Blockchain Papers

Лариса Санникова, Yulia S. Kharitonova

No abstract is available for this record.

Andrej Arbanas

U diplomskom radu "Primjena Ethereum pametnih ugovora na blockchain mreži" detaljno je opisana blockchain tehnologija s naglaskom na Ethereum mrežu kao i programski jezik Solidity. Kreiran je pametni ugovor s pripadajućim front end-om koji korisniku omogućuje razmjenu imovine prema cijeni koju može sam definirati.

Shiming Liu, Daniel Roy, Sophie Hennequin

International audience

Кондырев В.А.

Новая технология и форма управления организацией, ставшие возможными благодаря развитию криптографии, - децентрализованная автономная организация (ДАО). В статье приведено описание архитектуры и эволюции ДАО в рамках теоретико-игровой модели. Проанализированы существующие организации, носящие статус ДАО, и описаны основные регулирующие их механизмы в терминах контрактов. В результате выделены основные проблемные области ДАО. Предложен ряд подходов, в перспективе частично или полностью решающих проблемы развития ДАО. The new technology as well as the new way to manage the organization are available due to the development of cryptography - decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). The article describes the architecture and evolution of DAO within the game-theoretic model. The existing organizations bearing the status of DAO are analyzed and the main regulatory mechanisms in terms of contracts are described. As a result, the main problem areas of DAO are identified. A number of approaches are proposed with these approaches partially or completely solving the problems of DAO development in the long run.

Blaž Bagić

Kriptografski lanac blokova (eng. Blockchain) je distribuirana baza podataka koja održava rastuću listu transakcija te koristi kriptografiju kako bi osigurala integritet i neporecivost pohranjenih podataka. Jedna novija primjena lanca blokova je izgradnja sustava pametnih ugovora. Iako se svakodnevno pojavljuje mnoštvo distribuiranih aplikacija koje koriste pametne ugovore, nejasno je koja točno sigurnosna svojstva ti pametni ugovori pružaju krajnjim korisnicima. U sklopu ovog rada napravljen je pregled relevantnih ranjivosti na platformi Ethereum, također su primjerima ilustrirani napadi koji izrabljuju te ranjivosti. Konačno, u poglavlju 4 objašnjene su sigurnosne preporuke pomoću kojih se opisane ranjivosti mogu izbjeći.

Mihael Marović

Ethereum platforma za pametne ugovore svjetlo dana je ugledala 2015. godine, a bila je predložena već 2013. godine. Ona je uvelike inspirirana prvom i najpoznatijom kriptovalutom Bitcoin. Mi smo upotrijebili Ethereum platformu da napravimo pametni ugovor u programskom jeziku Solidity. Svrha tog pametnog ugovora je prediktivno definiranje budućih događaja. Nad tim pametnim ugovorim izgradili smo odgovarajuću web aplikaciju. Pri implementaciji naišli smo na određene tehničke probleme i probleme u vezi sinkronizacije. Takvi problemi su uobičajeni u većini distribuiranih aplikacija. U ovome diplomskom radu smo adresirali i raspravili te konkretne probleme.

Argun Karamanlıoğlu

Technological advances pave the way for new legal concepts with increasingly high importance. Contracts are the most conducted legal transactions in daily life. Thus, technological advances have a great and fast effect in field of Contract Law. Concept of smart contract is one of the latest developments of Contract Law that is introduced by technological advances. Smart contract is not a type of contract, contrary to the impression based on term, but it is a new concept bringing important solutions to legal enforcement of contractual obligations. In our article, a definition of smart contract concept is given at first, then basic information about technical infrastructure of smart contracts shall be discussed briefly, while transactions carried out in process of smart contracts along with advantages and disadvantages brought by smart contracts are analyzed. Furthermore, legal advantages that will be brought by smart contracts and possible legal problems are also discussed.

