus operandi caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism through the mechanism of penal policy are essential.
Di tengah pesatnya pertumbuhan teknologi digital dan Artificial Intelligence (AI), pencurian karya digital menjadi ancaman nyata yang meresahkan para kreator. Hal ini tidak hanya mengancam hak ekonomi, tetapi juga merusak integritas ekosistem kreatif. Penelitian ini menawarkan solusi inovatif: integrasi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dan smart contract untuk perlindungan hak cipta di era digital. Dengan mengumpulkan 150 data dari platform media sosial X menggunakan metode web crawling dan analisis labeling, ditemukan bahwa mayoritas publik mendukung upaya perlindungan karya digital. Studi ini kemudian mensimulasikan pembuatan NFT dan implementasi smart contract di blockchain Polygon melalui OpenSea, membuktikan bahwa pencatatan kepemilikan berbasis teknologi dapat menghadirkan sistem perlindungan yang otomatis, transparan, dan tahan manipulasi. Hasil ini tidak hanya membangun jalur baru perlindungan hak cipta yang lebih adil dan efisien, tetapi juga menegaskan pentingnya adaptasi hukum di dunia digital. Temuan ini membuka cakrawala baru bagaimana teknologi blockchain dapat menjadi benteng pertahanan kreator di tengah dinamika digital yang terus berubah.
Cryptocurrency is a digital asset accessible to the public and utilized for legal and illegal activities. While it serves as a medium of exchange and is recognized as a legal payment method in some countries, it has yet to attain such status in Indonesia. Nevertheless, by mid-2021, the number of Cryptocurrency investors in Indonesia had reached 6.5 million, with transaction values totaling 370.4 trillion rupiahs—surpassing the 5.37 million capital market investors recorded simultaneously. This study explores the profiles of Cryptocurrency investors. It also uses purposive sampling and multiple regression analysis to examine how awareness and perceived ease of use influence their motivation to adopt cryptocurrency. The findings reveal that awareness and ease of use significantly affect adoption motivation. These insights contribute to a better understanding of consumer behavior in the context of Cryptocurrency adoption. Keywords: Crypto Currency, Profile, Awareness, Ownership Motivations Abstrak Cryptocurrency adalah aset digital yang dapat diakses oleh publik dan digunakan untuk kegiatan baik secara legal dan ilegal. Meskipun berfungsi sebagai alat tukar dan diakui sebagai metode pembayaran legal di beberapa negara, masih banyak negara yang belum mengadopsi Cryptocurrency sebagai metode pembayaran ilegal salah satunya adalah Indonesia. Meski demikian, pada pertengahan 2021, jumlah investor mata uang kripto di Indonesia telah mencapai 6,5 juta, dengan nilai transaksi sebesar 370,4 triliun rupiah melampaui 5,37 juta investor pasar modal yang tercatat secara serentak. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi profil investor cryptocurrency. Ini juga menggunakan purposive sampling dan analisis regresi berganda untuk memeriksa bagaimana kesadaran dan kemudahan penggunaan yang dirasakan memengaruhi motivasi mereka untuk mengadopsi cryptocurrency. Temuan ini mengungkapkan bahwa kesadaran dan kemudahan penggunaan secara signifikan mempengaruhi motivasi adopsi. Wawasan ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang perilaku konsumen dalam konteks adopsi mata uang kripto.Kata kunci: Cryptocurrency, Profil, Kesadaran, Motivasi Kepemilikan
The digital economy has grown rapidly with the emergence of blockchain technology, which serves as the foundation for digital assets such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFTs enable unique digital ownership of artworks, music, and other digital assets. However, regulations governing NFTs in Indonesia remain limited, posing legal challenges, particularly in multi-party transactions and ownership protection. This study aims to analyze the regulations governing NFT ownership in Indonesia, identify legal challenges arising in multi-party transactions, and evaluate dispute resolution mechanisms in NFT transactions. Using a normative approach and descriptive analysis method, this research finds that existing regulations do not specifically accommodate the unique characteristics of NFTs, leading to legal uncertainty in ownership and copyright protection. Therefore, more comprehensive and specific regulations are needed to create legal certainty and support the development of the NFT industry in Indonesia.
