Aleksandr Kapitonov, Ivan Berman, Vadim Manaenko, Vyacheslav Rzhevskiy · 6 authors
The article describes the concept of a decentralized architecture of a traffic management system for mobile vehicles and is a continuation of the results presented in the previous article “Blockchain-based protocol of autonomous business activity for multi-agent systems consisting of UAVs.. Robonomic protocol is the basis for the system architecture - a combination of the decentralized Ethereum computer, the IPFS distributed file system, Robot Operating System and market mechanisms. In particular, its focused on the principle of communication between nodes of the traffic management system and the stages of the unmanned mission. As a proof of concept, two experiments on the integration of the proposed architecture are presented: air quality measurements using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and water quality measurements using unmanned surface vessels (USV). Our work demonstrates that distributed ledger and smart contracts technologies are applicable to the traffic management system and increases the transparency and immutability of the data.
Today we find several solutions how to adapt IoT applications on blockchain technology. The most of the IoT devices have limited hardware resources to be able to execute a blockchain applications and take a real part of blockchain as a blockchain node. In this paper we analyzed Ethereum "aleth" blockchain and we identified the most called cryptographic functions that were used during the execution. Our aim is to model a low power consumption IoT architecture that can execute this blockchain application. The given architecture is deployed by a SystemC model and we used dedicated hardware accelerators to increase the performance. In addition we would like to deploy an architecture that meets the requirements of our industrial partner Renault. Renault figured out with a new type of use case with blockchain and especially with Smart Contracts applications where every cars are connected on a blockchain. With our IoT device model we could obtain a high gain of performance.
Blockchain technology is a decentralized distributed system meant for secure computation and information sharing platform free from any central authority that enables multiple authoritative domain which do not trust each other, to cooperate, coordinate and collaborate in rational decision-making process. Bitcoin is pioneer crypto currency platform that uses blockchain technology but over the time it has moved beyond Bitcoin and has successfully bypassed to other application domain. Beside Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger and Corda, Quorum have emerged as a successful distributive computing platform. Major consortium like Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, Hyperledger and R3 are formed with aim to come up with business solution. Today we have different blockchain application in public sector, finance, supply-chain, healthcare and IoT. In many industries people think blockchain will be transformative. Financial sector is most enthusiastic in adopting blockchain followed by supply chain management. Blockchain is closely looked at in India too. In 2018 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a white paper in order to identify the potential application areas of blockchain in Indian banking. NITI Aayog is working on national strategy for blockchain which will identify the area where country can implement blockchain. Blockchain is still new and has issues like scalability, security and privacy breaches, limited transaction loads, and high (computational) costs, besides its technical problem, adopting blockchain into Indian market system has its own specific challenges. This paper discusses the prospect of blockchain technology in India, its current position and likely problem in its adoptation to Indian market place. This paper also give overview about blockchain and its fundamental technologies and prominent blockchain platform, it also gives account of application area's in which blockchain is implemented successfully around the world.
An Cong An, Pham Thi Xuan Diem, Le Thi Thu Lan, Tran Van Toi · 5 authors
In recent years, the traceability of product origins is strongly concerned, particularly for food products as they directly influence human health. Therefore, there have been some efforts to develop product origins tracking systems. In this paper, we propose an approach to building a supply chain management system based on the blockchain technology for agriculture product origins tracking. The supply chain model is borrowed from Walmart's and it is implemented based on the Ethereum framework using the PoA (Proof of Authority) consensus algorithm. Our experiment shows that the proposed system not only fulfills the requirements of a product origins tracking but also takes the advantages of the blockchain technology such as the immutability and security of data, the low cost in making the transactions, and so on.
The goal of this study is to analyze the predictive power of selected financial variables over principal cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple) by applying the PGARCH, EGARCH, TGARCH, and GARCH models. The studied variables include daily Google trend values of the selected cryptocurrencies' names considered as search terms; the daily log-returns of the exchange rate of major currencies per SDRs; and the daily log-returns of the S&P500 index, gold, and oil prices. Our results provide evidence that the log-returns of each studied cryptocurrency have significant explanatory over each other. We also find significant results for the daily Google trend values of the search terms “Bitcoin” and “Ripple,” but not for “Ethereum.” Likewise, we find significant results for the log-returns of the exchange rate of the Chinese Yuan per SDRs for the three cryptocurrencies. Similarly, the log-returns of oil prices have a significant relationship with Bitcoin and Ethereum, but not with Ripple. Correspondingly, we find that the daily log-returns of the S&P500 index has explanatory power for all selected cryptocurrencies; however, the daily log-returns of gold have no significant relationship with any of them. Finally, we find that the log-returns of oil have a significant relationship with Bitcoin only. Regarding the volatility of the studied cryptocurrencies, our results provide mixed evidence about the presence of leverage effects.
