The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud and fog computing makes people’s lives simpler. Resiliency is measured in order to observe how the IoT-cloud-fog environment will cope with the changes when any of the devices is compromised. The blockchain is essentially an append-only data structure that records all the activities in transactions and creates an immutable and distributed ledger of blocks when all participants in the peer-to-peer network agree without requiring trust on a central authority. The chapter discusses the performance evaluation of our proposed model. It emphasizes the need of the blockchain to solve key compromise problem. Using the Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) model, the keys are generated and efficiency of the network is evaluated. BIBD key generation is done using JMP tool and imported into python for key distribution and gateway selection. To overcome this problem, we deployed a blockchain-based solution to protect the compromised node, which is not achievable using the BIBD model.
The evolving agricultural technologies used mostly for remote access and modernization in farming connected via the Internet of Things (IoT) have been grown rapidly. However because of the wide size of all its broadcaster's propagandizing existence, it has some significant concerns with respect to security and privacy. We utilize blockchain to address such security breaches, allowing the development of a decentralized distributed blockchain system that's also exchanged between the IoT cluster heads. This article's major focus is provide smart greenhouse farmlands with a portable blockchain-based infrastructure which offers integrity and confidentiality. Where, green-house IoT sensor nodes are function as a blockchain centrally controlled to optimize the energy consumption by utilizing secure immutable ledgers. Furthermore, we present a significant solution that integrates blockchain technology via IoT devices to offer Smart Greenhouse cultivation with an enhanced secure communication.
Hanaa Fatoum, Sam Hanna, John Halamka, Douglas Sicker · 6 authors
BACKGROUND: In the era of big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), digital data have become essential for our everyday functioning and in health care services. The sensitive nature of health care data presents several crucial issues such as privacy, security, interoperability, and reliability that must be addressed in any health care data management system. However, most of the current health care systems are still facing major obstacles and are lacking in some of these areas. This is where decentralized, secure, and scalable databases, most notably blockchains, play critical roles in addressing these requirements without compromising security, thereby attracting considerable interest within the health care community. A blockchain can be maintained and widely distributed using a large network of nodes, mostly computers, each of which stores a full replica of the data. A blockchain protocol is a set of predefined rules or procedures that govern how the nodes interact with the network, view, verify, and add data to the ledger. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we aim to explore blockchain technology, its framework, current applications, and integration with other innovations, as well as opportunities in diverse areas of health care and clinical research, in addition to clarifying its future impact on the health care ecosystem. We also elucidate 2 case studies to instantiate the potential role of blockchains in health care. METHODS: To identify related existing work, terms based on Medical Subject Headings were used. We included studies focusing mainly on health care and clinical research and developed a functional framework for implementation and testing with data. The literature sources for this systematic review were PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane library, in addition to a preliminary search of IEEE Xplore. RESULTS: The included studies demonstrated multiple framework designs and various implementations in health care including chronic disease diagnosis, management, monitoring, and evaluation. We found that blockchains exhibit many promising applications in clinical trial management such as smart-contract application, participant-controlled data access, trustless protocols, and data validity. Electronic health records (EHRs), patient-centered interoperability, remote patient monitoring, and clinical trial data management were found to be major areas for blockchain usage, which can become a key catalyst for health care innovations. CONCLUSIONS: The potential benefits of blockchains are limitless; however, concrete data on long-term clinical outcomes based on blockchains powered and supplemented by AI and IoT are yet to be obtained. Nonetheless, implementing blockchains as a novel way to integrate EHRs nationwide and manage common clinical problems in an algorithmic fashion has the potential for improving patient outcomes, health care experiences, as well as the overall health and well-being of individuals.
Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has been seen a new revolutionary technology that can allow significant cost savings and increase efficiency; transform business models from human-based trust model to algorithm-based trust model, although blockchain has some potential risks, it has lots of noticeable advantages. The article discusses the advantages and risks of blockchain. Accordingly, the paper proposes blockchain risk management solutions when it it applied in entities.
