Dmitry Belousov, Maksim Shuklin, Alexander Stepin, Yury Yanovich
Rarity meters are incorporated by industry and discursive by academia. Rarity, as an intuitive term, attracted numerous researchers to present their own view of it. While there is existing literature on comparing rarity meters, it requires access to NFT collection data, which can be challenging for researchers without a background in blockchain technology. This has created a demand for an easily accessible rarity meter benchmark. In this paper, we introduce the Rating over all Rarities (ROAR) benchmark, which includes data from one hundred popular NFT collections from the Ethereum blockchain, implemented a weighted correlation-based performance measurement function, as well as four state-of-the-art rarity meters (Rarity.tools, Kramer, OpenRarity, and NFTGo), along with a new rarity meter called ROAR. Our experiments show that the ROAR rarity meter, an ensemble of the other four meters, outperforms its competitors, with Rarity.tools and Kramer as runner-ups. The ROAR benchmark is a tool for examination and testing of rarity meter ideas, and we challenge readers to develop models that can outperform the ROAR rarity meter.
Ethereum has become one of the primary global platforms for cryptocurrency, playing an important role in promoting the diversification of the financial ecosystem. However, the relative lag in regulation has led to a proliferation of malicious activities in Ethereum, posing a serious threat to fund security. Existing regulatory methods usually detect malicious accounts through feature engineering or large-scale transaction graph mining. However, due to the immense scale of transaction data and malicious attacks, these methods suffer from inefficiency and low robustness during data processing and anomaly detection. In this regard, we propose an Ethereum Transaction Graph Compression method named TGC4Eth, which assists malicious account detection by lightweighting both features and topology of the transaction graph. At the feature level, we select transaction features based on their low importance to improve the robustness of the subsequent detection models against feature evasion attacks; at the topology level, we employ focusing and coarsening processes to compress the structure of the transaction graph, thereby improving both data processing and inference efficiency of detection models. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TGC4Eth significantly improves the computational efficiency of existing detection models while preserving the connectivity of the transaction graph. Furthermore, TGC4Eth enables existing detection models to maintain stable performance and exhibit high robustness against feature evasion attacks.
The seamless integration of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in various sectors has revolutionized financial transactions. While cryptocurrencies serve as a convenient mode of payment, they have also opened avenues promoting fraudulent schemes such as Ponzi schemes, HYIPs, or money laundering activities leading to substantial financial losses. Traditional ways of anomaly detection, such as heuristic and signature-based approaches, have proven inadequate in addressing the intricacies of burgeoning fraud patterns. This paper explores the application of ensemble learning for anomaly detection in Bitcoin transactions by combining various ML techniques such as Isolation Forest, One-class SVM, and DBSCAN within a stacking framework. The proposed model harnesses the complementary strengths of each algorithm to achieve a nearly $98 \%$ accuracy rate in anomaly detection, thereby addressing the shortcomings of existing techniques. The study utilizes hyperparameter tuning techniques to enhance the effectiveness of the ensemble model and create a resilient model for detecting fraud and security threats in cryptocurrency transactions. Leveraging the cryptographic foundations of blockchain technology, the proposed method aims to create a more secure and reliable system for detecting threats and maintaining the integrity of Bitcoin transactions.
In decentralized systems, the quest for heightened security and integrity within blockchain networks becomes an issue. This survey investigates anomaly detection techniques in blockchain ecosystems through the lens of unsupervised learning, delving into the intricacies and going through the complex tapestry of abnormal behaviors by examining avant-garde algorithms to discern deviations from normal patterns. By seamlessly blending technological acumen with a discerning gaze, this survey offers a perspective on the symbiotic relationship between unsupervised learning and anomaly detection by reviewing this problem with a categorization of algorithms that are applied to a variety of problems in this field. We propose that the use of unsupervised algorithms in blockchain anomaly detection should be viewed not only as an implementation procedure but also as an integration procedure, where the merits of these algorithms can effectively be combined in ways determined by the problem at hand. In that sense, the main contribution of this paper is a thorough study of the interplay between various unsupervised learning algorithms and how this can be used in facing malicious activities and behaviors within public and private blockchain networks. The result is the definition of three categories, the characteristics of which are recognized in terms of the way the respective integration takes place. When implementing unsupervised learning, the structure of the data plays a pivotal role. Therefore, this paper also provides an in-depth presentation of the data structures commonly used in unsupervised learning-based blockchain anomaly detection. The above analysis is encircled by a presentation of the typical anomalies that have occurred so far along with a description of the general machine learning frameworks developed to deal with them. Finally, the paper spotlights challenges and directions that can serve as a comprehensive compendium for future research efforts.