Gilvina Grace B.A., Surahman Surahman, Muhammad Nurcholis Alhadi, Elviandri Elviandri
Cryptocurrency has emerged as a global innovation since the launch of Bitcoin in 2009, underpinned by blockchain technology that offers enhanced efficiency and transparency. Despite its potential, cryptocurrency presents complex legal challenges, particularly concerning its regulatory status. In Indonesia, cryptocurrency faces a dual regulatory framework: it is prohibited as a means of payment by Bank Indonesia pursuant to Law No. 7 of 2011 on Currency, yet simultaneously recognized as a tradable investment commodity by the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (Bappebti). This study aims to analyze the implications of this duality for Indonesia’s national regulatory system. Using normative legal research and a statutory approach, the study reveals significant legal uncertainty arising from institutional regulatory inconsistencies. Such uncertainty may impede innovation and compromise consumer protection. Therefore, regulatory harmonization is essential to ensure legal certainty and adaptability, drawing on the theories of legal certainty and progressive law.
This study examines the validity and application of smart contracts within the Indonesian civil law framework. Smart contracts are block chain-based agreements that are implemented autonomously, eliminating the necessity for intermediaries. Although it provides efficiency and openness, its integration into the Indonesian legal system continues to encounter obstacles, particularly concerning regulations and dispute resolution methods. The legitimacy of an agreement in civil law is governed by Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which stipulates the necessity of mutual consent, legal ability, definite objects, and justifiable grounds. Nonetheless, there exists no regulation that explicitly governs smart contracts, necessitating additional examination of their legal standing.This study employs a normative legal methodology utilizing both conceptual and legislative approaches. The utilized data sources comprise primary legal materials, including the Civil Code and the Indonesian ITE Law, alongside secondary legal materials from books, scholarly publications, and prior study. The investigation aimed to ascertain the validity and legal binding nature of smart contracts inside the Indonesian civil system.The study's findings indicate that while smart contracts theoretically satisfy the components of an agreement as outlined in the Civil Code, issues persist regarding regulation and dispute resolution. Consequently, it is essential to formulate specific legislation or amendments to the ITE Law and Civil Code to facilitate smart contracts. Furthermore, the function of notaries and legal entities in authenticating smart contracts need elucidation to prevent legal ambiguity. In conflict resolution, hybrid methods like block chain-based arbitration may serve as an alternate solution. Consequently, the adoption of smart contracts in Indonesia need enhanced legal certainty to facilitate widespread utilization and ensure protection for the involved parties.
Cryptocurrency in Indonesia has begun to develop and is starting to be widely used by businessmen in Indonesia. This is a phenomenon given the need for accounting treatment for cryptocurrency transactions. This research seeks to explore and test cryptocurrency and blockchain technology with the approach and review of PSAK in Indonesia and focuses on accounting treatment for cryptocurrencies in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to conduct an accounting study for cryptocurrencies based on PSAK that applies in Indonesia. The study used a review literature model to figure out accounting for cryptocurrencies.
Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin berkembang banyak mengubah sistem yang telah ada diberbagai bidang, salah satu contoh perubahan yaitu sistem voting atau pemungutan suara. Di negara demokratisseperti indonesia sistem pemungutan suara sangat penting karena menjadi sarana masyarakat untuk menyuarakanhak-hak seperti contoh untuk memilih presiden atau wakil-wakil rakyat negara. Disamping itu sebagianpemungutan suara atau voting dilakukan dengan cara konvensional yaitu menggunakan kertas untuk menentukanpilihan sampai perhitungan hasil akhir suara, hal itu dapat menghabiskan biaya yang sangat banyak dan prosesperhitungan yang sangat lama dalam pelaksanaanya. Oleh karena itu, untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebutdirancanglah sistem e-Voting yang memanfaatkan teknologi smart contract dan blockchain. Dengan perjanjiandigital (smart contract) yang dibuat dengan bahasa pemrograman solidity, perjanjian tersebut tidak bisa diubahalurnya (paten) jika sudah diterapkan di blockchain. Setiap transaksi atau data suara pemilihan masuk maka akandilakukan hashing dengan menggunakan algoritma sha-256 (dimana sampai saat ini hash dengan sha-256 belumada yang mampu memecahkannya) dan kemudian akan membentuk suatu rantai block yang saling terhubung(peer-to-peer) di jaringan blockchain tersebut. Sehingga dengan memanfaatkan teknologi ini, data pemungutansuara yang telah dilakukan tidak dapat diubah, digandakan atau bahkan dihapus.