C. Kouzinopoulos, Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis, Konstantinos Votis, Dimitrios Tzovaras · 10 authors

The H2020 European research project Safe-Guarding Home IoT Environments with Personalised Real-time Risk Control (GHOST) aims to develop a cyber-security layer on IoT smart home installations. The proposed system analyses packet-level data flows for building patterns of communications between IoT devices and external entities. To ensure non-repudiation, integrity and authentication of the data captured, they are stored in a Blockchain, a distributed ledger network, as digitally-signed transactions. Since the data can potentially include sensitive user information, it is imperative to promote trust by informing users about the operating principles of the network as well as to request the acceptance of a consent form by them. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Forms of Consent application, a Distributed Application that interacts with a set of Smart Contracts deployed on a private Ethereum network. The application is being developed as part of the GHOST project.

J. Michael Graglia, Christopher Mellon

No abstract is available for this record.

Scott A. McKinney, Rachel Landy, Rachel Wilka

No abstract is available for this record.

Pavlo BARTUSIAK

In the current article the legal nature and properties of the cryptocurrency phenomenon are disclosed through the analysis and comparison of the results of «judicial finding» of law that are recorded in the judicial acts. The author reveals, that judicial law of the different jurisdictions goes on the path of recognition of the bitcoin’s (and other cryptocurrencies) nature as the phenomenon that possesses the basic legal properties of money. It is established, that judges in the predominant majority use the following definitions for the characteristic of cryptocurrency: a decentralized currency; an asset that serves as a means of exchange and/or a measure of value; an anonymous digital currency; a virtual currency; an asset that serves as a means of payment; a digital production; an anonymized settlement system; a non–traditional money, etc. The author shows, that cryptocurrencies (in that sense in which they are interpreted in judicial law) have attributive properties that are inherent for the anthroposociocultural phenomena: cryptocurrencies are existentially rooted, they have a spontaneous and at the same time procedural character, they dynamically transformed into the universal phenomenon from the local phenomena, cryptocurrencies act as a natural way of self–regulation, distribution, redistribution and exchange of goods in society between its representatives, primarily in the private sector. The author substantiates the fundamental sense of the «judicial finding» of the legal nature and properties of cryptocurrency, which consists in the synthesis of the pluralistic nature of both crucial phenomena of social life – law and money: cryptocurrencies, as the phenomena that possess the qualities of money, act as the objects (subjects) of the factual life relations in which the question about the law raises. Thereby in the article it is once and again confirmed the full reliability and validity of one of the main Eugen Ehrlich’s theoretical and methodological conclusions, which he made more than a century ago – the conclusion about the poly–ontological nature of law, which is under no circumstances limited to the positive law and therefore cannot be narrowed to the positive legal norms.. Keywords: method of the judicial finding of law; nature of law; legal nature of cryptocurrency (bitcoin); legal properties of cryptocurrency (bitcoin). Received: 22.02.2018   Accepted: 23.03.2018 https://doi.org/10.31861/ehrlichsjournal2018.02.024

A. A. Inyushkin

The paper analyzes the specific nature of high-tech systems in IT area in terms of the transition to the digital economy (Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program). The research identifies the characteristics of legal regulation of databases, distributed ledgers, and blockchain technology. The author determines that the legal regime of databases is admissible with regard to the above-mentioned systems. The study reveals the aspects of special sectoral laws and regulations applied to databases in order to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology. The research considers the dual nature of database laws governing blockchain technology in different ways. The author concludes that laws and regulations concerning databases can be implemented to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology considering their specific legal nature for particular legal relations.

Nikos Fotiou, George C. Polyzos

With the Internet of Things (IoT), Things are expected to live in different “domains” and “contexts” during their lifetime. Information generated by and associated with Things should be manageable by multiple, diverse stakeholders accordingly. Moreover, the scope of the information related to Things can range from private and confidential to public and auditable. Identification, security, and interoperability in this vivid environment are expected to be challenging. In this paper we discuss how smart contracts and blockchain technologies create the potential for a viable solution. To this end, we present smart contract-based solutions that improve security and information management, we identify new opportunities and challenges, and we provide security recommendations and guidelines.

