Recently, many IoT applications, such as smart transportation, healthcare, and virtual and augmented reality experiences, have emerged with fifth-generation (5G) technology to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) and user experience. The revolution of 5G-enabled IoT supports distinct attributes, including lower latency, higher system capacity, high data rate, and energy saving. However, such revolution also delivers considerable increment in data generation that further leads to a major requirement of intelligent and effective data analytic operation across the network. Furthermore, data growth gives rise to data security and privacy concerns, such as breach and loss of sensitive data. The conventional data analytic and security methods do not meet the requirement of 5G-enabled IoT including its unique characteristic of low latency and high throughput. In this paper, we propose a Deep Learning (DL) and blockchain-empowered security framework for intelligent 5G-enabled IoT that leverages DL competency for intelligent data analysis operation and blockchain for data security. The framework’s hierarchical architecture wherein DL and blockchain operations emerge across the four layers of cloud, fog, edge, and user is presented. The framework is simulated and analyzed, employing various standard measures of latency, accuracy, and security to demonstrate its validity in practical applications.
Internet of things IoT is playing a remarkable role in the advancement of many fields such as healthcare, smart grids, supply chain management, etc. It also eases people’s daily lives and enhances their interaction with each other as well as with their surroundings and the environment in a broader scope. IoT performs this role utilizing devices and sensors of different shapes and sizes ranging from small embedded sensors and wearable devices all the way to automated systems. However, IoT networks are growing in size, complexity, and number of connected devices. As a result, many challenges and problems arise such as security, authenticity, reliability, and scalability. Based on that and taking into account the anticipated evolution of the IoT, it is extremely vital not only to maintain but to increase confidence in and reliance on IoT systems by tackling the aforementioned issues. The emergence of blockchain opened the door to solve some challenges related to IoT networks. Blockchain characteristics such as security, transparency, reliability, and traceability make it the perfect candidate to improve IoT systems, solve their problems, and support their future expansion. This paper demonstrates the major challenges facing IoT systems and blockchain’s proposed role in solving them. It also evaluates the position of current researches in the field of merging blockchain with IoT networks and the latest implementation stages. Additionally, it discusses the issues related to the IoT-blockchain integration itself. Finally, this research proposes an architectural design to integrate IoT with blockchain in two layers using dew and cloudlet computing. Our aim is to benefit from blockchain features and services to guarantee a decentralized data storage and processing and address security and anonymity challenges and achieve transparency and efficient authentication service.
The use of advanced technologies has increased drastically to maintain any sensitive records related to education, health, or finance. It helps to protect the data from unauthorized access by attackers. However, all the existing advanced technologies face some issues because of their uncertainties. These technologies have some lapses to provide privacy, attack-free, transparency, reliability, and flexibility. These characteristics are essential while managing any sensitive data like educational certificates or medical certificates. Hence, we designed an Industry 5.0 based blockchain application to manage medical certificates using Remix Ethereum blockchain in this paper. This application also employs a distributed application (DApp) that uses a test RPC-based Ethereum blockchain and user expert system as a knowledge agent. The main strength of this work is the maintenance of existing certificates over a blockchain with the creation of new certificates that use logistic Map encryption cipher on existing medical certificates while uploading into the blockchain. This application helps to quickly analyze the birth, death, and sick rate as per certain features like location and year.
According to today's education system, the content, applicability, quality and performance measurement criteria of the courses may vary according to countries, educational institutions and educators. Because of incorrect performance measurement, hidden skills disappear before they appear. Thanks to the graduation diploma it is observed that people with less than professional knowledge and skills come to better places than those who are more knowledgeable and skilled. In addition, due to the lack of a proper training plan according to the target learning community, boredom and financial problems may arise due to long periods of education. In this study, while trying to avoid material and temporal problems, a blockchain-based lifelong learning platform whose content, processing, reliability, decentralized, open to continuous and rapid accessibility, and evaluation criteria and method is completely objective is proposed. Thanks to this platform, the diplomas to be received by the students who have successfully passed the end-of-education exams will be time-stamped, immutable, safe and traceable. At the same time, all these documents, storage of training contents, diplomas, certificates, post-training exams and all related files , will be kept accessible, secure and immutable thanks to IPFS, the Inter Planetary File System. Achievements, employer and employee pools to be created according to the achievements, and a recruitment contract to be realized will be controlled by smart contracts and absolute reliability and objectivity will be ensured. All these concepts will be made available through a decentralized application (DApp) which will run on a private blockchain network that requires a partial permission to be established.