Ahmad Jurnaidi Wahidin, Rayhan Maulana Sugiharto Putra
Penelitian ini mengkaji potensi investasi dalam cryptocurrency dengan menerapkan metode Net Present Value (NPV) sebagai sistem pendukung keputusan untuk menilai dan membandingkan tiga cryptocurrency yaitu Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), dan Binance Coin (BNB). Cryptocurrency telah muncul sebagai instrumen investasi yang menarik perhatian besar dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, terutama di kalangan milenial, karena dianggap sebagai mata uang masa depan. Dalam penelitian ini, kinerja ketiga cryptocurrency dianalisis berdasarkan tiga kriteria utama: Tingkat Pertumbuhan Tahunan (Annual Growth Rate), Volume Perdagangan (Trading Volume), dan Ketersediaan di Platform Pertukaran Terkemuka (Availability on Major Exchange Platforms). Data dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber tepercaya seperti bursa cryptocurrency dan laporan keuangan. Perhitungan NPV dilakukan untuk mengukur nilai sekarang dari arus kas masa depan yang diharapkan dari masing-masing cryptocurrency. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Binance Coin (BNB) memiliki nilai NPV tertinggi sebesar $29.416,91, diikuti oleh Ethereum (ETH) dengan NPV sebesar $26.085,74, dan Bitcoin (BTC) dengan NPV sebesar $22.948,93. Ini menunjukkan bahwa BNB menawarkan nilai investasi terbaik di antara ketiga cryptocurrency yang dianalisis, berdasarkan kriteria yang ditetapkan. Penelitian ini menjadi sistem pendukung bagi investor untuk membuat keputusan investasi yang lebih informasional dan beralasan dalam pasar cryptocurrency yang fluktuatif.
AbstractNon-Fungible Token (NFT) represents a symbol of the future in a market that increasingly adapts to modern times. NFT provides a profitable platform for digital art aiming to monetize their works more effectively and efficiently. However, NFTs are sometimes misused by others to profit from an artist’s work without their permission. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regulation of NFTs in Indonesia. This research uses a normative juridical method. The results show that Indonesia does not yet have specific regulations regarding NFTs. However, there are several existing regulations that can serve as a legal framework for the existence of NFTs. As an asset, commercial transaction of NFTs based on APPEBTI Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning Guidelines for Organizing Physical Crypto Asset Trading on the Futures Exchange, considering that NFTs are crypto assets stored on Blockchain networks and represent digital works. As intangible movable goods, NFTs based on the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (ITE Law) and Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Transactions Through Electronic Systems. As digital art, legal protection can refer to the Copyright Law. Challenges in the implementation of NFT trading include the potential for piracy, where someone's work is turned into an NFT without permission through a process called minting. To address these challenges, specific regulations on NFTs are needed. Another possible solution is the development of policies by NFT marketplaces to prevent further losses by blocking NFTs that are proven to originate from misused works.AbstrakNon-Fungible Token (NFT) ialah simbol di masa yang akan datang terkait pasar yang semakin mengikuti zaman. NFT menyediakan sarana profitable digital art yang bertujuan untuk memonetisasi karya mereka dengan cara yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Namun terkadang NFT digunakan oleh orang lain untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari sebuah karya seniman tanpa memiliki izin dari seniman itu. Tujuan daripada penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaturan NFT di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa di Indonesia belum terdapat aturan khusus terkait NFT. Akan tetapi terdapat beberapa aturan yang dapat digunakan sebagai payung hukum keberadaan NFT. Sebagai aset, transaksi perdagangan NFT berada dalam payung hukum Peraturan BAPPEBTI Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Perdagangan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto di Bursa Berjangka, dengan pertimbangan bahwa NFT merupakan aset kripto yang tersimpan di jaringan Blockchain dan karya digital. NFT sebagai Benda bergerak tidak berwujud berada dalam payung hukum UU ITE dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Transaksi Melalui Sistem Elektronik. Sebagai karya digital perlindungan hukum dapat merujuk pada UU Hak Cipta. Tantangan dalam pelaksanaan transaksi perdagangan NFT yaitu dimungkinkannya. Tantangan dalam implementasi NFT yaitu terdapat potensi pembajakan terhadap suatu karya seseorang menjadi obyek NFT melalui minting. Untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut perlu pengaturan yang khusus NFT. Solusi lainnya yang dapat dilakukan misalnya dibuatnya kebijakan dari Pasar NFT untuk mencegah kerugian lebih lanjut dengan memblokir NFT yang terbukti berasal dari karya yang disalahgunakan.