Due to spectacular gains during periods of rapid price increase and unpredictably large drops, Bitcoin has become a popular emergent asset class over the past few years. In this paper, we are interested in predicting the crashes of Bitcoin market. To tackle this task, we propose a framework for deep learning time series classification based on contrastive learning. The proposed framework is evaluated against six machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) baseline models, and outperforms them by 15.8% in balanced accuracy. Thus, we conclude that the contrastive learning strategy significantly enhance the model’s ability of extracting informative representations, and our proposed framework performs well in predicting Bitcoin crashes.
Blockchain technology has rapidly emerged to mainstream attention, while its publicly accessible, heterogeneous, massive-volume, and temporal data are reminiscent of the complex dynamics encountered during the last decade of big data. Unlike any prior data source, blockchain datasets encompass multiple layers of interactions across real-world entities, e.g., human users, autonomous programs, and smart contracts. Furthermore, blockchain's integration with cryptocurrencies has introduced financial aspects of unprecedented scale and complexity such as decentralized finance, stablecoins, non-fungible tokens, and central bank digital currencies. These unique characteristics present both opportunities and challenges for machine learning on blockchain data. On one hand, we examine the state-of-the-art solutions, applications, and future directions associated with leveraging machine learning for blockchain data analysis critical for the improvement of blockchain technology such as e-crime detection and trends prediction. On the other hand, we shed light on the pivotal role of blockchain by providing vast datasets and tools that can catalyze the growth of the evolving machine learning ecosystem. This paper serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, offering a roadmap for navigating this dynamic and transformative field.
Yepeng Ding, Arthur Gervais, Roger Wattenhofer, Hiroyuki Satō
Decentralized finance (DeFi) is revolutionizing the traditional centralized finance paradigm with its attractive features such as high availability, transparency, and tamper-proofing. However, attacks targeting DeFi services have severely damaged the DeFi market, as evidenced by our investigation of 80 real-world DeFi incidents from 2017 to 2022. Existing methods, based on symbolic execution, model checking, semantic analysis, and fuzzing, fall short in identifying the most DeFi vulnerability types. To address the deficiency, we propose Context-Sensitive Concolic Verification (CSCV), a method of automating the DeFi vulnerability finding based on user-defined properties formulated in temporal logic. CSCV builds and optimizes contexts to guide verification processes that dynamically construct context-carrying transition systems in tandem with concolic executions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of CSCV through experiments on real-world DeFi services and qualitative comparison. The experiment results show that our CSCV prototype successfully detects 76.25% of the vulnerabilities from the investigated incidents with an average time of 253.06 seconds.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that enables tamper-resistant money transfers without a trusted third party. A major application of blockchain is a cryptocurrency used for international transactions and interpersonal transactions as a low-cost and high-speed remittance method. On the other hand, blockchain has the problem that the damage of illegal transactions is more likely to be large, because the illegal transactions cannot be modified or deleted after the transactions are approved. The illegal transaction have to be detected and modified before the transaction approval to prevent the damage of it. Prior works propose the methods to detect illegal transactions through anomaly detection, because illegal transactions have different characteristics from normal transactions. Most of the prior works only focus on large-scale anomaly transactions and do not consider small-scale anomaly transactions. The accuracy of these methods for small-scale transactions is not high because there are cases where the difference in features between small-scale anomaly transactions and normal transactions is smaller than the difference between small-scale and large-scale normal transactions. However, most individual users make small-scale transactions, so preventing small-scale illegal transactions is important for system reliability and dissemination. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an anomaly detection method to detect small-scale anomaly transactions by making a subgraph that excludes the hub users who issue large-scale transaction from the user graph. We evaluate the proposed method from two perspectives, that are execution time and accuracy of anomaly detection. As a result, the execution time is shorter than the transaction approval interval, and the accuracy for small-scale anomaly transaction is improved from the existing method without decreasing the accuracy of large-scale anomaly transaction.
Bahman Jafari Tabaghsar, Reza Tavoli, Mohammad Mahdi Alizadeh Toosi
Anomaly detection is an important technique for recognizing fraudulent activities, suspicious activities, network intrusions, and other unusual events that may be of great importance but difficult to detect. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and detect anomalies in Bitcoin transactions on the blockchain platform with a machine learning approach, to extract effective features based on Relief algorithm. The steps of the proposed method are as follows: The Bitcoin data set is collected from the Bitcoin Chart site and clustered with cumulative hierarchical clustering, and then feature selection is done using Relief algorithm. In the next step, the data set is analyzed by the method of experimental data analysis and anomalies are detected. In the next step, the data is labeled as normal and abnormal, and a class record is formed. Then, with the support vector machine algorithm classification, the classification and model error is estimated. The evaluation criterion in this research is accuracy and mean square error. The results show that the error of the model with the MSE of the support vector machine was equal to 0.0065. The MSE error value of the proposed model without feature extraction is equal to 0.049, which indicates that feature extraction plays an important role in this model and is one of the new and innovative aspects of this research. Therefore, the proposed method has performed much better by extracting useful features and support vector machine, and the accuracy rate of the model was 91.11%. The accuracy of the proposed method has been compared with other methods, which shows the higher accuracy and better efficiency of this method.