Anum Nawaz, Tuan Nguyen Gia, Jorge Peña Queralta, Tomi Westerlund
The edge and fog computing paradigms enable more responsive and smarter systems without relying on cloud servers for data processing and storage. This reduces network load as well as latency. Nonetheless, the addition of new layers in the network architecture increases the number of security vulnerabilities. In privacy-critical systems, the appearance of new vulnerabilities is more significant. To cope with this issue, we propose and implement an Ethereum Blockchain based architecture with edge artificial intelligence to analyze data at the edge of the network and keep track of the parties that access the results of the analysis, which are stored in distributed databases.
Different from traditional programs, which run on local machines or in the clouds, smart contracts run mostly on miners' devices; moreover, users of smart contracts have to pay fees (i.e., gases in Ethereum) to miners for executing transactions on the blockchain. Lacking of enough experiences in developing smart contracts makes writing low cost and high efficiency smart contracts becoming a very challenging task. In this work, by collating existing approaches and developing new methods for reducing gas consumption, a set of systematical step-by-step guidelines for developing low cost smart contracts is proposed. To prove its usefulness, ZoKrates verifier, a very complicated and costly contract, is used to demonstrate how our scheme can effectively cut the gas consumption down.
Abstract We have implemented a blockchain system based on Ethereum for use by a university to store student grades and to provide a cryptocurrency. Based upon an exploratory, qualitative evaluation we have found several tensions between the concept of a university as an organization and the concept of distributed autonomous organizations (DAOs) in Ethereum. These include tensions in (i) mechanisms of trust, (ii) boundaries of openness and (iii) values in procedures. In this article we outline our implementation and the evaluation process.
With the rapid development of distributed power and the opening of the electricity-selling market, the state has introduced a series of policies to promote market-based trading of distributed power generation. The traditional trading mode is centralized bidding, which is not applicable to the characteristics of small, public and scattered distribution power trading. Blockchain technology has the advantages of open transaction, transparent information, and trustworthiness, which is very suitable for distributed transactions in P2P mode. Therefore, this paper studies the two-way listed distributed power trading mechanism, and combines the Ethereum blockchain to study its specific transaction process and mathematical model, and design and develop a two-way listing trading platform based on Ethereum. Finally, this paper uses a case to verify the trading model and test the trading platform.
The research on forecasting Ethereum STORJ token has not been widely studied compared to forecasting Bitcoin. The objective of this paper is threefold: apply existing Bitcoin price forecasting models to the Ethereum STORJ token price; evaluate the dynamics of the model predictive utility across three time horizons (h=5 days, h=20 days and h=50 days); and determine if Ethereum STORJ token clustering coefficients impact the effectiveness of the forecasting model. We choose Bitcoin forecasting models of: ARIMA, ARMA-GARCH, VAR, alpha-Sutte Indicator and NNAR. Model effectiveness is analyzed using RMSE, MAE and MAPE. We find that VAR outperforms all models in the short and mid-term horizons (h=5 and h=20 days) and NNAR outperforms all models in the long-term horizon (h=50 days). Non-linearity, the intrinsic value that Neural Network has, may strongly effect the forecast accuracy result. When adding the clustering coefficient to ARIMA, we find that the variable is significant but only marginally improves the forecasting of the Ethereum STORJ token. The VAR model, which includes the clustering coefficient is shown to better forecast Ethereum STORJ prices in the short and mid-term forecasting horizons. The NNAR model is a better model for the long-term forecasting horizon.
Yasin Akın, Caner Dikkollu, Bekir Baran Kaplan, Uğur Yayan · 5 authors
The following topics are dealt with: learning (artificial intelligence); data mining; pattern classification; feature extraction; social networking (online); neural nets; security of data; convolutional neural nets; Big Data; evolutionary computation.
Njabulo S. Mtetwa, Paul Tarwireyi, Matthew O. Adigun
Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing technology that is projected to have over 41.6 billion connected devices by 2025. The IoT idea is about connecting the unconnected things (sensors, clothes, refrigerators and others) to the existing network infrastructure. Across industries ranging from agriculture to manufacturing, organizations are rapidly growing business value with the IoT. However, many organizations are hesitating to further invest in IoT initiatives due to the fear of inadequate security. Security is a very critical consideration where everything becomes connected to the Internet. However, security in IoT is still a very open area that is yet to receive much attention. One challenge in IoT is ensuring the security of firmware updates on deployed IoT devices. Hackers can perform man-in-the-middle attacks to compromise an update procedure and take control of deployed devices if they do not use proper security mechanisms. This means that it is imperative to architect secure by design mechanisms to ensure security in IoT. Blockchain is an emerging technology that is touted as a potential cybersecurity transformational force. This work proposes the use of blockchain to provide a mechanism for nodes to verify the authenticity and integrity of firmware before downloading and ensures high availability of the firmware. A proof of concept system was implemented. The prototype illustrates how secure IoT firmware update can be realized through the use of smart contracts. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to check for authentic software by verifying it through blockchain smart contracts.