Nelly Nur Rohmah, Nu’matun Najibah, Amelia Rohmawati, Pungky Lela Saputri
The development of information and communication technology has driven significant innovation in the financial sector through Financial Technology (Fintech). This article explores the role of Fintech in shaping the global market for digital currencies and its impact on economic stability. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and literature review, this study finds that Fintech, through technologies such as blockchain, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, and Decentralized Finance (DeFi), facilitates efficient cross-border transactions, enhances financial inclusion, and creates a more interconnected global financial ecosystem. Additionally, digital currencies such as cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) offer potential benefits in transaction efficiency, transparency, and reduced global transaction costs. However, the adoption of digital currencies also presents challenges, including high value volatility, risks to monetary policy, and opportunities for illegal activities such as money laundering. This article recommends the importance of comprehensive global regulatory policies to mitigate risks, control the circulation of digital currencies, and ensure economic stability in the digital era. Thus, Fintech and digital currencies can be optimized as catalysts for supporting inclusive and sustainable global economic growth.
This study examines the legal certainty of using cryptocurrency as an investment instrument in companies in Indonesia. Although cryptocurrency is not recognized as a legal means of payment, it has been acknowledged as a tradable commodity in futures exchanges. This research utilizes a normative legal approach to analyze existing regulations, challenges encountered, and legal protections available for investors. The findings indicate that despite significant profit potential, investors still face high risks due to price volatility, insufficient legal protections, and cybersecurity threats. It is crucial for the government to formulate more comprehensive and supportive regulations to protect investors and prevent misuse and illegal practices. Additionally, an extensive educational program is needed to enhance public understanding of the risks and benefits of investing in cryptocurrency. With adequate regulation and improved public awareness, cryptocurrency is expected to contribute positively to Indonesia’s digital economic growth. This study aims to contribute to the development of policies and regulations related to cryptocurrency in Indonesia and to encourage greater public participation in this investment ecosystem.
Putri Purbasari Raharningtyas Marditia, April Yanto
This research aims to analyze the regulatory model for implementing smart contracts in commercial contracts in Indonesia and conduct comparative studies with other countries such as Singapore, England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy.Smart contracts and electronic instructions executed automatically in a blockchain network provide security, efficiency, and transparency advantages.This research uses a normative juridical approach with comparative legal methods.Data was collected through literature study and analysis of related legal documents.This research found that in Indonesia, regulations related to smart contracts are still in the development stage, and no specific regulations regulate their implementation in detail.However, the use of blockchain technology underlying smart contracts has begun to be recognized by the relevant authorities.The research results show that regulations in the countries compared are more advanced in accommodating the use of smart contracts.Singapore, for example, has developed various guidelines and policies supporting this technology's application in multiple sectors.The UK has also recognized the legal validity of smart contracts through reports and guidance issued by the Law Commission.In the Netherlands, traditional contract law principles are applied to smart contracts with some adjustments.Switzerland, known as the "Crypto Valley" of Zug, has adopted regulations that support blockchain technology innovation.Italy has also passed legislation providing smart contracts' legal definition and status.This research concludes that Indonesia needs to develop more comprehensive and specific regulations regarding innovative agreements to accommodate the development of this technology and provide legal certainty for parties involved in digital transactions following applicable legal principles.