Rahul Pitale, Kapil Tajane, S. S. Khandagale, Vidhya Gadewar · 6 authors
The increase in fake goods is severely affecting the industrial sector and consumers. According to the survey, incidences involving fake products have increased in recent years, which have had a negative impact on sales, profits, and brand recognition. Far from reducing the ability of a company to make money, this counterfeiting also affects the consumer's ability to trust their goods in open market. Without proper tracking and security measures, consumers gradually stop trusting brands to keep their consumers safe from theft. This is happening because the manufacturing and distribution processes are hidden to consumers and this information is easily manipulated or falsified by others. So, users must have a method to determine if a product is genuine or not. This study proposes a blockchain based anti-counterfeiting system for product traceability throughout the supply chain. By using public or permissionless blockchain all the information throughout the supply chain will be recorded in the blockchain network in the form of blocks that are immutable, transparent, secure, tamper-proof, and trusted. This proposed method uses QR code for making the system further secure.
The most challenging problem before the world is providing enough food for the gigantic leap in population. There are numerous reasons for the shortage of food and technological innovations in agriculture are required to overcome the shortages in food supply. Sustainable Development goals (SDGs) provides the futuristic vision and ICT along with other latest technologies will help achieve these development goals at a brisk speed. Recent technological developments as use of mobile-broadband access devices, Internet of Things (IoT), Specialized Robots, Drones, big data analytics and Artificial Intelligence has given farmers tools and technologies to scale agricultural production and marketing of their agricultural products. In this paper, we will discuss how Smart Agriculture is changing the face of agriculture in Budaun, a small city in Uttar Pradesh. Smart agriculture coupled with block chain technology is being used to achieve sustainability in agriculture growth. The production/yield has risen by over 20% and the profits have increased by over 30% with the new technology.
India is one of the agriculture-based country in the world. The history of agriculture in India starts from Indus Valley Civilization. But in such a historical country, many farmers are starving for their income while foreign countries are earning lakhs from the same. One of the reasons for the above cause is the very poor supply chain management. It is a well-known fact that most of the farming items decay very fast if not maintained properly. In the existing supply chain management, though the government provides storage houses for the farmers, the farmers could not track the status of their goods. Also, there is no proper system for tracking the status of their goods in the various stages of transportation. Hence, an improved supply chain management is needed with the desired properties such as checkpoints at every stage in the supply chain management, verification of goods status by both the farmers and the government officials. In this paper, a system is proposed that uses Blockchain technology to attain the transparency about the goods' status that leads to a healthier relationship between the producer and consumer. By storing the details in the blockchain, all the process is visible both to the farmers and officials involved in the transportation. Also, the records that are immutable can remain forever.
Muhammad Elsayeh, Kadry Ali Ezzat, Hany El-Nashar, Lamia Nabil Omran
The internet of medical things (IoMT) has a great role in improving the health around the world. IoMT is having a great impact in our life in which the clinical data of the patient is observed and checked and then can be transferred to the third party for using in the future such as the cloud. IoMT is a huge data system with a continuous developing rate, which implies that we should keep a lot of data secure. We propose a combined security architecture that fuses the standard architecture and new blockchain technology. Blockchain is a temper digital ledger which gives peer-to-peer communication and provides communication between non-trust individuals. Using standard in-depth strategy and blockchain, we are able to develop a method to collect vital signs data from IoMT and connected devices and use blockchain to store and retrieve the collected data in a secure and decentralized fashion within a closed system, suitable for healthcare providers such as private clinics, hospitals, and healthcare organizations were sharing data with each other is required. Right now initially examine the innovation behind Blockchain then propose IoMT-based security architecture utilizing Blockchain to guarantee the security of information transmission between associated nodes. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed scheme presents a non-significant overhead; yet it brings major advantages to meet the standard security and privacy requirements in IoMT.
The Internet of things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology that enhances people's interaction with each other and with their surroundings. It is also a key player behind the advancements in different sectors including healthcare, smart city, and logistics in addition to many other fields. In order to meet their design requirements, IoT uses various types of sensors, smart meters, RFIDs, and actuators resulting in networks of growing size and complexity. This comes at the price of raising scalability, security, authenticity, and reliability issues. Therefore, it is vital to thoroughly address the expected issues not to hurdle further evolution of IoT deployment. This is where blockchain fits. The emersion of blockchain technology promises to solve many IoT related issues. Blockchain's unique features of transparency, reliability, traceability, and security nominate it to play a pivotal role in improving IoT networks, resolving their issues, and facilitating their expansion. This paper explains the main problems facing IoT -based systems and the role of blockchains in addressing them. Additionally, it briefly surveys the current work in the literature on researches discussing the integration of IoT with blockchain.