In this paper, we apply Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to model the token price time series data which incorporate the local topological measures of investor transaction network and market summaries. In addition, we propose a novel LSTM-based model using the leave-one-out cross-validation technique and utilizing the network motif analysis. The numerical results show that the proposed LSTM-based model could significantly improve the performance of the prediction of token price compared to the benchmark LSTM-based models and deep portfolios regardless of the training and testing data split ratio. Some concluding remarks and future research directions are provided.
This paper presents an extensible non-fungible token (NFT) model for supporting NFTs in Hyperledger Fabric (Fabric) with reference to ERC-721 defined as Ethereum standard NFT and Cosmos NFT. In this model, we defined the standard structure and interface for all Fabric NFTs. This model also supports the extensible structure and interface that accommodates different types of NFTs. To demonstrate how to take advantage of this model, we applied extensible NFTs such as document and signature tokens to a decentralized signature service.
Ilhaam A. Omar, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Mecit Can Emre Simsekler
Blockchain is a distributed ledger that ensures the authenticity of business transactions without the involvement of intermediaries, brokers or trusted third parties. The main features of blockchain technology include transparency, immutability and data provenance offers an important role in satisfying the requirements of a more secure, visible, efficient, and trusted clinical trial (CT) management. This is because the traditional CTs face significant challenges such as protocol compliance, transparency and patient enrollment. In this paper we discuss how blockchain technology can be leveraged to tackle data management challenges in clinical trials. We propose a blockchain-based framework using Ethereum based smart contract. In the framework, three stages of a CT process were captured: new drug application, CT initiation and patient enrollment stages. The framework captures key interactions among CT stakeholders including the regulatory agency, drug sponsor, principal investigator, physician and patients. The smart contract was written in Remix IDE and was successfully compiled and tested for different scenarios. The proposed approach and results can be highly beneficial to various stakeholders in CT data management.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Ethereum, a blockchain-based distributed computing platform, provides smart contract functionality. It also provides Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) that can execute peer-to-peer contracts across decentralized network. However, the gas consumption of smart contract is so costly that it becomes one of the important problems to be solved. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual overview of blockchain based electricity billing system with the aim of lessening gas consumption of the smart contract. In this system, Firebase is employed as a data storage while Ethereum blockchain acts as both a cryptocurrency payment system and an authentication channel. Moreover, this paper illustrates two-factor authentication by utilizing Ethereum account and Firebase Authentication as an authentication channel. Results show that by utilizing Firebase with blockchain, the transaction cost of each transaction made on Ethereum is decreased by approximately 73%.
The insurance business is looking for solutions to minimize its operational costs and time to process claims for losses. Blockchain technology gives advantages such as transaction security, process identification, process automation and payment speed. This paper presents an experimental implementation of smart contracts based on Ethereum blockchain for insurance services. A decentralized crypto-token, based on ERC20 standard for smart contract, is implemented. A web-based interface is created for sales of these crypto-tokens. The results from the experimental tests are presented.
The smart contract cannot be modified when it has been deployed on a blockchain. Therefore, it must be given thorough test before its being deployed. Mutation testing is considered as a practical test methodology to evaluate the adequacy of software testing. In this paper, we introduce MuSC, a mutation testing tool for Ethereum Smart Contract (ESC). It can generate numerous mutants at a fast speed and supports the automatic operations such as creating test nets, deploying and executing tests. Specially, MuSC implements a set of novel mutation operators w.r.t ESC programming language, Solidity. Therefore, it can expose the defects of smart contracts to a certain degree. The demonstration video of MuSC is available at https: //youtu.be/3KBKXJPVjbQ, and the source code can be downloaded at https://github.com/belikout/MuSC-Tool-Demo-repo.