Non-fungible Token (NFT) merupakan sebuah inovasi baru yang muncul akibat adanya revolusi digital yang terus berkembang. NFT adalah item seni digital yang diperdagangkan dan sering kali dibeli menggunakan cryptocurrency. Setiap NFT mempunyai catatan transaksi dalam blockchain. Dokumen ini memuat informasi tentang harga, riwayat kepemilikan, dan penciptanya. Berkembangnya teknologi berbagai alat dapat dipakai untuk memitigasi risiko pelanggaran hak cipta, seperti enkripsi, tanda air digital, dan teknologi blockchain. Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dan Undang- Undang No. 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE) adalah undang-undang yang mengatur karya seni digital. Pasal 15B UUHC menegaskan bahwa izin dari pemegang hak cipta diperlukan sebelum penggunaan karya melalui teknologi informasi dan transmisi data. Dalam penulisan ini penulis menganalisis dengan identifikasi masalah yaitu bagaimana aturan perlindungan hukum karya seni aset digital dengan nilai NFT dihubungkan dengan Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, bagaimana akibat hukum pelaksanaan NFT bagi pemegang hak cipta dihubungkan dengan aturan hak cipta dan ITE dan bagaimana penyelesaian permasalahan NFT dihubungkan dengan UUHC. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini dengan menggunakan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis, yaitu metode yang menggambarkan suatu peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku lalu memiliki keterkaitan dengan teori-teori hukum dengan metode Yuridis Normatif. Untuk data yang digunakan yaitu data primer berupa data lapangan serta data sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur. Pada tahap penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian klasifikasi dan analisis data yang ada. Hasil dari penelitian yang telah penulis analisis menunjukan kesimpulan bahwa, khususnya mengenai kasus Kendra Ahimsa ini di negara Indonesia hingga saat ini masih dalam tahap merumuskan regulasi yang mengatur secara khusus mengenai NFT, sehingga masih terdapat ketidakpastian hukum dan tantangan dalam perlindungan hak cipta digital. Meskipun di Indonesia memiliki Undang-Undang No. 28 tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dan Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik akan tetapi undang-undang tersebut belum terdapat pengaturan secara detail mengenai NFT masih terdapat kekosongan regulasi khusus yang mengatur NFT secara komprehensif. Kata kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Non-Fungible Token, Hak Cipta
The rapid advancement of technology in the digital era presents new challenges for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, especially within the fast-evolving technology industry. Indonesia has enacted various regulations to safeguard IPR, such as the Copyright, Patent, and Trademark Laws. However, implementation within the technology sector faces significant challenges. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for IPR in the technology industry, identify existing challenges, and provide recommendations to strengthen IPR protection in Indonesia. The research employs normative legal methods with a juridical normative approach, where data is collected through a literature review of legislation, related documents, and scholarly literature. The findings reveal that while IPR regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak due to limited infrastructure, low public awareness, and the complexity of new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), which are not yet accommodated by current regulations. Recommendations include strengthening regulations relevant to technological advancements, increasing public awareness of IPR importance, and leveraging digital technology to monitor IPR infringements. Effective IPR protection is expected to foster a conducive environment for innovation within Indonesia's technology industry.
This study aims to analyze Islamic scholars' views on the halal or haram status of cryptocurrency in financial transactions according to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah). Using a qualitative approach and comparative analysis method, this research explores the opinions of scholars and Islamic financial institutions regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a transactional tool. The results indicate two main groups of views: one group supports the use of cryptocurrency with specific conditions that align with Sharia, while the other group rejects it due to the presence of gharar (uncertainty) and maisir (speculation) in its use. This study provides a deeper understanding of the similarities and differences in scholars' arguments and their implications for Shariah decisions in the context of Islamic economics. The conclusion of this study is the importance of regulation and clear guidelines to ensure cryptocurrency’s compliance with Sharia principles.