Abstract Agriculture is the primary livelihood factor in the growth of India’s economy. One of the significant challenges faced by the Government of India in the agriculture sector is to increase the delivery of subsidies by re-engineering the existing process. One of the solutions initiated by the government of India on 1 st January 2013 with the highest priority is called a Direct Cash transfer scheme under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme. It involves crediting subsidies (cash/payments) directly to the farmer’s account. However, the major problem associated with this scheme is that the government subsidies do not reach all the eligible farmers due to corruption, delay, intermediaries, and other reasons. The present direct cash transfers system’s major drawbacks such as (key loopholes are) lack of proper auditing, inability to track subsidy, and inadequate digital banking infrastructure especially in rural areas. In this regard, the disbursement of direct cash transfer scheme is addressed benefitting the farmers directly via Blockchain Smart Contracts technology thereby ensuring transparency, de-duplication, reduced delays, and reducing instances of fraud in the existing government subsidy delivery system. We aim to develop a blockchain-based smart contracts prototype model called a single-window approach for automating farmer’s subsidies and eliminating middlemen. The automated model will be fast, transparent, and immutable by reducing the complexities faced by Indian farmers.
Abstract Recent years have witnessed a widespread interest in healthcare issues and the search for faster and safer service for patients. Electronic health record was established to provide advanced health services. Researchers seek to provide permanent and simplified ways to monitor patients remotely using remote patient monitors. One of these methods is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where the healthcare provider can monitor the patient remotely. However, with the current centralized electronic patient record system and increase in number of IoT devices, security and privacy issues have arisen, as some patients may not want to disclose their data, in addition to particular concerns or risks that affect the patient’s life. To reduce these issues, several studies have presented the use of blockchain technology as a trustworthy network of solutions to ensure patient information security and secure the transfer of IoT devices’ data. In this regard, this research is an attempt to present a new framework that facilitates the storage and transfer of patient data in the blockchain by merging the electronic health record and remote patient monitoring techniques into a single framework using Django. This framework allows the transfer of data from IoT devices to multiple peers, making use of the smart contract provided by the Ethereum platform.
The production and distribution of COVID-19 testing kits is an urgent and increasingly worldwide requirement, due to the ongoing pandemic. The accuracy of the kit is critically important and to save the world from the faulty kit becomes an issue. The kit before use has to be approved by an authorized medical research agency like US-FDA, ICMR, etc. In this paper, we proposed a framework that ensures that the testing kit is validated by various measures and gives the history of the supply chain of the testing kit. The parties that are used in the supply chain are Notary, Manufacturer, and Validating Party. A Consumer also plays an important role and can punch the batch number to check whether the kit is approved or not. The framework is developed using R3 Corda, a permissioned distributed ledger technology. A permissioned blockchain is used for data privacy and security so that only trusted parties can leave or join the system.
Md. Ashraf Uddin, Andrew Stranieri, Iqbal Gondal, Venki Balasubramanian
Conventional Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems involve data streaming from sensors, through Fog devices to a centralized Cloud server. Issues that arise include privacy concerns due to third party management of Cloud servers, single points of failure, a bottleneck in data flows and difficulties in regularly updating firmware for millions of smart devices from a point of security and maintenance perspective. Blockchain technologies avoid trusted third parties and safeguard against a single point of failure and other issues. This has inspired researchers to investigate blockchain’s adoption into IoT ecosystem. In this paper, recent state-of-the-arts advances in blockchain for IoT, blockchain for Cloud IoT and blockchain for Fog IoT in the context of eHealth, smart cities, intelligent transport and other applications are analyzed. Obstacles, research gaps and potential solutions are also presented.
Smart cities are aiming to enhance the quality of everyday lives in urban areas by integrating information technology solutions into aspects of routine life. Smart cities promote ecological development by providing smart solutions for e-governance, waste management, water management, traffic management, healthcare services, and more. This involves complex interactions between citizens, government organizations, and essential private sectors. These complicated interactions can be handled by using technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain (BC) and Internet of Things (IoT). In IoT, devices regularly used by individuals are cars, household items, office tablets, and parking lots by communicating with each other with the help of sensors and microprocessor chips housing within them. The data collected using sensors are analyzed to gain insight on how to manage resources efficiently. The data collected from individuals, devices, and other sources are processed and analyzed. Large amounts of data have to be processed and analyzed properly in a smart city in order to provide a sustainable environment. Since a large volume of data is involved it is necessary to have a technical solution for data processing and analyzing. AI technology can be integrated into a smart city environment to provide exceptional decision-making skills for improving public services. When the smart systems are implemented, certainly security and privacy issues will arise as a major challenge. Hence it is important to have effective countermeasures to handle the hurdles. Blockchain technology ensures data security processed by AI. It also ensures various entities like smart contracts, smart assets, digital identity of the individuals, and others will be securely handled with blockchain technology. All the three technologies can be combined together to provide a fully functional smart city.