Peilin Zheng, Zibin Zheng, Jiajing Wu, Hong‐Ning Dai
Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies have received extensive attention recently. Massive data has been stored on permission-less blockchains. The analysis of massive blockchain data can bring huge business values. However, the absence of well-processed up-to-date blockchain datasets impedes big data analytics of blockchain data. To fill this gap, we collect and process the up-to-date on-chain data from Ethereum, which is one of the most popular permission-less blockchains. We name such well-processed Ethereum data as XBlock-ETH, which consists of transactions, smart contracts, and cryptocurrencies (i.e., tokens). However, it is non-trivial to partition and categorize the collected raw Ethereum data to the well-processed datasets since the whole processing procedure requires sophisticated knowledge on software engineering as well as big data analytics. Moreover, we also present basic statistics and exploration for each of the well-processed datasets. Furthermore, we also outline the possible research opportunities based on XBlock-ETH, with the data and code released online.
Blockchain technology has seen increasing support in the aid sector as a means of delivering financial assistance in place of traditional in-kind support, especially among the unbanked. The technology has potential to address existing pain points of traditional cash and voucher assistance (CVA), now widely accepted as the most dignified and appropriate form of humanitarian assistance. In the Unblocked Cash pilot, Oxfam investigated whether blockchain can reduce the cost and transaction time of CVA, while improving transparency, security, and overall user experience in Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu. Oxfam worked with private sector partners Sempo and Consensys to distribute 966,443 Vanuatu Vatu to 187 households and 29 vendors via the Ethereum token DAI, ‘wrapped’ in a Crypto Collateralized Voucher and issued near-field communication cards designed for low-connectivity environments as a means of payment for goods through a local vendor network. The pilot demonstrated modest cost and time savings related to operational activities including a reduction in recipient enrolment time to an average of 3.6 minutes per individual compared to over an hour during previous cash assistance programmes. Additionally, the tested system eliminated slow identity verifications and reduced dependency on post offices or banks to deposit cheques and/or withdraw cash.
Negli ultimi anni la tecnologia blockchain si sta diffondendo sempre più su larga scala in diversi settori di ricerca, inclusi i Beni Culturali. Esistono diverse tipologie di blockchain, che possono essere classificate sia in base al tipo di utenti che possono accedervi, sia in base alle funzionalità che offrono. Questo articolo descrive uno studio teorico in cui si confrontano due blockchain molto diverse tra di loro: Ethereum e Hyperledger, al fine di definire quale delle due è maggiormente indicata per la memorizzazione di beni culturali tangibili contenuti in archivi digitali. Dopo una breve descrizione delle due tecnologie, verrà descritto un possibile scenario di applicazione abbastanza generico per poter capire quale delle due tecnologie meglio soddisfa i requisiti. Verrà quindi effettuato il confronto tra le due blockchain sulla base di problematiche generali, requisiti architetturali e considerazioni varie. Come risultato del confronto, emergerà che Hyperledger Fabric è più adatta nel contesto degli archivi digitali.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Literature review. Efficient market hypothesis. Cryptocurrency introduction. Anomalies in cryptocurrency market. Methodology. Test on the day of the week anomaly. Empirical analysis.
S. Ganesh Kumar, A. Murugan, B. Muruganantham, B. Sriman
Internet of Things (IoT) assumes a critical part in the advancement of different fields. The IoT data trusted exchange in recent year extend of uses influence an awesome request and increasing scale. In such a platform, exchange the data sets that they require and specialist organization can search. However, the enough trust as the third-party mediators for data exchange in centralized infrastructure cannot provide. This paper proposes a blockchain for IoT data trusted exchange based on decentralized solution. In particular, the fundamental standards of blockchain in verify manner, individuals can communicate with each other without a confided in mediator intermediary. Blockchain enable us to have a distributed, digital ledger. IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices (zigbee) utilizing blockchain technology to assert public availability of temperature records, tracking location shipment, humidity, preventing damage, data immutability. The sensor devices looking the temperature, location, damage of each parcel during the shipment to completely guarantee directions. In blockchain all data is got moved from one position to another, where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts atlast it gets through knowledge a design to be copied and presents its decentralized distributed digital ledger, auditable, transparent, features visually.
From the ancient Lydians, who invented coins as a payment type, to the first paper money in China, money and payments have been evolving for centuries. In 2008, an anonymous person or group using Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper titled, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System . Since then, Bitcoin (BTC) has ushered in a new era of decentralized digital currencies and blockchain technology. As a result, digital currencies have exploded in popularity in recent years. There are around 20,000 cryptos, with a total market value of nearly $1.2 trillion. As the original and most valuable cryptocurrency, Bitcoin holds about 45% of the whole cryptocurrency market. The second-largest cryptocurrency is Ethereum, which holds a 16% market value. The price of Bitcoin has fluctuated over the years, but it has generally increased in the long term. In November 2021, Bitcoin reached its highest-ever price of $68,789.63.