Electronic Healthcare services are nowadays very popular for providing low-cost medical services. Security is a major challenge in this area, and Blockchain technology can help us to provide a high-level of security of sensitive health records. In this paper, the basic concept of Blockchain Technology is discussed first and after that we have discussed the evolution of Blockchain: Blockchain 1.0 (Bitcoin, Algorand), Blockchain 2.0 (Ethereum) and Blockchain 3.0 (Hyperledger Fabric). In this paper, a system has been designed for maintaining healthcare records involving different actors: patients, doctors, insurance company, pharmacy and many more so that patients, doctors, researcher, medical institutes, hospital, etc. get benefited from the previously saved medical history of patients without breaching into their privacy and maintaining availability, confidentiality and integrity.
K. Suresh Kumar, R Rajeswari, Ch. Vidyadhari, B. Santhosh Kumar
These days blockchain innovation has become a significant issue as of late and greatly affected the business. Even though blockchain innovations was reliable for security issues, advantageous administrations, and difficulties for procedure assumes a significant key job that we have to break down. To have a superior observation about this square chain innovation, we will find out about the essential security highlights like-expanded limit, better security, unchanging nature, quicker settlement, and decentralized framework. The range of blockchain applications limits from budgetary, human services, vehicle, chance administration, Internet of things to open and social administrations. In this paper, by examining its structure to various agreement calculations just as difficulties and openings, we endeavor to lead an expansive going review on blockchain innovation and also the few mathematical models behind this blockchain technology.
The concept behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is taking everything and connecting to the internet so that all devices would be able to send and receive data online. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a key component of smart city which is an outcome of IoT. Nowadays the concept of IoT has plaid an important role in our daily life in different sectors like healthcare, agriculture, smart home, wearable, green computing, smart city applications, etc. The emerging IoV is facing a lack of rigor in data processing, limitation of anonymity, privacy, scalability, security challenges. Due to vulnerability IoV devices must face malicious hackers. Nowadays with the help of blockchain (BC) technology energy system become more intelligent, eco-friendly, transparent, energy efficient. This paper highlights two major challenges i.e. scalability and security issues. The flavor of edge computing (EC) considered here to deal with the scalability issue. A BC is a public, shared database that records transactions between two parties that confirms owners through cryptography. After a transaction is validated and cryptographically verified generates “block” on the BC and transactions are ordered chronologically and cannot be altered. Implementing BC and smart contracts technologies will bring security features for IoV. It plays a role to implement the rules and policies to govern the IoV information and transactions and keep them into the BC to secure the data and for future uses.
Tharaka Hewa, An Braeken, Mika Ylianttila, Madhusanka Liyanage
There is a global hype in the development of digital healthcare infrastructure to cater the massive elderly population and infectious diseases. The digital facilitation is expected to ensure the patient privacy, scalability, and data integrity on the sensitive life critical healthcare data, while aligning to the global healthcare data protection standards. The patient data sharing to third parties such as research institutions and universities is also concerned as a significant contribution to the society to sharpen the research and investigations. The emergence of 5G communication technologies eradicates the borders between patients, hospital and other institutions with high end service standards. In patients' perspective, healthcare service delivery through the digital medium is beneficial in terms of time, costs, and risks. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-access Edge Computing(MEC) and blockchain based service architecture utilizing the lightweight ECQV (Elliptic Curve Qu-Vanstone) certificates for the realtime data privacy, integrity, and authentication between IoT, MEC, and cloud. We further attached storage offloading capability to the blockchain to ensure scalability with a massive number of connected medical devices to the cloud. We introduced a rewarding scheme to the patients and hospitals through the blockchain to encourage data sharing. The access control is handled through the smart contracts. We evaluated the proposed system in a near realistic implementation using Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform with Raspberry Pi devices to simulate the activity of the medical sensors.