Radu Stancu

The paper proposes a legal definition of the notions of blockchain and smart contract from the point of view of the intellectual property right.Therefore, this research brings to light the effects of new technology on the positive law and, above all, on the notion of contract.By applying the blockchain technique, the parties optimize costs and significantly reduce the time needed to produce legal effects, particularly by eliminating third parties.However, this technique creates a real series of legal issues that already give jurists the opportunity to develop new theories of law by finding solutions to them.

Sarah Green

The advent of smart contracts presents several problems for the traditional law of contract. One of the most pressing issues is how the forensic process of interpretation needs to change in order to accommodate contracts written in computer code. Not only is the language of smart contracts unlike the human languages with which courts are used to dealing, but its logical architecture also differs. This means that enlisting the services of an expert to provide a literal translation for a judge to interpret is unlikely to be helpful. The development of a “reasonable coder” test would seem to be a viable means of proceeding. The self-executing nature of smart contracts means that, in the case of executory agreements, rectification may well become a more widely-used remedy.

Ryzhov Nikolay A., Ryzhov Nikolay A.

No abstract is available for this record.

서봉석

No abstract is available for this record.

Garrick Hileman

No abstract is available for this record.

Jiang, Jiaying

No abstract is available for this record.

Koji Takahashi

After comparing and contrasting with computer codes running in a central server, this paper notes that smart contracts are not in the legal sense and considers their implications for contract management and dispute prevention. It alerts that the features of are prone to generate disputes which often involve novel legal issues. The paper concludes with a brief comment on the potential use of in dispute resolution.

Gauthier Vannieuwenhuyse

New technologies such as Big Data, blockchain, machine learning, and text-mining have made it to the legal world, simplifying all phases of the dispute resolution process. Arbitration and these new technologies share a mutually beneficial relationship. On the one hand, new technologies will improve efficiency, cut costs, promote the expansion of arbitration into new segments of the market, and improve outcomes for clients. On the other hand, the proliferation of new technologies will inevitably generate disputes that arbitration is best-suited to resolve. For example, although self-execution limits certain litigation risks concerning the performance of smart contracts, conflicts regarding their definition, interpretation, and general framework are likely to arise. The delocalized nature of the arbitral regime, the flexibility of proceedings, and the straightforward enforcement of awards are key features that make arbitration the optimal dispute resolution mechanism for new technology disputes. New technologies can thus reinforce arbitral proceedings, and arbitration can provide insurance to these emerging practices – these reciprocal benefits should be exploited.

Master of Laws, Vera Alizade, Aleksandr G. Volevodz

No abstract is available for this record.

Enas Qutieshat, Bassam Al-Tarawneh

<em>This paper aims to identify the practices involved in the formation of smart contracts and the limitations that are faced by the organizations through development of smart contracts in business. The Smart contract is developed based on specific criteria in the business. The smart chain in the business identify the block chains that are developed in the business to resolve different financial issues in the company. In this report, the elements of smart contracts are evaluated and analyzed along with a discussion of previous researchers on the same criteria. This study identifies that smart contracts become essential for business practices with development of technology. The form of smart contracts has captured the attention of legal attorney and its impact on contract law of business. This report implements the descriptive methodology approach in which the secondary data is analyzed to identify the formation of smart contracts and its liability on business. Additionally, the research data is analyzed through secondary qualitative analysis. </em>

Marina Fyrigou-Koulouri

In 2018, someone hiding behind the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto created Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency operating without a central bank or authority. However, the true revolution seems to be its underlying technology; blockchain. Today, a lot of discussion is taking place around the legal issues of this nascent technology. This paper focuses on blockchain and the law. After exploring blockchain’s basic features, it will propose an international regulatory framework suitable for this technology’s characteristics and its borderless nature.