Blockchain technology is not just about digital currencies but even more about group coordination via software. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are a broad organizational form for decentralized, blockchain-based coordination towards shared objectives. The concept of DAOs is driven by an ideology of self-governance through technological infrastructure. Drawing on the Science & Technology Studies conception of “vulnerability,” this chapter offers an analytical approach to identifying DAO vulnerabilities across multiple dimensions termed “DAO Vulnerability Mapping.” Vulnerability mapping is not only for analytical purposes but also to identify, prioritize, and address vulnerabilities towards improving resilience. DAO vulnerabilities can occur along social, technical, legal, economic, and environmental dimensions, and can emerge from inside a DAO (endogenously), or from outside a DAO (exogenously). This approach is pertinent in socio-technical contexts, such as blockchain-based organization, where social and technical dynamics are inextricably linked. In this chapter, these multidisciplinary dimensions of DAO vulnerabilities are explored in practice via a qualitative case study of a “liquid staking” DAO called Lido DAO. DAO vulnerability mapping is both a conceptual analytical tool and a methodological approach for studying and understanding digitally mediated organizations, as well as the novel practices of those engaging in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations.
Abstract In an era characterized by vast data streams and complex socioeconomic dynamics, the fusion and precise analysis of multi‐sourced intelligence has emerged as a pivotal challenge. To address this, the study constructs a sophisticated intelligence fusion network (IFN) architecture leveraging the potential of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and the security tenets of blockchain technology. Drawing from diverse fields including informatics, computer science, data analytics, and network security, the research adopts an integrative methodology comprising both a comprehensive literature review and systems analysis. Key findings highlight the prowess of AGI‐driven IFNs in enhancing governmental early warning systems for crisis management. These networks underscore a paradigm shift from reactive postevent measures to proactive pre‐event forecasting, thus bolstering the efficacy of governmental responses. Moreover, the decentralized nature of blockchain technology ensures data integrity, fostering trust in interdepartmental data sharing—an essential for efficient crisis management in hierarchical administrative structures. This study accentuates the need for redefining crisis management strategies, emphasizing data‐driven decision‐making and seamless intelligence sharing to ensure optimal outcomes.
The rapid development of physical device-based data collection in emerging technology needs smart, secure, and intelligent transmission. Cyber physical systems compete with the requirement of intelligent transmission of data. In cyber physical systems, security is a very challenging task due to the heterogeneous connections of devices in real time. This paper proposes a novel methodology for cyber-attack finding in cyber physical systems. The proposed system employed a DNN-deep neural network for the categorization of normal and attack data. The employed deep neural network design for 4 hidden layers for the detection of anomalies. For the secured transmission, we employed the blockchain process in Ethereum. The process of Ethereum generates blocks of blockchain with headers and transmits data over the cyberworld to the physical world with the alteration of data. For the authentication of the projected algorithm tested on two real-time datasets, such as NSL-KDD15 and CIDDS_001. The working of proposed algorithm is very promising in compression of existing algorithms of deep learning like RNN-recurrent neural networks, DBN, and DNN.
Due to the concentrated distribution of network traffic, the Internet is highly vulnerable to link flooding attack in Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS-LFA), which utilizes the legitimate low-rate attack traffic to block the selected network area. In recent years, building trusted networks has been considered as a promising strategy to address the security issues. Nevertheless, deploying a trusted link defense mechanism in the attacked network area faces many challenges imposed by the smart scheme and legitimate disguise of DDoS-LFA. In order to overcome these challenges, we propose a blockchain-based DDoS-LFA detection and mitigation scheme, named CREDIT, to guarantee the security of attacked area, while existing works only use blockchain to share the detection results of traditional solutions. CREDIT uses blockchain to record and share the information of links and flows in real time, which enables routers in the protected area to easily trace the paths of all active flows and capture the fragile links. On the basis of link features, a credible deep learning method performed on randomly selected nodes is proposed to detect DDoS-LFA against data spoofing. When an attack alarm is raised, CREDIT performs similarity analysis to locate attackers and migrate suspicious traffic based on the flow features of alarm links. Experimental results based on real implementation and attack testbed show that, by integrating blockchain, CREDIT performs better than traditional non-blockchain-based DDoS-LFA defense methods when faced with data tampering.