BACKGROUND: Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the use of agent-based systems in the healthcare system have attracted various researchers to improve the efficiency and utility in the Electronic Health Records (EHR). Nowadays, one of the most important and creative developments is the integration of AI and Blockchain that is, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to enable better and decentralized governance. Privacy and security is a critical piece in EHR implementation and/or adoption. Health records are updated every time a patient visits a doctor as they contain important information about the health and wellbeing of the patient and describes the history of care received during the past and to date. Therefore, such records are critical to research, hospitals, emergency rooms, healthcare laboratories, and even health insurance providers. METHODS: In this article, a platform employing the AI and the use of multi-agent based systems along with the DLT technology for privacy preservation is proposed. The emphasis of security and privacy is highlighted during the process of collecting, managing and distributing EHR data. RESULTS: This article aims to ensure privacy, integrity and security metrics of the electronic health records are met when such copies are not only immutable but also distributed. The findings of this work will help guide the development of further techniques using the combination of AI and multi-agent based systems backed by DLT technology for secure and effective handling EHR data. This proposed architecture uses various AI-based intelligent based agents and blockchain for providing privacy and security in EHR. Future enhancement in this work can be the addition of the biometric based systems for improved security.
Blockchain technology is being popular day by day and also serving in many applications and areas such as Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Big data, Healthcare and many more because of its security strengths and benefits. It has been proven that blockchain applications are being utilized in healthcare to deliver secure data and to manage the medical data safely. Moreover, blockchain is transforming the traditional medical practices in effective ways such as diagnosing the problems effectively and treating through secure information sharing. There is no doubt to say that in future, blockchain will be performing in personalized, valid and secure healthcare by combining the medical information of patient and providing in a secure and updated setup. In this research paper, securities of healthcare applications and traditional and recent security developments are discussed. Due to Covid-19, it has become challenging for healthcare officials and government to protect and record individuals sensitive data safely. Also, spread of misleading information has been also increased during the pandemic and inability of existing platform for information validation leads to public panic.Implementation of blockchain-based tracking systems is essential for accurate and valid information sharing among people and Government. This paper focus on information security issues raised by Covid-19 pandemic as well as implementation of blockchain-based platform in healthcare to record and protect covid-19 related information and contact tracing.
Nowadays, there are a lot of new mobile devices that have the potential to assist healthcare professionals when working and help to increase the well-being of the people. These devices comprise the Internet of Medical Things, but it is generally difficult for healthcare institutions to meet compliance of their systems with new medical solutions efficiently. A technology that promises the sharing of data in a trust-less scenario is the Distributed Ledger Technology through its properties of decentralization, immutability, and transparency. The Blockchain and the Internet of Medical Things can be considered as at an early stage, and the implementations successfully applying the technology are not so many. Some aspects covered by these implementations are data sharing, interoperability of systems, security of devices, the opportunity of data monetization and data ownership that will be the focus of this review. This work aims at giving an overview of the current state-of-the-art of the Blockchain-based systems for the Internet of Medical Things, specifically addressing the challenges of reaching user-centricity for these combined systems, and thus highlighting the potential future directions to follow for full ownership of data by users.