The development of information technology has had a significant impact on various sectors, including the health sector. This research aims to implement blockchain technology with smart contracts in health data management to create a secure, transparent, and efficient system. The methods used include needs analysis, smart contract development, and system simulation using the Ethereum platform and IPFS-based off-chain storage. Data was collected through literature studies, interviews, observations, and system simulations. The results show that the smart contract successfully automates the process of granting and revoking data access permissions, with an average transaction time of under 2 seconds. The system ensures data security through encryption, private key-based authentication, and immutable transaction records. Off-chain storage overcomes blockchain's capacity limitations for big data such as medical imaging results, without compromising privacy. However, this research faces the challenges of high transaction fees on public blockchains and scalability of the system at large user scales. This research contributes to the development of innovative solutions for health data management with full control by patients, while improving the transparency and efficiency of the system.
Rahmat Mustaqim Adi Nugroho, Nanang Sudarsono, Achyar Rosandi, Zaki Akbar
The goals of these brief are to identifies and analyze how the role of Act in backups Rupiah strength against the exchange of decentralize finance block-chain based cryptocurrency (known as Bitcoin or BTC) whereas does not requires swift-code alike printed or FIAT as a early detection of state to print collateral or guarantee on foreign exchange rate. Within act or preparation of ratification upcoming act, remembered by the 13th August 2025 Rupiah exchange has weakened since last 5 year along +/- 3.000 Rupiah per-$ USD numbered 16.164 Rupiah against 1$ USD became the basis of Act to be frontier guardian to prevent valuation of inflation and empowered Rupiah in global market exchange. Otherwise thus valuation were countered back by BTC on every-world currencies since 2016 itself has gained the upscale as much as 32.018,52% the number that should concerned and potentially capable to brought a nation into failure if it is not restricted immediately by the Gration or Acts that defend a currency rate in every state.
Blockchain, as a supporting technology for the industrial revolution 4.0, has excellent potential to change many areas of private legal transactions, including as the technological basis of smart contracts. The application of blockchain technology has its own legal aspects, risks, legal issues and challenges to provide regulatory policies to optimize the technology's potential and simultaneously mitigate risks. This research aims, firstly, to discover the legal aspects that should be considered in blockchain technology and, secondly, the legal issues of implementing blockchain technology, especially those related to finance, jurisdiction, and cyber-attacks. The research method to be used is normative legal research. The research results obtained are, first, the aspect of the existence of the law itself, which is related to binary code through hash algorithms. Second, the legal issues of implementing blockchain in the financial sector are scalability, data privacy, data interoperability, and governance; related to jurisdiction related to the ability of blockchain to cross jurisdictional boundaries because nodes on the blockchain can transmit anywhere, in this world; related to cyber-attacks, namely brute force attacks on specific nodes which result in the dissemination of inaccurate information. Legal assistance and existence in technology (in this case, blockchain) are needed so that everything continues according to the rules to prevent more significant problems from arising.
Robby Nugroho Setiawan, Anwar Hidayat, Muhamad Abas
This research investigates the implementation of smart contracts in the Indonesian property sector, examining the legal opportunities and challenges involved. Blockchain technology offers high transparency, efficiency, and security in property transactions, but faces regulatory and infrastructural hurdles. The aim of this research is to explore the related legal dynamics, identify socio-economic impacts, and offer sustainable solutions. The research method employed is a qualitative legal approach to gather and analyze data. The findings indicate that although blockchain can expedite transaction processes and enhance transparency, the legal validity of smart contracts and consumer protection remain major issues. Regulatory updates and increased awareness of data security are necessary to optimize the adoption of this technology in Indonesia.Keywords: Blockchain., Property law., Regulation., Smart contracts., Transparency