A. Reyana, S. Ramya, T. Krishnaprasath, P. Sivaprakash
Conventional security and privacy approaches are inapplicable to IoT. Hence it is necessary to develop an optimum platform where all devices integrate and work together, communicate and interact seamlessly with the infrastructure and connected systems in a secured way, and that is inexpensive and less time consuming. Blockchain enhances security mechanisms in IoT devices empowering the IoT ecosystem. Based on the survey report of the International Data Corporation (IDC), in the year 2019, there were IoT deployments of 20% enabling blockchain. Blockchain provides a decentralized and scalable environment for platforms and applications in IoT. This combination brings significant impact in the banking sector, automotive industry, supply chain and logistics, pharmacy, agriculture, and more, enhancing reliability and traceability in building robust business solutions. Blockchain offers digital interaction in a secure way because it is transparent, efficient, and auditable, enabling new business models. The IoT network with blockchain enables the autonomous function of smart devices without a centralized authority. IoT enables new business developments where IoT becomes part of day-to-day life affecting the growth of the Computed Tomography (CT) market, and the introduced products will have the core IoT technology, developing new business methods. Today, five billion devices are connected to IoT accounts; this will grow and reach 29 billion by the year 2022. Considering the massive number of devices, every device exchanges data on the internet paving the way for extensive and continuous production of information. IoT-related transactions are signatures guaranteeing authorized IoT devices can send a message, record, and exploit data protection using distributed ledgers in IoT-blockchain.
This manuscript describes since the resources are heterogeneous, a smart city is vulnerable to several security attacks, and to devise an effective response, it is necessary to recognize certain risks and their potential implications. The framework is responsible for the data transfer security issues in the smart city to incorporate and maintain physical, social, and industrial systems to provide high-quality secure data transmission to its residents. The proposed method of integrating the Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) with a consensus algorithm framework (BCIoT-CAF) to overcome the issues and secure data sharing in smart cities. The data security is enforced by splitting the blockchain network into separate networks, with any channel consisting of a limited number of approved entities, the data stored in the cloud gate server, and analysis of data achieved by IoT applications. The consensus algorithm plays an important role in retaining the blockchain's speed, protection, and performance. Using an appropriate security algorithm, blockchain applications may greatly improve their performance. The modeling simulation of this research improves the speed, protection, and efficiency of 96% and tolerance error as 55%. The integrated evaluation results suggest that the proposed system integrates blockchain with IoT to provide a shielded communication platform in smart cities.
To meet efficient, safe, covert and stable transmission of confidential information, the transaction data structures, location and capacity of potential convert channels were analyzed. Then a formal security model of covert transmission in the bitcoin blockchain environment was proposed, which would not break the transaction structures, add special transaction content, can overcome shortcomings of traditional convert channels and protect the anonymity of both sender and receiver. The proposed security model opens a promising avenue of covert transmission, which is of great significance to promote the secure transmission technologies for the national special applications.
Hari Pranav A, M. Senthilmurugan, Pradyumna Rahul K, R. Chinnaiyan
Farmer Suicides are a major issue in India due to various factors. One of the major concerns being the financial aspect of managing and growing the crops while still trying to turn a profit. This paper proposes a decentralised platform for buying and selling of agriculture produce by connecting farmers with individuals interested in investing in their fields with the continuous monitoring of the quality and crop health using IOT and Machine Learning for predicting diseases in the agricultural produce.
The rapid increase in use of new technology known as “block chain technologies” in various fields brings massive benefits to the user with having concerns on decentralization, transparency, and security. Information like data, transactions details, time, and money are recorded and stored end to end within the system. This ensures the security and protects data from getting corrupt. Various patterns and algorithm all met to ensure the security level. Block chain technologies are mostly used in automations like E-voting, supply chain etc. This information can be attacked or corrupted by hackers, so they are highly under risk. No ensure transparency inside the system and security outside the system, block chain technologies are used as a major tool. A detailed study has been presented on the various types of techniques and methods that are used in the field of supply chain under block chain technologies.