Sandeep Kumar Singh, Mamata Jenamani, Diptiman Dasgupta, Suman R. Das
The public distribution system (PDS) of a country plays a vital role in eradicating hunger and ensuring food security. However, operational inefficiencies like poor beneficiary identification, non-uniform transaction records, and lack of integration among stakeholders hinder the success of such a system. This paper proposes a conceptual model to explore the possibility of using blockchain to eliminate such inefficiencies and ensure trust in the system. It first studies the existing operations of Indian PDS and identifies the transactions requiring information exchanges, storage, and verifications. Then, it proposes a blockchain based solution that leverage smart contracts and consortium-based ecosystem that can bring efficiencies in the PDS system. This paper also proposes a conceptual model for off-chain big data and enlists the possible analytics to support the decision-making of various stakeholders. Finally, it explores the suitability of implementing the proposed model as a consortium blockchain using Hyperledger Fabric and big data analytics.
Abstract Since security is the most important issue in the Internet of things (IoT) and blockchain (BC), this article aims to identify, analyze, and organize the literature about security in the IoT and BC context up to August 2020 and proposes an agenda for future research. The 39 related articles have been ranked into three main categories, smart city, data management and information, and architecture and framework. The findings showed that the distinctive technical aspects of BC might impressively find a solution for privacy and security problems encountering the IoT development, supply distributed storage, transparency, trust, and other support for IoT. It is conducted to form a valid, impressive, and secure distributed IoT network and supply a beneficial guarantee for the security of IoT users. Since the devices of IoT are simply reachable, a BC‐depended solution can be executed, which may certify the confidentiality and safety of the info preserved in the devices. In addition, BC technology facilitates the secure sharing of IoT datasets and secure IoT systems. However, blockchains require more computational strength and high bandwidth and are not perfectly proper for many resource‐restricted IoT devices.
Nov 23, 2020·The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences
Kazım Onur TOKA, Yılmaz Dikilitaş, Talha Oktay, Ahmet Sayar
Abstract. IoT is becoming ubiquitous in industry, homes, cities, literally in every aspect of our daily lives. Securing IoT-based systems is difficult because of deficiencies in the very nature of IoT devices such as limited battery power, processing, and storage, etc. Blockchain is a new approach used to securely record transactions and offers potential solutions to computer and internet security issues such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorization, and accountability. Blockchain, as a decentralized ledger consisting of interconnected blocks, can remedy most of the security deficiencies of heavily IoT based systems. The Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network used in this study provides confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and data security for data obtained from IoT devices. Widely used IoT data transfer MQTT protocol is included in the proposed approach. The approach is demonstrated in a simple demo Hyperledger network with simulated IoT devices. The proposed approach is discussed in terms of network security dimensions. Based on the features of the Hyperledger Blockchain network, it is displayed that the IoT security deficiencies can largely be remedied with the proposed approach.
Blockchain, also known as a distributed ledger technology, stores different transactions/operations in a chain of blocks in a distributed manner without needing a trusted third-party. Blockchain is proven to be immutable, which helps with integrity and accountability, and, to some extent, confidentiality through a pair of public and private keys. Blockchain has been in the spotlight after successful boom of the Bitcoin. There have been efforts to leverage salient features of Blockchain for different applications and use cases. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of applications and use cases of Blockchain technology for making smart systems secure and trustworthy. Specifically, readers of this paper can have thorough understanding of applications and use cases of Blockchain technology.
Pooja Sancheti, Meeradevi Meeradevi, Monica R. Mundada
The current agricultural supply chain is a centralized system that has many issues related to integrity, tracking, organizing the transactions. There is lack of trust and transparency in the supply chain. There are many irregularities in the implementation of schemes. The consumers doubt the quality of the food supplied to them. The farmers, wholesalers are affected from the payment frauds by the middlemen. Blockchain helps us solve these issues by keeping track of all the different stages of food. The public blockchain being transparent, open, immutable, trackable helps in reducing the irregularities, frauds. This paper proposes the agricultural supply chain system model that uses the Ethereum platform. The smart contracts are developed for different stages of the supply chain. These contracts ensure that all the pre-decided conditions are satisfied before proceeding with the transactions. This system ensures security, reliability, trust, openness. It eases the transactions, administrative processes. It gives a fair chance to farmers to quote a price using smart contracts.