Mohammad H. Hasan, Mohammad Shahriar Rahman, Helge Janicke, Iqbal H. Sarker
As the use of Blockchain for digital payments continues to rise in popularity, it also becomes susceptible to various malicious attacks. Successfully detecting anomalies within Blockchain transactions is essential for bolstering trust in digital payments. However, the task of anomaly detection in Blockchain transaction data is challenging due to the infrequent occurrence of illicit transactions. Although several studies have been conducted in the field, a limitation persists: the lack of explanations for the model's predictions. This study seeks to overcome this limitation by integrating eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques and anomaly rules into tree-based ensemble classifiers for detecting anomalous Bitcoin transactions. The Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method is employed to measure the contribution of each feature, and it is compatible with ensemble models. Moreover, we present rules for interpreting whether a Bitcoin transaction is anomalous or not. Additionally, we have introduced an under-sampling algorithm named XGBCLUS, designed to balance anomalous and non-anomalous transaction data. This algorithm is compared against other commonly used under-sampling and over-sampling techniques. Finally, the outcomes of various tree-based single classifiers are compared with those of stacking and voting ensemble classifiers. Our experimental results demonstrate that: (i) XGBCLUS enhances TPR and ROC-AUC scores compared to state-of-the-art under-sampling and over-sampling techniques, and (ii) our proposed ensemble classifiers outperform traditional single tree-based machine learning classifiers in terms of accuracy, TPR, and FPR scores.
Financial anomalies must be detected in order for financial institutions and regulatory bodies to manage risks and avoid fraudulent behavior. Financial anomaly detection is the practice of identifying unexpected or irregular financial transactions or patterns that may indicate fraudulent behavior or errors. It is crucial in today's digital era to prevent fraud, limit financial losses, and maintain secure financial systems. Various types of financial anomalies, such as credit card fraud, money laundering, financial statement fraud, and cryptocurrency fraud, pose significant risks to individuals and organizations. This review critically evaluates a selected research article on the use of blockchain technology in conjunction with data mining techniques to detect financial anomalies. The paper employs the case study method to demonstrate how well the suggested integrated system works in spotting financial anomalies. This review evaluates the article's methodology and conclusions and discusses its implications for practice. The report claims that merging data mining methods with blockchain technology can increase the precision and effectiveness of financial anomaly identification. This research advances knowledge about how block-chain technology and data mining techniques can be used to find financial abnormalities while also offering suggestions for further study and use.
In MLaaS, DNN models are kept in a server operated by the service provider and inputs to the DNN models are provided by the clients. Such inputs are used to execute the DNN models and classification results are sent back to the client. In MLaaS, the DNN model owner does not reveal the DNN model parameters to the client. MLaaS there are a few trust problems: (a) The server may not be secure and an attacker may send manipulated classification results to the client. In the case of safety-critical systems using such classification in the decision-making process, an attacker may specifically manipulate the classification result to disrupt the operations of the safety-critical system, (b) The server may intentionally send wrong or random classification results without executing the DNN model to respond to a massive number of classification requests from the clients. In this paper, we investigate the problem of verifying DNN model execution by the service provider in an MLaaS paradigm. A proof of DNN model execution will prove that given an input, the DNN model is executed to generate the classification result by providing sequences of outputs of all functions used in the DNN model. As the service provider in MLaaS does not share the DNN model with the client, we need to verify DNN function outcomes without the knowledge of DNN function parameters. Hence zero-knowledge proof can be used for verifying DNN model execution. In this paper, we use Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs) which reduces the size of proof and complexity of proof verification considerably. In particular, we use a quadratic arithmetic program-based zkSNARK for DNN model verification. Our main results in this paper are as follows: (a) We have developed a DNN model execution verification method using a QAP-based zkSNARK. (b) We prove that the verification protocol is correct and privacy-preserving. (c) We analyzed the cost of using such a verification protocol.
Verification of a deep neural network is required as large DNN models are used in machine learning as a service procedure where the server providing a classification service may be insecure and provide invalid classifications. A verification of deep neural networks in a machine learning as a service paradigm requires verification of function evaluation for all functions of a DNN model given a specific input where the service provider and the server do not want to reveal the DNN model to the client. In this paper, we investigate the privacy-preserving verification problem of the DNN model with zero-knowledge proofs. We have developed a KGZ polynomial commitment scheme based on zero-knowledge proof for such DNN verification. We present an efficient DNN verification using KGZ zero-knowledge proof. We have developed a batch-processing algorithm that can significantly reduce the number of function evaluation verifications. We also prove that a malicious server may not manipulate the proposed verification protocol.
KwangCheol Rim, Youngmin Yoon, S. Kim, Jeongin Kim
The identification and mitigation of anomaly data, characterized by deviations from normal patterns or singularities, stand as critical endeavors in modern technological landscapes, spanning domains such as Non-Fungible Token... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press